PROCESS DIAGRAM OR CHART

MAN-MADE PROCESS – NATURAL PROCESS

I. Example

The diagram below shows how coffee is produced and prepared for sale in supermarkets and
shops.

Tách giai đoạn theo sự Phải bk thay đổi trạng thái

biến đổi của đối tượng: ở của đối tượng:
đây là thời điểm hạt café  V3 + N
còn nguyên hạt cho tới khi  Resulting product
thành bột
S + to be + linking word + V3ed
Nếu có 2 cách để làm
cùng một bước thì nên
dùng either …. Or …

Nếu không biết máy đó là máy

gì thì dùng:
 V + ing + machine
 V + er : grinder, crusher

II. Requires
1. Articles. Every countable noun needs an article (a, an, and the)
2. Passive tense(dùng cho hầu hết câu). This is where the sentence starts with the object and
the subject of the sentence is often missed out (especially for a man-made process where the
subject is often unknown)
3. Sequencers: (first, subsequently, after that, finally)
4. Verbs of process: Verbs are needed to describe putting things in, taking them out, changing
one thing into another, or throwing away waste items. (inserted, extracted, transformed into,
discarded)
5. 'Non-defining' Relative Clauses are useful for adding extra information about the subject or
the object of the sentence.
 III. Language for process

1. Steps in the process:

The first step Subsequent steps The final steps

The first step Subsequently, Finally,
The first step in the process After this, Ultimately,
is The next step is The process finishes
The first stage in the In the next stage, with …
process is In the following stage, The process concludes
The process begins with Following this, with
The process commences In the stage that follows The last step is …
with When/One (stage A), (stage B)

1. Time transition:
Transitions Subordinating Conjunctions
Firstly / First, Secondly / Second, etc. After
Finally / Lastly Before
After that Until
Afterwards Once
Then When / While
Next Having
Following this / that At the same time as

Examples of time transition in use

First, + sentence First, the cows graze in the field
After that, + sentence After that, the milk is pasteurized
Afterwards, + sentence Afterwards, the milk is pasteurized
Then / Next, + sentence Then/Next, the milk is pasteurized
Following this, + sentence Following this, the milk is pasteurized
COMPLEX STRUCTURE
After SV …, SV… After the milk is packed and labeled, it is delivered
After + gerund, + sentence After being packed and labeled, the milk is delivered
Before + gerund, + sentence Before being delivered, the milk is packed and labeled
SV… until SV… The milk is stored in a holding bank, until it is ready to be
delivered
Once SV…, + SV… Once the cows have been milked, they are then returned to the
field
SV…, when SV… When the cows have been milked, they are then returned to
the filed
Having… Having been milked, the cows are then returned to the field.
TWO THINGS HAPPEN AT THE SAME TIME
SV .. at the same time as SV The cows are milked at the same time as the holding tank is
prepared
SV… while SV The cows are milked while the holding tank is prepared

Man-made process

 to be dug out of the ground: được đào lên khỏi mặt đất
 to be placed onto a metal grid: được đặt lên 1 vỉ kim loại
 to be put through a roller: được đưa qua băng chuyền
 breaks it into small chunks: đập nó thành những mảnh nhỏ
 to be mixed with: được trộn với
 to be either put in a mould or cut by a wire cutter: hoặc được đưa vào 1 cái khuôn
hoặc được cắt bởi 1 cái máy cắt gạch
 well-shaped (adj): có hình dạng đẹp
 to be laid in a drying oven: được đặt vào 1 cái lò nung
 to be then heated in a kiln: được đun nóng trong 1 cái buồng
 moderate temperature: nhiệt độ vừa phải
 to be cooled: được làm nguội
 to be packaged: được đóng gói
 to be transported to…/ to be delivered to …: được vận chuyển đi đâu đó
 to be picked by hand: được hái bằng tay
 to be dried in the sun: được phơi khô dưới ánh nắng mặt trời
 to be sold to …: được bán cho …
 to be harvested: được thu hoạch

