INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ROPAR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
LAB MANUAL

EEL206

Location – Electromechanics Laboratory (Room 102)

1
 PREFACE

The electrical machine laboratory is intended specifically to meet the needs of

modern courses in electrical machines. It is used at undergraduate level for studying
the characteristics and operation of single-phase and 3-phase transformer, DC,
induction, and synchronous machines. The subjects that are covered in this manual
include: open circuit and short circuit tests on 1-phase transformer, determining the
parameters and performance characteristics of transformers, connections of a 3-
phase transformer, characteristics of dc motors and dc generators (separately
excited), starting methods, speed control and performance of single and 3-phase
induction motors, and finally the open circuit and short circuit tests on synchronous
generator.

2
 SAFETY MEASURES

1. All safety precautions are to be taken while working in the laboratory

2. Always wear rubber sole shoes while working in the laboratory. Do not wear
slippers

3. Do not touch any naked wire or terminal in the laboratory

4. While performing the experiment, get the circuit checked by a staff member
before you switch on the power supply

5. You will not be allowed to work alone in the laboratory. A minimum of two
students are required to conduct any experiment

6. Turn off all switches, clear all loose wires on your table before leaving the
laboratory

7. In case of fire or accident press emergency/tripping switch (Red Color)

fitted on the distribution box at each work table

8. Use CO2 fire extinguisher in case of fire. Do not use water

9. Be careful of metal objects on your body (Jewelry, Kada etc.)

10. Do not wear loose clothes (Duppatta, Shawls etc.)

11. For extra time needed in case of incomplete work or exam preparation, take
time slots from laboratory coordinator

12. In case of emergency, following are the important numbers:

(a) Security Office 01881-242132

(b) Hospital / Ambulance 01881-242124

3
 CONTENTS

Preface ……………………………. 2

Safety Measures ………………………. 3

List of CYCLE-I experiments …………………

1. Parallel operation of two single phase transformers
2. Scott Connection
3. To study three-phase transformer connections
4. To study the magnetization and load characteristics of a separately excited
DC generator
5. To control the speed of a DC shunt motor by shunt field control, and armature
terminal voltage control

List of CYCLE-II experiments ………………

1. Speed control of a 3-phase induction motor using variable frequency drive.
Torque-Speed characteristics under constant and variable torque loads with
fixed V/f
2. Performance evaluation of Synchronous Generator:
a) Open circuit characteristics
b) Short circuit characteristics
c) Load tests
3. Synchronization of a Synchronous Machine to the mains and study the effect
of field current on power factor. Operation as Synchronous motor
4. To perform no-load, blocked rotor tests on 1-phase induction motor (split
phase and capacitor start) and determine:
a. The parameters for the equivalent circuit
b. Compute the performance of motor from the parameters and compare
with experimental results
5. To perform no-load, blocked rotor tests on 3-phase squirrel cage induction
motor and write its equivalent circuit referred to the stator

4
 EXPERIMENT NO.1

PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

OBJECTIVE:

To study parallel operation of two single – phase transformers.

NAME PLATE DETAILS OF 1- PHASE TRANSFORMERS

kVA rating H.V. side L.V. side Load Type of transformer

Voltage Voltage current
Transformer -1
Transformer -2

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Type Range Quantity

1. Voltmeters

2. Ammeters

3. Watt meters

5
 4. Single phase variac

THEORY:

Two transformers can be connected in parallel to supplya common load. If a given

transformer is insufficient in capacity to deliver a particular load, it may either be taken out of the
circuit and replaced with a larger unit or an additional unit may be added to the circuit by connecting
its primary side to the same source and its secondary side to the same load. The second unit is then
said to be operating in parallel with the first unit.

Parallel operation of transformers is used for load sharingand transformers are connected in
parallel on both primary and secondary side. The two transformers are connected in parallel meets
the need of common load

Satisfactory performance for parallel operation of two or more transformers require that they
have :

1. the samevoltage ratio ;

2. the same polarities ;
3. the same per unit (or percentage impedance) ;
4. the same phase sequence and zero relative phase – displacement

The currents carried by two transformers are proportional to their ratings if their numerical or
ohmic impedances are inversely proportional to those ratings , and thei per unit impedances are
equal. A difference in quality of per unit impedance(i.e. ratio of resistance to reactance) results
in divergence of phase angle of two currents ,so that one transformer will be working with a
higher and other with a lower power factor than that of the combined output

For same voltage ratings of transformers ,I1Z1 = I 2 Z2

I = I1+ I2
𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐
S1 = 𝒁𝟏+𝒁𝟐 I and S1 =𝒁𝟏+𝒁𝟐 I

𝑾𝟏 𝑾𝟐
Cos Ø1 =𝑽𝟏𝑰𝟏and CosØ2 =𝑽𝟐𝑰𝟐

6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure - 1

Figure 2 -SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

7
 PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as shown in Figure -1.

2. The single phase variac should be in minimum output position.Switch on the 1- Ф supply.
3. Slowly increase the variac to get the rated voltage. The voltmeter across the switch
should read zero then close the switch.
4. If the voltmeter does not read zero interchange the terminals of secondary of any one
transformer and repeat the step-3.
5. By loading the transformers in steps note down the values of current, Voltage, Power
from the Multifunction meters of the two transformers. Also, note down VL, IL, WL from
the meters connected to load. The load is applied up to full rated current
6. Note all the values in the observation table.
7. Reduce the load on transformer, bring back to variac in minimum output position and
switch off the 1- Ф supply.
8. Connections are made as shown in Figure - 2 for both transformers separately.
9. Conduct short-circuit test (by increasing the current to rated value with the help of
variac) on each of the single-phase transformers separately to determine their Req,Xeqand
Zeq (series parameters of the equivalent circuit) values.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Measured voltage,current and power

Applied Voltage =

Frequency =

S.No. Transformer 1 Transformer 2 Output

I1 W1 I2 W2 VL IL WL I1 + I2 W1 + W2

8
 2. Short Circuit Test of two transformers

S.No. VSC1(V) ISC1 (A) WSC1=WxM.F(W) VSC2(V) ISC2 (A) WSC2=WxM.F

(W)

3. Measured and estimated KVA loads and power factors of transformers

Applied voltage =
Z1=
Z2 =

S. KVA Transformer 1 Transformer 2

No. output KVA load Power factor KVA load Power factor
S = VL Measured Estimated Measured Estimated MeasuredEstimated MeasuredEstimated
IL

CALCULATION:

Calculation of Req,Xeq and Zeqfor both transformers as it was done in previous experiment

Calculation of power factor for both transformers under different load conditions .

