TOPIC REVIEW

1. What is citation?

2. What are the two parts to citing a source? Bibliography in side sentence

In-text Citation – A brief reference within the body of the text that points to the full citation. It usually
includes the author's last name and the publication year (e.g., Smith, 2020) or a page number if
required.

Reference List (or Bibliography) – A detailed list at the end of the document that provides full
information about each source cited, including the author's name, title, publication date, and other
relevant details.

3. “When paraphrasing, it is acceptable to simply list the source in the bibliography.” True or false?

4. What is plagiarism?

5. What are the two ways that claims are anchored to evidence in academic writing?

6. Is there one style for academic citation?

7. What types of information need to be cited?

8. Do facts and data need to have sources listed?

9. What is the best rule of thumb for citation when you are unsure?

DISCUSSION QUESTION

1. How is citation an integral part of the formation of scientific knowledge? Why does

citation matter for academic honesty or integrity?

WHATS IS CITATION?

Citations are used in academic writing to indicate where information, concepts, or data came from.
Depending on the citation style, it usually contains information such as the name of the author, the
work's title, the publication date, and page numbers.

Citations have various uses, including:

 Giving credit to the original author

 Clear of plagiarism
 Providing proof to support the claims
 Making it possible for readers to find the original sources

Harvard, Chicago, MLA, and APA are examples of common citation formats. Each has particular
guidelines for reference formatting.

WHAT IS PLAGARISM?

Plagiarism is the act of using someone else's work, ideas, or words without proper credit, making it a
form of intellectual theft. It can be direct by copying word by word, paraphrasing or rewriting without
any citation, or accidental means there is no proper citation. Furthermore, plagiarism of someone work
has a consequence, such as legal issues, penalties, loss of credibility. To avoid it, ensure your work has
proper citation.

PARAPHRASING

Rewording and reorganizing someone else's thoughts or information in your own words while
preserving the original meaning is known as paraphrasing. Unlike summarizing, it restates the entire
topic in a novel form instead of only condensing it.

Key Points of Paraphrasing:

 Uses different wording and sentence structure from the original text.
 Maintains the original meaning without adding personal opinions.
 Requires proper citation to credit the original source.

Example:

Original: "Climate change is causing rising sea levels, which threaten coastal communities."

Paraphrased: "Increasing Sea levels due to climate change pose a risk to communities near the coast
(Smith, 2020)."

Information that needs to be cited

You need to cite any information that is not your own or common knowledge. This includes:

 Direct Quotes – Exact words from a source.

 Paraphrased Ideas – Reworded content from another author.
 Summarized Information – Condensed ideas from a source.
 Data & Figures – Statistics, graphs, and research findings.
 Images & Media – Photos, charts, and videos not created by you.
 Expert Opinions & Theories – Scholarly ideas and perspectives.
 Case Studies & Research – Findings from studies or reports.

INTRODUCTION TO STYLE GUIDES (topic 19)

■ TOPIC REVIEW

1. How is a style guide different than a grammar handbook?

2. Do all major style guides agree on punctuation for academic degrees?
3. Do style guides specify the contents and organization of manuscripts?
4. What are the two most common style guides in the social sciences?
5. Are there similarities between APA and ASA styles?
6. What is a “reference manager” or “citation manager”?
7. What elements does a reference manager format for you? What does it not format for you?

■ DISCUSSION QUESTION

1. Do you think it is more valuable to track your citations manually to learn your discipline’s
style, or are you more inclined to rely on a reference citation management program?
important function of style guides

style guides address issues of citation.

There are two common citation styles. The first uses a superscript number at the reference point in
the text that is connected to the same number at the foot of the page or in the endnotes where the
source information appears. The second uses author last name and date of publication in parentheses
at the end of the sentence that refers to the source’s information.

The American Sociological Association’s ASA Style Guide and the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (APA Manual) are two styles that are commonly found in social science
disciplines.

Style guides are established sets of guidelines used in professional and academic writing to guarantee
proper citation of sources, uniformity, and clarity. By adhering to discipline-specific norms, they assist
authors in properly formatting their work, organizing references, and preserving credibility.

American Medical Association (AMA)

The AMA Manual of Style is commonly used in medical and health-related fields for research papers,
journals, and scholarly publications. It focuses on the citation of medical sources, with guidelines for
clear communication of scientific information.

International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

While IBM itself doesn’t follow a specific academic style guide, it adheres to internal corporate
communication standards. However, technical writing in fields like IT and engineering might follow style
guides like IEEE or APA.

Associated Press (AP)

The AP Stylebook is widely used in journalism and media. It provides guidelines for writing news,
articles, and reports, with a focus on consistency, grammar, and clear communication for public
consumption.

American Sociological Association (ASA)

The ASA Style Guide is used primarily in sociology and social sciences. It outlines rules for formatting
papers, citing sources, and structuring sociological writing, similar to other academic citation styles.

American Psychological Association (APA Manual)

The APA Manual of Style, published by the American Psychological Association (APA), is widely used in
the social sciences, including psychology, sociology, education, and business. It provides guidelines for
formatting academic papers, citing sources, and presenting research clearly and consistently.

Importance and Functions of Style Guides

Style guides play a crucial role in academic, professional, and journalistic writing by ensuring
consistency, clarity, and credibility. Their primary functions include:
1. Ensuring Consistency

2. Facilitating Proper Citation & Avoiding Plagiarism

3. Improving Clarity & Readability

4. Enhancing Credibility & Professionalism

5. Meeting Discipline-Specific Standards

What is a “reference manager” or “citation manager”?

A reference manager or citation manager is a software tool that helps researchers, students, and writers
organize, store, and format citations and references efficiently. These tools automate the process of
citing sources and generating bibliographies in various citation styles.

Functions of a Citation Manager:

Store and organize references from books, journal articles, and websites.

Automatically generate citations in multiple styles (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).

Insert in-text citations directly into documents while writing.

Create bibliographies and reference lists with minimal effort.

Manage PDFs and notes for research projects.