Natural process

 experience/undergo significant changes: trải qua những thay đổi đáng kể

 pass through three distict physical stages: trải qua ba giai đoạn vật lý khác nhau
 lay a couple of/ a massive number of eggs: đẻ một vài / một số lượng lớn trứng
 begin life as eggs: bắt đầu cuộc sống là những trái trứng
 hatch within 3 to 5 days: nở trong vòng 3 đến 5 ngày
 hatch into …: nở thành con gì
 the hatching process: quá trình nở
 to be … cm in length/ to be … cm long: dài … cm
 vary in size/colours/shapes: đa dạng về kích thước / màu sắc / hình dạng
  to be termed …/ to be commonly called …: được gọi chung là …
 grow to adult size/ grow to maturity/ turn into an adult/ become fully-grown
adults: tăng trưởng thành kích thước trưởng thành/ tới giai đoạn trưởng thành
 make it to the adult stage: đạt tới giai đoạn trưởng thành
 emerge/appear: xuất hiện
 feeding grounds: khu vực kiếm ăn
 feed on…: ăn cái gì
 external gills/ internal gills: cái mang bên ngoài / cái mang bên trong
 grow the hind legs/ the front legs: mọc chân sau / chân trước
 grow quickly in size/ double in size: phát triển nhanh chóng về kích thước / kích
thước gấp đôi
 shed their old skin/ shed their outer layer: thay da cũ / thay lớp ngoài của chúng
 moult several times: thay lông vài lần
 breathe underwater: hít thở dưới nước
 make mass migration across long distances: thực hiện di cư hàng loạt với khoảng
cách dài
 the cycle repeats itself/ starts again: chu kỳ lặp lại/ bắt đầu lại
 the life cycle takes/lasts …. days/weeks/…: vòng đời kéo dài …. ngày / tuần / …
 after …days/weeks of development: sau … ngày / tuần phát triển
 normally live for … to … weeks/months/years: thường sống từ … đến … tuần /
tháng / năm
 over the course of … days/weeks: trong bao nhiêu ngày / tuần
 to be covered with …: được che phủ, bao phủ bởi …
 build their nests in trees/on the ground: xây dựng tổ của chúng trên cây / trên mặt
đất
 under optimal conditions: trong điều kiện tối ưu
 in adverse circumstances: trong các trường hợp bất lợi

2. Expressing purpose – why something is done

 … in order to …
 … so as to …
 As a result,
 Eventually,
 Consequently,

3. Passive form

The passive begins with the object (receiver of the action) and is followed by an auxiliari verb
and a main verb in the past participle form. The table below compares the passive to the active
tense.

Tense Verb
Present Active Mike writes a book.
Present Passive A book is written by Mike.
Past Active Mike wrote a book.
Past Passive A book was written by Mike.

IV. Steps to complete a process diagram task:

1. Read the question and process diagram and underline key words.
2. Paraphrase key words where possible.
3. Look for a logical starting point for the process.
4. Look for a logical middle point for the process, so that you can separate the data into
paragraphs in the body of the report.
5. Number steps in the process to make sure you will not miss out any of the steps when you
write your report.

V. Structuring the task

1. Introduction: Rephrase the question
2. Overview: Give an overall summary of the process (= number of steps)
3. Body
 Write about every stage of the process.
 If there is a logical separation point in the process you could divide the steps in the process
into two or even more paragraphs.