9
RESULT:

Compare load distribution of both transformers (current ,active power and reactive power ) with
respect to series parameters of transformers

Compare power factors of both transformers

QUESTIONS

1) What is the significance of the polarity of the transformer windings?

2) What is the effect of difference in voltage ratings of the secondaries?
3) What are the essential and desirable conditions for parallel operation of transformers?

10
 Experiment No.2: Scott Connection of Transformers

Motivation:

Sometimes two-phase electric equipment like an electric arc furnace or two-phase induction motors
used in servo applications might need a two phase supply whereas only a three-phase supply may be
available. This problem can be tackled by means of Scott connected transformer which converts a
balanced three-phase supply to a balanced two-phase supply. Such a connection can also supply a
single phase load by suitably connecting the secondary windings of the two phase system without
creating an imbalance in the three phase system.

Objectives:

To study the performance of the Scott connected transformers on no-load and full load.

Name Plate Details of 1- Phase Transformers:

kVA rating H.V Volts L.V. Volts ILoad (A) Winding type

Teaser
Transformer
Main
Transformer

Apparatus Required:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Type Range Quantity

1. Voltmeters

2. Ammeters

3. Watt meters (Dynamo meter type)

11
 4. Three phase variac

5. Resistive Loads

Theory:
With the help of a Scott connected transformer a three-phase system can be converted to a two-
phase one and vice-versa. For Scott connection two single phase transformers are needed. The
primary winding of one of the two single phase transformers should have a tapping at 50% (main
transformer) while the other should have a tapping of 86.6% in the primary (teaser transformer) as
shown in Fig.1. End B1 of the teaser transformer is connected to the mid-point M, i.e., 50% tapping
point of the main transformer. Now if a balanced three-phase supply is given to A, B and C, then the
voltages available across secondaries S1 and S2 will be equal magnitude and in phase quadrature.
Hence these two voltages will constitute a balanced two phase system.

Fig.1.

12
 Fig.2.

The phasordiagram of the currents are shown above at unity power factor and at 0.707
power factor. It can be clearly seen that for a transformation ratio of 1:1 for the main and teaser
transformers, the per-phase current on the three-phase side will be 1.15 times the secondary
current.

Let equal currents I2 at unity p.f. be taken from the two secondary phases, Fig.2(a), and let
magnetizing current be neglected. There must, in each transformer, be an m.m.f. balance. In the
𝑁2
main transformer the primary balancing current is 2𝐼2 𝑁2 /√3𝑁1 = 1.15𝐼2 𝑁1
. The teaser primary
current is in phase with the star voltage AN. The total current in the main primary is the resultant of
𝑁2
two components: the first is 𝐼2 𝑁1
to balance the secondary current, the second is one-half of the
teaser primary current in either direction from S(and having a zero net m.m.f. in consequence). The
currents in lines B and C are shown in Fig. 2, taking 𝑁1 = 𝑁2 for clarity; their phasors, combining the
rectangular components 𝐼2 and 0.58𝐼2 , are co-phasal respectively with the star voltages NB and NC,
and are equal to the teaser primary current. Thus for a balanced 2-phase load of unity p.f. the 3-
phase side is balanced. Case (b) is for a balanced 2-phase load of p.f. 0.71. Again the 3-phase load is
balanced, and the main transformer loading is 15% greater than that of the teaser. Case (c) is for an
unbalanced load.

13
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.3.

Let V be the primary line to line voltage and N1, N2 be the no. of turns in the primary and secondary
𝑁
respectively, then the secondary voltage will be𝑉(𝑁2 ). The active number of turns in the main
1
√3
transformer’s primary N1 and the teaser transformer primary is 2
𝑁1 .

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.3.

2. Keep the 3 phase auto-transformer in minimum output position and switch on the 3- phase
supply.
3. Apply rated voltage to the primary windings of Main and Teaser transformers with the help
of the three phase auto- transformer.

14
 4. Apply load on the transformers up to full load current. By loading the Transformers in steps
note down the VL, IL, W from multifunctional meter and Input wattmeter readings. Also, take
Input current reading on the 3-phase side. (it should be 1.15 times ILoad)
5. After taking the meter readings remove the load on the transformer.
6. Bring back the auto transformer to its minimum output position and switch off the 3- phase
supply.

OBSERVATIONS:

PRIMARY SIDE SECONDARY SIDE

S.No. W1 W2 Input V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2 Output %ή

power power

FORMULAS:

V1 =

I1 =

V2 =

I2 =

Output Power ( P0) = V1*I1 + V2*I2

W1 =

15
W2 =

Input Power ( Pi ) = W1 + W2

Efficiency ( η ) = Output Power ( P0 ) / Input Power ( Pi )

MODEL GRAPH:

Fig.4.

GRAPHS:

Draw the graph Efficiency Vs Output

RESULT:

Load Efficiency

¼ ________

½ ________

¾ ________

Full Load ________

PRECAUTIONS:

(i) Connections must be made tight.

(ii) Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off.
Write the fair record containing the aim, apparatus, circuit diagram, introduction, procedure,
observations, calculations, graphs, results, conclusions and answers to the questions given below.

16
Questions

1) Where are the application of Scott connection?

2) If the currents in the 2-phase side are unbalanced what will be its effect on the 3-phase side?
3) How will you find out the phase shift between the two secondary voltages in Scott
connection (This was not done in your experiment)?

17
EXP 3: TO STUDY THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
CONNECTIONS

Motivation:
The importance of three-phase system in generation, transmission and
distribution of power is well known. To transform the three-phase electric power from
one voltage to another, three-phase transformers are required both at the generating
and the distribution ends of a power system. It is therefore essential to learn about
the performance of three phase transformers connected in different possible
manners.

Objectives:
1. To connect the given three identical single-phase transformers in all the
possible three-phase connections.
2. To study the efficiency and voltage regulation of a star-star three-phase
transformer.

Theory:
Single-phase transformers can be connected to form 3-phase transformer
banks for 3-phase power systems. Four common methods of connecting three
transformers for 3-phase circuits are ∆-∆, Y-Y, Y-∆, and ∆-Y connections. An
advantage of ∆-∆ connection is that if one of the transformers fails or is removed
from the circuit the remaining two can operate in the open-∆ or V connection. This
way, the bank still delivers 3-phase currents and voltages in their correct phase
relationship. However, the capacity of the bank is reduced to 57.7 % (1/√3 ) of its
original value.

In the Y-Y connection, only 57.7% of the line voltage is applied to each
winding but full line current flows in each winding. The Y-Y connection is rarely used
because of difficulties with exciting-current phenomena.

The ∆-Y connection is used for stepping up voltages since the voltage is
increased by the transformer ratio multiplied by √3. The Y-∆ connection may be used
for stepping down voltages. The availability of neutral on high voltage side for
grounding is desirable in many cases. Instead of three single-phase transformers, a
three-phase bank may consist of one three-phase transformer having all six windings
on a common multi-legged core and contained in a single tank which has many
advantages like less cost, less weight, less floor space etc.

The four connection types are shown in Figure 3.1.

18
 Figure: 3.1 Various 3-ϕ transformer connections

Regardless of the connection method, the windings must be connected in the

proper phase relationships. To determine these in a Y-connected secondary winding,
the voltage is measured across two windings as shown in Figure 3.2. The voltage A
to B should be equal to √3 times the voltage across either winding. If the voltage is
equal to that across either winding, then one of the windings must be reversed. The
third winding c is then connected and the voltage C to A or B should also equal √3
times the voltage across any one winding. If not, the winding c must be reversed.

Figure: 3.2 Checking connections in Y-connected secondary winding

To determine the proper phase relationships in a ∆-connected secondary

winding, the voltage is again measured across two windings as shown in Figure 3.3.
The voltage A to C should equal the voltage across either winding. If not, one of the
windings must be reversed. The winding c is then connected as shown, and the

19
voltage C1 to C should equal zero. If not, the winding c must be reversed and open
ends can be joined after that to form the ∆-connection.

Figure: 3.3Checking connections in ∆-connected secondary winding

Note: the ∆-connection should never be closed until the test is first made to verify
that the voltage within the ∆ is zero. Otherwise, severe damage may occur!

Procedure:
1) Under no load conditions make ∆-Y, ∆-∆ and Y-Y connection one-by-one
and get it checked by the lab instructor

2) Make sure that the windings are connected in the proper phase relationships

3) Note down the Line Voltage (LV), Phase Voltage (PV), Line Current (LC), and
Phase Current (PC) on primary and on secondary sides in each case

4) Verify the relations between line and phase quantities in different connections.
(e.g. in star connection, LV = √3 PV and LC = PC)

5) To study the efficiency and voltage regulation of a Y-Y three-phase

transformer, make the circuit as shown in Figure 3.4. Note down the no load
LV, LC on primary and secondary sides of the three-phase transformer. Also
note down the input and output power by two Wattmeter method

20
 R cc cc
M L M L
A A R’
com com
440 V pc pc
V V
50 Hz
3-φ
3-φ Y’
Y
AC Load

Supply com pc com pc

B
B’
M cc L M cc L

Figure: 3.4Y-Y transformer connections

6) Calculate the efficiency and voltage regulation of the Y-Y connected 3-ϕ
transformer under different loading conditions.

Poutput
Efficiency =  100%
Pinput

V NL  VL
Voltage Regulation =  100 %
VL

Observations:

Table 3.1: No Load Test

Primary Secondary
Type of
S.No.
connection
Line Phase Line Phase
Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage
1

21
 Table 3.2: Load Test

Primary Secondary
S.No Type of Efficiency
connection %
WP LV PV LC PC WS LV PV LC PC

1
2
3
4

NOTE: LV – Line Voltage; PV – Phase Voltage; LC – Line Current; PC – Phase Current

WP – Primary Power; WS – Secondary Power

22
EXP 4: TO STUDY THE MAGNETIZATION AND LOAD
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SEPARATELY EXCITED DC
GENERATOR.

Motivation:
In-spite of the advantages of AC systems, DC machines continue to find use
in a wide range of industrial applications because of their flexibility and versatility.
The special features which determine the choice of a DC machine for a particular
application are the torque-speed characteristics of motors and the voltage-load
characteristics of generators. The knowledge of the limits within which these
characteristics can be varied and of the way in which such variations could be
obtained is important. Study of these features for a DC machine is accordingly the
motivation for this experiment.

Objectives:
1. To determine the Magnetization Characteristic of a separately excited DC
generator.
2. To determine the Load Characteristic of a separately excited DC generator.

Theory:

(a) Magnetization Characteristics

An important relation essential in the determination of DCgenerator
performance is the relation between field current or field ampere-turns and armature
emf. The resulting curve at the desired speed is the magnetization characteristic or
the open-circuit characteristics (O.C.C.). The magnetization characteristics at several
different speeds can be obtained from any one characteristic by recognizing that the
voltage is directly proportional to speed for a fixed flux or field current.

(b) Load Characteristics

The load characteristic of a DC generator at a particular speed is the
relationship between the armature voltage of the generator and its load current at
that speed. In a separately excited DC generator, the field current is independent of
armature conditions. At constant field current and constant speed, the terminal
voltage in this case drops off somewhat as load current increases because of the
increased armature resistance drop and reduction in flux due to armature reaction.

23
 With the shunt generator the fall in terminal voltage with increase in load
current is more marked than with the separately excited generator because of the
decrease in field current accompanying the drop in terminal voltage. In series
generators, the flux varies widely with load because the load current is also the field
current. The terminal voltage-load current characteristic resembles the magnetization
curve but is somewhat' lower because of armature and series field resistance drops.
The causes of voltage decrease from no load to full load in a shunt generator may be
partially or completely compensated or over compensated by the augmentation of
the series field.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 4.1 Separately excited DC Motor-Generator

Procedure:
1. Make a list of the instruments required for the experiment, also note down the
full specifications of the given motor-generator set.
2. To determine the magnetization characteristic, make the circuit as shown in
Figure 4.1 and get it checked by the lab instructor. Do not connect the load on
the generator side.
3. To start the separately excited DC motor, first switch on the field supply of the
motor, and then gradually increase the armature voltage of the motor through
3-phase variac till the rated speed of the motor is achieved.
4. Now switch on the field supply of the generator.
5. Slowly increase Ifg from zero to rated value in steps, by varying Rfg. Note
down the corresponding Vag.
6. Record Vag vs. Ifg. This is the magnetization characteristic of the separately
excited DC generator at rated speed.