2. Introduction: Paraphrasing the rubric:

Question 1: The diagram illustrates the process that is used to manufacture bricks for the
building industry.
 The diagram explains the way in which bricks are made for the building industry.
Question 2: The diagram below shows the process of photosynthesis.
 The illustration demonstrates how plants produce energy from sunlight.
Question 3: The diagram below shows how electricity is produced in a nuclear power station.
 The illustration below shows the process of how nuclear power plants make electricity.
The chart/diagram illustrates/shows/describes how + clause

3. Overview: List the number of stages in the process and how it begins and ends:
a. Overall, there are eight stages in the process, beginning with the digging up of clay and
culminating in delivery.
b. There are five main stages to this process, starting with sunshine and carbon dioxide
being absorbed and ending with the production of sugar, oxygen and starch

VI. Sample process task

1. The diagram below shows how coffee is produced and prepared for sale in supermarkets
and shops.

The picture illustrates the process of coffee manufacture and preparation for sale on the
market.
It is clear that there are 11 stages in the production of coffee. The process begins with the
picking of coffee beans, and ends at the packing stage.

Looking at the coffee production process in detail, coffee beans must first be picked in the
fields. These beans are then dried, roasted, and cooled before being put in a grinding machine,
which turns the beans into coffee granules.

At the sixth stage in the process, the ground coffee is mixed with hot water, and the resulting
mixture is strained. Next, the mixture is frozen and then passed once again through the
grinder. After that, the ground, frozen liquid is dried in a vacuum so that the water evaporates,
leaving the coffee granules. Finally, these granules are packed into coffee jars for delivery to
shops.

2. The diagram below shows how the Australian Bureau of Meteorology collects up-to-the-
minute information on the weather in order to produce reliable forecasts.

The figure illustrates the process used by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology to forecast the
weather.

There are four stages in the process, beginning with the collection of information about the
weather. This information is then analysed, prepared for presentation, and finally broadcast
to the public.

Looking at the first and second stages of the process, there are three ways of collecting
weather data and three ways of analysing it. Firstly, incoming information can be received
by satellite and presented for analysis as a satellite photo. The same data can also be passed
to a radar station and presented on a radar screen. Finally, drifting buoys also receive data which
can be shown on a synoptic chart.
At the third stage of the process, the weather broadcast is prepared on computers. Finally, it is
delivered to the public on television, on the radio, or as a recorded telephone announcement.
(Simon)

The diagram presents the manufacturing process of two types of tea, pu-erh raw tea and pu-
erh ripe tea. Although the first three stages are the same for both teas, it can be seen that the
methods of production differ in the final stages, which accounts for the resulting variations
in the two teas.

First, the tea leaves that have been picked are pan fried in order to inactivate the enzymes.
Following this, the tea is rolled and afterwards spread out on a round mat so that it can dry
under the sun. Once it has been dried, the loose raw tea is ready to be turned into either ripe
tea or raw tea. This is where the process diverges.

To make pu-erh ripe tea, the loose tea is fermented by being left to mold. Having completed the
fermentation stage, the resulting loose ripe tea is then compressed, after which the tea is ready
for sale. Regarding the alternative process, before being ready for sale as vintage raw tea, the
loose tea is first compressed, and then left to age by storage.
a. Example 2: The diagram illustrates the process that is used to manufacture bricks for
the building industry
To begin, the clay used to make the bricks is dug up from the ground by a large digger. This clay
is then placed onto a metal grid, which is used to break up the clay into smaller pieces. A roller
assists in this process.

Following this, sand and water are added to the clay, and this mixture is turned into bricks by
either placing it into a mould or using a wire cutter. Next, these bricks are placed in an oven to
dry for 24 – 48 hours.

In the subsequent stage, the bricks go through a heating and cooling process. They are heated in
a kiln at a moderate and then a high temperature (ranging from 200c to 1300c), followed by a
cooling process in a chamber for 2 – 3 days. Finally, the bricks are packed and delivered to their
destinations.

VII. Practice

1. The pictures below show the recycling process of wasted glass bottles. Summarise the
information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparison where
relevant

2. The diagram below shows the various stages involved in the production of making beer.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons
where relevant.
Ex: Overall, It is a linear process consisting of 7 steps, beginning with the collection of clay
and culminating in the delivery of brick to construction areas.