24
 7. Now, decrease the Ifg from rated to zero value in steps, by varying Rfg. Again,
note down the corresponding Vag. Observe if the Vag-Ifg curve retraces the
same path & comment
8. Set the Ifg value equal to its rated value, and vary the speed of the motor by
varying the motor armature voltage through 3-phase variac
9. Increase the motor speed (N) from (say) 100 rpm to rated value, in steps and
note the corresponding Vag
10. Decrease the motor speed from rated to minimum, and note V ag
11. Record Vagvs. N for constant Ifg
12. For recording Load characteristic, connect the load bank and get the circuit
checked by the lab instructor
13. Start the motor at rated speed. Adjust Rfg such that rated field current flows in
the circuit
14. Keeping Ifgand speed constant (by adjustment of Vam or Ifm), take readings of
Vag, Iag, Vam, Iam, Ifm for different load values
15. Record Vagvs. Iag. This is called the load characteristic of the separately
excited DC generator
16. Measure armature and field winding resistances of generator appropriately
17. Plot the magnetization and load characteristics of the separately excited DC
generator

Observations:

Table 4.1 (a): O.C.C. of DC Generator

Rated Speed =…………rpm

S.No. Ifg Vag

25
 Table 4.1 (b): O.C.C. of DC Generator
Rated Ifg=………..Amp

S.No. N Vag
1
2
:
8

Table 4.2 (a): Load Test on DC Generator

Rated Ifg = ………. Amp Speed = ………..rpm

Load current
S.No. Vag Vam Iam
(Iag)
1
2
:
8

Table 4.3: Measurement of Windings Resistance

Armature/Field windings

S.No. V I R
1
2
3
4

26
EXP 5:SPEED CONTROL OF A SEPARATELY EXCITED DC
MOTOR

Motivation:
DC motors are in general much more adaptable to adjustable speed drives
than AC motors which are associated with a constant speed rotating field. Indeed
this susceptibility of DC motors to adjustment of their operating speed over wide
ranges and by a variety of methods is one of the important reasons for strong
competitive position of DC motors in modern industrial drives. It is thus necessary to
gather an idea about various speed-control methods along with their associated
characteristics.

Objectives:
1. To control the speed of a DC separately excited motor by varying the
armature terminal voltage.
2. To control the speed of a DC separately excited motor by varying the
resistance in the field.

Theory:
One of the unique features of a dc motor, which has helped it maintain its
supremacy over other electric drive systems for specific applications in industry, is its
ability to provide smooth, wide range speed control with relative ease. As we already
know, the basic equations governing the steady-state operation of a dc motor are
given by

Vt  E  I a Ra (5.1)

where, Vt is the terminal voltage and E, the induced back emf, is of the form

Zp
E  N  K
 60  a  (5.2)

where ‘N’ and ‘’ are the rotor speed in rpm and rad/sec, respectively and, the
constant ‘K’, is given by

27
 Z p
K  
 2a 
With no shaft load applied on the motor, the torque developed is only for
overcoming the rotational losses. Since the shunt motor operates at essentially a
constant flux, a small armature current, Ia, is only required as compared with the
rated current of the machine to meet the rotational losses. When a load torque is
applied to the motor shaft, the applied load torque causes the motor to assume that
value of speed, which yields an armature current Ia, sufficient to overcome the load
torque and the rotational losses. Hence, the relation between speed-torque is an
important characteristic of the DC motor.

Various schemes available for the speed control of DC motor can also be deduced
from equation (5.2). Vt and E, in equation (5.1) are of the same order, so that, on a
first degree of approximation, VE and thus

Vt  K
This gives,

Vt
 (5.3)

Expression (5.3) suggests that there can be two alternative strategies for achieving
speed control:

1. By controlling the voltage applied across the armature terminals of the

machine
2. By controlling the field flux of the machine

Let us consider the practical implications of the above alternatives. Equation (5.3)
shows that

(a) The speed (for a given torque supplied by the motor) changes linearly with
applied voltage. Since the torque developed by the motor is given by T = KIa, a
motor working with a constant field excitation and delivering a constant torque
will draw a constant current Ia whose value will be independent of the value of
the applied voltage V. This points to the fact that armature voltage control leads
to

 Smooth linear control of motor speed

 Speed control without directly affecting the torque developed by the motor

28
(b) The speed of the motor will change in inverse proportion to the field flux or field
excitation. Also, in motors, working with constant armature voltage, controlling
of field flux will tend to change the torque developed by the motor at a given
value of armature current, thus suggesting that field control leads to

 Non-linear inverse speed control of motor speed

 Changed value of torque production for a given armature current

(c) Although DC machines are designed to operate with given maximum values of
armature voltage and field excitation, there exists a minimum permissible value
of field current, below which the armature current of the machine may attain
dangerously high values during normal operation

The speed of operation of a motor driving a load is determined by point of

intersection between the motor and the load torque/speed characteristics. This is
shown in Fig. 5.1 (point P1). Control of armature voltage effectively changes the
motor torque  speed characteristics without changing their slopes as shown in Figs.
5.2 (a) and (b). Control of field excitation, on the other hand, renders changes in the
slopes of the characteristics as shown in Figs. 5.3 (a) and (b). It can, therefore, be
seen that, while armature voltage control will invariably lead to proportional control of
speed of the motor-load combination, field control, under certain specific load
conditions, may NOT yield the expected results.

Speed
(rad/s) Load TL  
0 P1
1 Motor TM  

0 = the no-load speed

1 = the operating speed

the motor load

Torque (N-m)
TM  TL combination

Fig. 5.1.Operating point of motor-load combination.

29
  V1  V2  V3  V1  V2  V3

V1

V2 V1
V2
V3
V3

Torque (N-m) Torque (N-m)

a) Shunt Motor b) Series Motor.

Fig. 5.2.Variation of characteristics of dc motor with

armature voltages at constant field currents.

 1   2  3 

1   2  3

1
2 1
3 3 2
Torque (N-m) Torque (N-m)

a) Shunt Motor b) Series Motor.

Fig. 5.3. Variation of characteristics of dc motor with field

fluxes at constant armature voltage.
Thus, armature voltage control strategy is superior to the field control
methodology. However, realization of armature voltage control in practice is more
expensive.

30
Circuit Diagram:

Figure: 5.5 Speed control of DC separately excited motor

Procedure:
1. Make a list of the instruments required to perform the experiment, and the
given machines, with full specifications
2. For carrying out the Armature Voltage Control of motor speed, make the
circuit as shown in Figure 5.5, and get the connections checked by the lab
instructor
3. Adjust Rfm to keep Ifm at fixed rated value
4. Through 3-phase variac, vary Vam from zero to rated value
5. Measure Iam and N at different Vam
6. To carry out Field Control, bringIfm at rated value
7. Bring Vam from zero to half of rated value (about 200 V) and keep it fixed
8. Slowly reduce Ifm in steps to increase speed N, using Rfm
9. Measure Iam and N at different Ifm
10. Plot the Vamvs N (Fixed Ifm) and Ifmvs N (Fixed Vam) characteristics

31
Observations:

Table 5.1: Armature Voltage Control

Ifm = ………..Amps

S.No. Vam N Iam

..

Table 5.2: Field Rheostat control

Vam=……………..Volts

S.No. Ifm N Iam

..

32
EXP 6: Speed control of a 3-phase induction motor using
variable frequency drive. Torque-Speed characteristics under
constant and variable torque loads with fixed V/f

Objectives:

• Calculation of friction and windage losses using variable frequency drive at no load
• Torque speed characteristics (with constant value of V/f ratio & V, f variable) under
constant torque load
• Torque speed characteristics (with constant value of V/f ratio & V, f also fixed) under
variable torque load

Circuit Diagram:

Figure: 6.1

Theory:
The rotational speed of the induction motor can be controlled in a step-less way over a wide
range by changing the supply frequency.

V = E1 = 2π × k w1 × N ph1 × f × φ r 6.1

Where E1 = stator induced emf/phase

kw1 = stator winding factor
Nph1 = stator series turn/phase
ϕr = resultant air-gap flux/pole

As per Eqn. (6. 1) the resultant air-gap flux per pole is given by

1 V 
φr = ⋅   6.2
4.44 × kw1 × N ph1 f 
 Therefore, in order to avoid saturation in stator and rotor cores which would cause
sharp increase in magnetization current, the flux ϕr must be kept constant as f is varied. To
achieve this, it follows from Eqn. 6.2, that when f is varied, V must also be varied such that
(V/ f) remains constant. Variable (V, f) supply from constant (V, f) supply can be arranged by
the frequency controller-inverter arrangement shown in Figure 6.1. The chief attraction of
employing induction motor for speed control is its ruggedness, low cost and maintenance-free
operation as compared to de motor. Because of the cost of the inverter involved in the
induction motor speed-control scheme, the DC motor scheme as of today is more economical.
However, the induction motor scheme is a strong candidate for speed control and is likely to
take over in the near future with further improvement and cost reduction in drive technology.

Procedure:

1. Note down the specification of the machine under test; make the connections as
shown in Figure: 6.1 and get it checked by the lab instructor.
2. Apply the required voltage and frequency to 3-phase induction motor for the three
cases mentioned in objective.
3. Record the applied voltage, frequency, no-load current, speed and I/P power coming
from W1 and W2 etc as required for each case. (Tables 6:1, 6:2, 6:3)
4. Calculate the friction and windage losses from first case (No load test).
5. Obtain Speed vs Input voltage curve for no-load and Speed vs Torque curves in the
other two cases.

Observation Tables:

Table 6.1: No Load Test (f=50Hz)

S.No. Vin W1 W2 Iin N (rpm)

1.
2.

Table 6.2: Constant Torque Load (Iag = 3 A fixed), V/f = 8.5 (fixed)

S.No Vin f (Hz) W1 W2 Iin Ifg Vag N (rpm)

1.
2.
:
8.

Table 6.3: Variable Torque Load, Vin = 425V (fixed), f = 50 Hz (fixed)

S.No W1 W2 Iin Ifg Iag (Load) Vag N(rpm)

1.
2.
:
8.
EXP 7: Performance evaluation of Synchronous Generator

Objectives:

a) To perform open and short circuit tests on a synchronous generator and determine its
synchronous impedance (i) neglecting saturation and (ii) considering saturation.
b) To make an equivalent circuit of the generator using the synchronous impedance
values determined in (a) (for both (i) and (ii)).
c) To determine and draw the terminal voltage versus load current characteristics of the
generator for unity P.F load using the equivalent circuit determined in (b). Also to
determine voltage regulation of the generator for unity power factor load.

Theory:

Synchronous impedance 𝑍𝑠 can be determined by open and short circuit tests on the
generator. The generator is run at its rated speed. Open circuit characteristic (OCC) of
generator is the plot of its terminal voltage against its field current. This is also called the
magnetization characteristic of the machine. Short circuit characteristic (SCC) is the plot of
generator short circuit current versus its field current.

Figure 7.1: Open and Short circuit characteristics of Synchronous Generator

The synchronous impedance magnitude, 𝑍𝑠 neglecting saturation is

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑝 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝑍𝑠 (𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑) = |𝐼𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑆. 𝐶 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
or
𝑂.𝐶 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐴𝐷
𝑍𝑠 (𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑) = 𝑆.𝐶 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐴𝐵
|𝐼𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 7.1

Where, AB is the short circuit current corresponding to the field current OA.
The generator impedance adjusted for saturation is

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑂𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝑍𝑠 (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 𝑆.𝐶 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
|𝐼𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑍𝑠 (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) =

𝑂.𝐶 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐴𝐶
𝑆.𝐶 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐴𝐵
|𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑂𝐴 7.2

Note that the values as determined above are approximate because to consider exactly the
effect of armature reaction mmf, it is necessary to determine the orientation of armature
reaction mmf in the machine (the reactance of the magnetic path depends on the orientation
of the resultant mmf due to main field and armature reaction in machines with salient poles),
and magnitude of the mmf (since this decides the level of saturation in the magnetic circuit).
These are not accurately taken into account in the two ways mentioned for finding
synchronous impedance. Synchronous reactance is given by

𝑋𝑠 = �(𝑍𝑠2 − 𝑅𝑎2 ) 7.3

where, 𝑅𝑎 is the effective resistance of the armature. 𝑅𝑎 can be measured for DC conditions
(using voltmeter-ammeter method) and the result multiplied by a factor of 1.6 to get a good
estimate of the effective value of the AC resistance. We can now write an equivalent circuit
for the generator in terms of a constant voltage behind the synchronous impedance. Voltage
regulation is defined as

�𝐸𝑝ℎ �−�𝑉𝑝ℎ �
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = �𝐸𝑝ℎ �
7.4

where �𝐸𝑝ℎ � and �𝑉𝑝ℎ � denote, respectively, the phase values of no-load and full-load terminal
voltages (any one phase to neutral voltage), for constant field excitation, rated speed and with
�𝐸𝑝ℎ � = rated voltage of the machine.
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 7.2

Procedure:

1. Note the nameplate detail of the machines (generator and prime mover) for the
experiment and make the circuit as shown in Figure 7.2.

Open Circuit Test

2. Keep generator output open circuited and connect a voltmeter between any one phase
and neutral.
3. Start the prime mover (DC motor) and bring the speed to rated value (1500 rpm) for
alternator. Keep the speed constant at this value during the experiment. Note down the
generator terminal voltage through the voltmeter and field current for rated value of.

Short Circuit Test

4. Short any two phases of generator and connect an ammeter between remaining phase
and shorted phases as shown below.

5. Start the prime mover as usual and bring it to the rated speed of alternator. Keep the
speed constant at this value during the experiment.
6. Do not go beyond the full load current of alternator. Start with alternator field circuit
resistance in maximum position. Note down the appropriate meter readings including
generator phase current and field current.
Load Test at unity Power Factor

7. Load the alternator by a 3-phase resistive Load.

8. Adjust the load and alternator field current to give full load current and rated voltage
at the terminals of the alternator.
9. Keeping the field excitation of the alternator constant, gradually reduce the load
current and note down the current and terminal voltage of the alternator.
10. Make sure that throughout the experiment the speed of the alternator remains constant
at 1500 rpm by adjustment of dc motor field excitation.

Measurement of DC Resistance of Alternator Armature

11. This resistance is measured by the voltmeter-ammeter method using a DC source.

Pass a current of about full load magnitude. Calculate effective AC resistance, Ra , by
multiplying the DC resistance by a factor of 1.6.

Results and Observations:

1. Plot OCC and SCC on the same axes.

2. Determine 𝑍𝑠 , 𝑅𝑎 and 𝑋𝑠 as explained in theory.
3. Make equivalent circuit of alternator at unity power factor using the parameters
determined earlier.
4. Determine and draw the load characteristics i.e. plot of terminal voltage against load
current of alternator at unity power factor using the equivalent circuit.
5. On the same axes as for item 4 above, draw the load characteristics as determined
experimentally.
EXP 8: Synchronization of a synchronous machine to the
mains and study the effect of field current on power factor.
Operation of synchronous machine as synchronous motor.

Objective:

To synchronize a three-phase alternator with another alternator by using three-lamp

method. To operate the synchronous generator as a synchronous motor.

Theory:

In power stations a number of alternators run in parallel. All the alternators are
synchronized with a common bus-bar. The load is connected across the bus-bar. In the
event of increased demand of load on a power station, additional generating sets are
required to be connected in parallel with the bus-bar. Before an alternator can be
connected in parallel with another alternator it should be synchronized.
Synchronization can be done by using a synchro-scope or by three-lamp method. The
following conditions are to be fulfilled before connecting an alternator in parallel with
others:

(a) The voltage of the incoming alternator should be the same as the running
alternator voltage.
(b) The frequency of voltage of the incoming alternator should be the same as the
running alternator voltage frequency.
(c) The phase sequence of the voltages of the incoming alternator to be connected in
parallel should be the same as that of the running alternator.
(d) At the instant when the synchronizing switch is closed, the voltages of the
incoming alternator should be in time-phase with the running alternator voltage.

In other words, there are five conditions that must be met before the synchronization
process takes place. The alternator must have equal line voltage, frequency, phase
sequence, phase angle and waveform to that of the system to which it is being
synchronized. Waveform and phase sequence are fixed by the construction of the
generator and its connections to the system, but voltage, frequency and phase angle
must be controlled each time a generator is to be connected to a grid.

Three-lamp Method of Synchronization

Three light bulbs are connected between the three phases of generator and the grid.
Here two lamps are connected in series as the maximum voltage which will appear
across the lamps will be the line voltage, i.e., 400 V (for a 400 V machine). As lamps
are generally rated for 230 V, for safety reasons, two lamps are connected in series.

Procedure I:

1. Connect the DC motor - Synchronous generator as shown in Figure 8.1

 Figure 8.1 Main circuit diagram

2. Start the DC motor and bring its speed to the synchronous speed of the generator
(1500-rpm). Adjust the field excitation of the generator so that rated voltage (400V,
L-L) is obtained.
3. Switch on the AC mains and adjust the variac so that line voltage is 400 V. Let the
phase sequence of the generator terminals RYB be the same as that of the respective
terminals of the mains, RYB. The voltage phasors for this condition are shown in Fig
8.2. If the generator frequency is slightly more than that of the bus, then the phasors
R1, Y1 and B1 move anti-clockwise relative to R2, Y2, and B2. The voltages across
the lamps L1, L2, L3 (which are indicated by the phasors R1R2, Y1Y2, and B1B2)
will increase & decrease simultaneously and therefore, the three lamps will brighten
up and darken at the same time.

Figure 8.2

4. If the phase sequences are R1Y1B1 and R2 B2Y2, the phase diagram of voltages
will be as shown in Fig 8.3. For this condition the voltages across lamps given by
phasors R1R2, Y1Y2 and B1B2 are not equal to each other at the instant shown.
Therefore the lamps go through their zero voltage one after the other. The phase
sequences are thus different and can be corrected by interchanging any two terminals
 either on the generator side or on the bus side. When such a change is made, both the
three-phase mains and the DC supply should be switched off.

Figure 8.3

5. With the phase sequence corrected, if there is a large difference between the
frequency of the generator and that of the bus, the lamps will brighten & darken in
quick succession. By adjusting the speed of the generator, this rapidity can be
reduced, which indicates that the frequencies are coming closer and the lamps will
brighten up & darken slowly. The correct moment of synchronization in this method
is when all the lamps are completely dark, at which time all the voltages of the bus
are exactly in phase with the corresponding voltages of the generator. At this
moment the synchronizing switch S is closed and the generator is synchronized with
the mains.

Procedure II:

1. For the alternator connected to infinite busbars and operating at unity p.f, it is then said to be
normally excited. Suppose that excitation of the alternator is increased (overexcited) while the power
input to the prime mover is unchanged. The active power output (W or kW) of the alternator will
thus remain unchanged i.e., active component of current is unaltered. The overexcited alternator will
supply lagging current (and hence lagging reactive power) to the infinite busbars (mains bus). This
action can be explained by the m.m.f. of armature reaction. When the alternator is overexcited, it
must deliver lagging current since lagging current produces an opposing m.m.f. to reduce the over-
excitation. Thus an overexcited alternator supplies lagging current in addition to the constant active
component of current. Therefore, an overexcited alternator will operate at lagging power factor.
Note that excitation does not control the active power but it controls power factor of the
current supplied by the alternator to the infinite busbars. Fig 8.4 shows the phasor diagram of an
overexcited alternator connected to infinite busbars. The angle δ between E (Stator voltage)
and V (Mains bus voltage) is called torque angle. It is also the angle between the
rotor and stator fields. Is is the stator current. The angle θ is the phase of Is with
respect to V, and hence the power factor is cos θ.
2. Now suppose that excitation of the alternator is decreased below normal excitation
(under-excitation) while the power input to the prime mover is unchanged. Therefore, the active
power output (W or kW) of the alternator will remain unchanged i.e., active component of current is
unaltered. The underexcited alternator supplies leading current (and hence leading reactive power) to
 the infinite busbars. It is because when an alternator is under excited, it must deliver leading current
since leading current produces an aiding m.m.f. to increase the underexcitation. Thus an
underexcited alternator supplies leading current in addition to the constant active component of
current. Therefore, an underexcited alternator will operate at leading power factor. Fig 8.5 shows the
phasor diagram of an underexcited alternator connected to infinite busbars.
3. Dependence of power factor on prime mover field excitation is noted and the value
of If for unity p.f is found out.

Figure 8.4 (Over excited) Figure 8.5 (Under excited)

Procedure III:

1. To operate the synchronous generator as motor, reduce the armature current of DC

prime-mover motor to zero and disconnect the DC armature supply through 2-pole 3-
way switch and connect the armature with resistive load.
2. Vary the load and note that the speed of the synchronous motor-DC generator
combination remains the same.
EXP 9: NO-LOAD, BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON 1-PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR

OBJECTIVE:

To perform no-load , blocked rotor and load tests on 1-phase induction motor (split phase and
capacitor start) and determine:
(a) The parameters for the equivalent circuit
(b) Compute the performance of motor from the parameters and compare with the experimental
results

THEORY:

1-phase induction motors are constructed much the same way as poly-phase induction motors
expect that their stators have 1-phase winding and the rotor is normally a squirrel cage rotor. The
poly-phase motors are self-starting, while 1-phase motors are not, since its torque when at rest is
zero. In order to start 1-phase induction motor some means are required. The various types of 1-
phase induction motors are: split phase, capacitor motor (capacitors start and capacitor run motor),
shaded pole and repulsion start. There are two theories for the analysis of 1-phase induction motor,
i.e.
(1) Cross field theory
(2) Revolving field theory

Based upon revolving phase theory, the equivalent circuit of a 1-phase induction motor with only
main winding effective is shown in figure 9.1 where

R1 = Main winding effective resistance

X1 = Main winding leakage reactance
Zf = Rotor impedance with respect to the forward rotating field referred to stator = R2f +jX2f
Zb = Rotor impedance with response of the backward rotating field referred to stator = R2b+jX2b
Yf = Admittance representing the excitation characteristic for the forward field = Gf +jBf
Yb = Admittance representing the excitation characteristic for the backward field = Gb+jBb
s = Fractional shift with respect to forward field

Figure 9.1 Equivalent circuit of a 1-phase induction motor

In no-load test the motor is run at rated voltage and frequency without applying any mechanical
load. The auxiliary winding is disconnected through centrifugal switch as soon as the motor picks up
approximately 60% of its rated speed. The input current Io , voltage Eo , and input power Po are
recorded. Under no-load condition, s is small R2f/s become very large and equivalent circuit reduces
to that shown in Fig 9.2 below.

Figure 9.2 Equivalent condition under no-load condition s = 0

In blocked rotor test, a reduced voltage is applied to main winding only, such that a full required
current is flowing in the main winding. The reduced voltage applied Es , the rated input current ls and
the input power Ps are recorded. At rotor standstill, s is unity and the equivalent circuit takes the
form shown in Fig 9.3 below.

Figure 9.3 Equivalent condition blocked rotor condition s = 1

Just after the blocked rotor test, D.C resistance of main winding R1dc is measured to get the value at
operating temperature.

Computation of the parameters from no-load test data:

As pointed out earlier, under no-load conditions, impedance of the load branch in the equivalent
circuit for forward field is very high (slip small), and may be considered infinite. Further, the voltage
across backward field load branch under no-load condition is so low that the exciting branch for the
backward field may be neglected, i.e. admittance of the exciting branch for backward field is
assumed to be zero. The equivalent circuit of Fig 9.1 and Fig 9.2 then reduces to the form shown in
Fig 9.4 below.

Figure 9.4 Simplified equivalent circuit under no load (s=0) conditions

The total no-load power input is used up as stator copper loss, 𝐼𝑜2 𝑅1 , backward field resistance
copper loss 𝐼𝑜2 𝑅2𝑏 ⁄2, forward field excitation (iron) loss and backward field excitation loss. Under
no-load conditions, the magnitude of the backward rotating field is very small, and therefore the
backward iron loss may be neglected.

Forward field iron loss = 𝑃𝑖𝑓 = 𝑃𝑜 − 𝐼𝑜2 𝑅1 − 𝐼𝑜2 𝑅2𝑏 ⁄2

Voltage across the forward exciting circuit = 𝑉𝑓 = 𝐸𝑜 − 𝐼𝑜 {𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 + 𝑗𝑋2𝑏 + (𝑅2𝑏 ⁄2)}

Therefore, Exciting circuit admittance, 𝑌𝑓 = 𝐼𝑜 ⁄𝑉𝑓

Exciting circuit conductance, 𝐺𝑓 = 𝑃𝑜 ⁄𝑉𝑓2

Exciting circuit susceptance, 𝐵𝑓 = �𝑌𝑓2 − 𝐺𝑓2

Also, 𝐵𝑏 = 𝐵𝑓 , 𝐺𝑏 = 𝐺𝑓 . Thus, all the parameters of the equivalent circuit pertaining to running
condition (no-load) are known.

Computation of the parameters from blocked rotor test data:

If Zsc is equivalent impedance of the machine during blocked rotor test, 𝑍𝑠𝑐 = 𝐸𝑠 ⁄𝐼𝑠

Also if,

𝑍𝑠𝑐 = 𝑅𝑠𝑐 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠𝑐

Then,

𝑅𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑠 ⁄𝐼𝑠2
From these relationships, Rsc and Xsc may be obtained. As the blocked rotor test is performed at
reduced voltage, the exciting current and core loss during this test are very small and may be
neglected. In terms of equivalent circuit, this assumption means that the excitation branch
admittance is zero. Further, at s=1, frequency of the currents on the account of both the forward
field and the backward field are same. Under this condition, therefore, 𝑅2𝑓 = 𝑅2𝑏 = 𝑅2𝑐 (say), the
equivalent circuit of Fig 9.3 then takes the form shown in Fig 9.5 below.

Figure 9.5 Equivalent circuit under blocked rotor/standstill conditions

If X2 is total rotor reactance (= X2f + X2b) then Xl + X2 = Xsc. It is not possible to separate Xl and X2 , but
it is customary to consider Xl = X2 = Xsc/2. Under blocked rotor condition, it is easy to visualize that
X2f = X2b, hence,

𝑋2𝑓 = 𝑋2𝑏 = 𝑋2 ⁄2

The effective value of main winding resistance at line frequency is usually 1.1 to 1.3 times the dc
value, the actual ratio depending upon conductor configuration etc.

Thus,

𝑅1 = (1.1 𝑡𝑜 1.3)𝑅1𝑑𝑐

It is seen from Fig 9.6 that

𝑅𝑠𝑐 = 𝑅1 + 2𝑅2𝑐

Where

𝑅2𝑐 = (𝑅𝑠𝑐 − 𝑅1 )⁄2

R2c being the effective rotor resistance at line frequency.

 Figure 9.6 Simplified equivalent circuit during blocked rotor S = 1

Under normal running conditions, the forward field-slip is small, and therefore the rotor resistance
for this field will be very nearly dc resistance, i.e. R2c divided by a suitable factor to reduce it to its dc
value. The factor has a value in the range 1.2 to 1.4 (say 1.3). Therefore,

𝑅2𝑓 = 𝑅2𝑑𝑐 = 𝑅2𝑐 ⁄𝑘 where 1.2 < k < 1.4.

With respect to the backward field, the frequency of the rotor currents under running conditions is
approximately twice the line frequency. Effective rotor resistance with respect to the backward field
at this high frequency is generally 1.6 to 1.8 times R2dc. Therefore, R2b = (1.6 to 1.8) say R2b = 1.7R2dc.
Thus from known values of R1, blocked-rotor-data and suitable choice of factors for converting
effective resistance into dc resistance and vice versa, R2f , R2b , X2f , X2b and X1 are obtained.

The equivalent circuit derived in this experiment is based on number of approximations. R2f and
R2b are the effective values of the resistances which change with slips. However for the normal range
of running speeds (s = 1-5%). These effective values may be assumed to remain constant. The
leakage reactance is assumed to be equally divided between rotor and stator whereas actually it
may not be so. The factors for convening effective values of resistance into dc values and vice versa
are arbitrary and cannot be determined. By far the most important assumption is that the friction
and windage losses (Fig 9.7), which are mechanical, are combined with the other losses in calculating
the loss conductance’s, Gf and Gb. For more accurate analysis, friction, and windage loss should be
subtracted from the mechanical power developed, and should not be included along with excitation
losses.

Figure 9.7 Frictional and windage losses

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 9.8 Main circuit diagram

Procedure (No Load Test):

1. Note down the name plate of single phase motor and DC generator, with full specifications.
2. Make the connections as per Figure 9.8 without connecting DC generator
3. Apply the rated voltage to the induction motor through 1-phase autotransformer. The
auxiliary winding will be disconnected automatically by the centrifugal switch as soon as the
motor attains about 60% of rated speed
4. Record the applied rated voltage Eo , no-load current Io and input power Po

Blocked Rotor Test:

5. Apply a reduced voltage through the autotransformer to the induction motor such that
rated full load current flows in the stator main winding
6. Record the applied voltage Es , the rated input current Is and power Ps
7. After performing the blocked rotor test, measure the DC resistance of the stator, R1dc

Load Test:
8. Now connect the DC generator as shown in Fig 9.8 above
9. Apply rated voltage to the motor and run the generator under no–load condition with its
field resistance in maximum position
10. Note down the readings of input AC power, input AC current, output DC voltage, output DC
current and speed of the motor
11. Now increase the load in steps up to which rated current flows in the induction motor. Note
down all the meter readings

Applied voltage:______ V
DC-Generator current DC-Generator
Input AC power Input AC current Speed
(Iag) voltage (Vag)
Results and Discussions:

1. (a) Plot no-load power input as function of applied voltage in case of no-load test and obtain
from there the no load current, lo and power input Po corresponding to rated voltage.
(b) Extrapolate the curve of Po upto zero applied voltage to obtain the friction and windage
loss as shown in Fig 9.7
2. Complete the parameters of the equivalent circuit
3. From the equivalent circuit, compute input current, input power, efficiency, torque when
the motor is running from rated voltage with slip of 5% and therefore compare its
performance with practical values from load test
4. From load test data plot Torque vs slip characteristics for different voltage levels
EXP 10: No-load, blocked rotor tests on 3-phase squirrel cage
induction motor and write its equivalent circuit referred to
the stator.

Objective:

To perform no load, blocked rotor and load test on a 3- phase, squirrel cage, induction motor
and write its equivalent circuit referred to the stator.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 10.1

Procedure:

(1) No load and blocked rotor tests:

1. Write down the motor nameplate details and make circuit as shown in Fig 10.1.
2. Conduct a no-load test at the rated voltage and note down the line current and input
power to the motor. Use the appropriate range of meters. Start with variac in zero
position.
3. Conduct a blocked rotor test by a blocking the rotor from rotating. Use the same
circuit as in Fig 10.1 with meters changed to appropriate ones. Before switching on,
make sure that the variac is in zero position.
4. Measure the dc resistance of the stator (value of dc resistance ≈ 3.85 Ω/phase).
5. Gradually change the variac position to obtain rated current input to motor. Note
down the line voltage and input power to the motor.

(2) Load test

6. Now connect the DC generator as shown in Fig 10.1.

7. Apply rated voltage to the motor and run the generator under no-load condition.
 8. Note down the reading of input power, input current, output voltage, output current
and speed of the motor.
9. Connect the resistive load on DC generator such that the induction motor is loaded to
rated value and note down all the meter readings. Also note down the meter readings
for 70%, 80% and 90% loading of the motor.
10. Repeat the same experiment for reduced input voltage of induction motor (90%, 80%
and 70% of rated value).
11. Calculate the equivalent circuit parameters of the motor and make the equivalent
circuit (referred to stator), with all parameter values indicated properly. (Refer to
example 6.5 of textbook: “Electric Machinery – 6th ed” by A.E Fitzgerald et all)
12. Plot the torque – speed characteristics of the motor on a graph paper for the different
input voltages (from the theoretical calculations).
13. On the same graph locate the torque-speed points obtained experimentally and
comment on the accuracy of equivalent circuit model.

Observation Table:

Table 10.1 Load test

Motor Motor N
Sl No W1 W2 Vag Iag
Voltage Current (rpm)
1
2
:
:
8