Screw gauge (Micrometer)

50

40

upto|
1 mm How can it divide 1 mm in 100 parts !
Screw gauge is used to measure closely 100
100 parts, a screw is used. In one rotation, the screw (spindle) moves foward by
To divide 1 mm in
1mm. (Called pitch of the screw) parts (called circular scale), hence 1 mm is divided
The rotation of the screw (spindle) is divided in 100
in 100 parts
-20
10

90
F80

spindle
Measurement Errors &Experiments
1rotation = 1 mm
100 circular parts =1 mm
1 mm
so 1circular part = = Least count of Screw gauge
100
So lets generalize it

Least count of 1 mm pitch of screw

circular scale
a screw gauge 100 + number of divisions on

How to find thickness of an object by screw gauge !

object

Unu50

Object is inserted ZÒQM

between the jaws
1mm
0 57 1circular part = 100
47 x 1mm
(mm) 40
47 circular part 100

Object thickness =7.

=7mm +47 circular devisions
=mm +47 ( mm
Main sale Circuler 100 ,
Least
Reading Scale Count
Reading
Thickness of Main CircularLeast
object Scale Scale Count
Reading of Reading Reading
Screwgauge
Pitch
Numbers of
devisions on
Circular Scale
Description of screw gauge : movable Jaw
(spindle)
Main scale
Fixed Jaw Circular scale

object

50
(mm) 40

Thimble
Fixed sleeve
Fixed frame
The obiect to be measured is put between the jaws. The sleeve is hollow part, fixed with the frame and
main scale is printed on it.
 of a screw. The circular scaie is
Ients
welded, and move together by means
The spindle and thimble are 50divisions also)
generally consists of 100 divisions (sometime
It
printed on the thimble as shown.(Sometimes it also has 1/2 mm marks below mm marks.)
The main scale has mm marks
gaugeis 1mm then there are 1mm marks on main scale and if pitch
(USually if pitch of the screw
0s 1/2 mm then there are 1/2 mm marks also)
instrument can read upto 0.01 mm (10 um) accuracy that is why it is called micrormeter
This
Solved Example.
Example Read the normal screwgauge
*Main scale has only mm marks.
"In acomplete rotation, the screw advances by 1 mm.
*Circular scale has 100 divisions
Solution:

0 5 10
70

|(mm) -60
,1 mm
Soln: Object thickness = 11 mm + 65
100
= 11.65 mm

Example Read the screwgauge

* Main scale has mm
2
marks.
1
* In complete rotation, the screw advances by 2 mm.

* Circular scale has 50 division.

Solution:
5 -50

-40
(mm) 6.5

Soln: Obiect thickness =6.5

Object thickness = 6.5 mm + 43 12 mmy
50
= 6.93 mm

Example Read the screwgauge shown bellow:

1
* Main scale has mmmarks.
2
1
* In complete rotation, the screw advances by mm.
2
* Circular scale has 50 division.
Solution:
50

5 20 40

10
mm

Obiect thickness = 6.5 mm + 14

Object thickness = 4.5 mm + 39 1/2 mm
50 = 4.89 mm 50
=6.64 mm
 Measurement Errors & Experiments gauge.
resistance R 100.0 Oand length I 50.0 cm is put between the jaws of screw
Example 2 A wire of
Pitch of the scruegauge is 0.5 mm and there are 50 divisio on
Its reading is shown in figure. correct significant figures and maximum perrmissible error in p
circular scale. Find its resistivity in
(resistivity).
Solution :

50

40

Ob ject thickness = 8 mn + 42 (1/2 mm

50
= 8. 42 mm

R= pl ’p =
Rzd2 (100.0) (3.14) (8,42 x10 1.32 Qm
na?/4 4e 4(50.0x 10)
de 0.1 0.01 0.1 = 0.00537 (0.52%)
dp dR 2d(D) +2 x
R D 100.0 8.42 50

mm. There are 50 divisions on

Example In a complete rotation, spindle of a screw gauge advances by 2
1 1 1
circular scale. The main scale has mm marks ’ (is graduated to mm or has least count = mm)
2 2 2
If awire is put between the jaws,3 main scale divisions are clearly visible, and 20 division of
circular scale co-inside with the reference line. Find diameter of wire in correct S.F.
1 (1/2 mm
Solution: Diameter of wire (3 xmm)
2
+ (20)
( 50
1.5 + 0.20 = 1.70 mm (The answer should be

upto two decimal places because this screwgauges can measure upto 0.01 mm accuracy).
Example In the previous question if the mass of the wire is measured as 0.53 kg and length of the wire is
measured by an mm scale and is found to be 50.0 cm, find the density of the wire in correct
significant figures.
Solution :
m (0.53 x10) x4
p= -g/m = 4.7x108 (2 S.F.)
(3.14) (1.70 ×103)2(50 x10)
4

Example Two measure diameter of a wire, a screwgauge is used. The main scale division is of 1 mm. In
a complete rotation, the screw advances by 1mm and the circular scale has 100 devisions.
The reading of screwgauge is as shown in figure.
object
10
(mm)

If there is no error in mass

measurement, but error in length measurement is 1%, then find
max. Possible error in density.
 m
Solution:
4

1 mm 0.01 mm
Ad = least count of = 100
andd =3.07 mm from the figure
0.01 1 x 100%
Ap
So
max
-(2x;
+
3.07 100

= 1.65%.
max

Zero Error : contact), the screwgauge should give zero

It there is no object between the jaws (i.e. jaws are in object, it gives some excess reading. This
even if there is no
reading. But due to extra material on jaws,
excess.
Reading is called zero error :
object

10

If we put a wire (mm) 0

between jaws

itgives 3.07 mm
Excess reading = 0.07 mm reading
(Zero error ) In which there is 0.07 mm excess
which has to be substructed

so actual thickness = 3,07 -0,07

=3.00 mm

Observed excess reading

reading (zero error)

Actual reading = observed excess reading

reading (zero error)

Solued Enample -
Find the thickness of the wire. The main scale division is of 1 mm. In
a complete rotation, the
Example
Screw advances by 1mm and the circular scale has 100 devisions.
object

If we put a wire Jt-70

between jaws
(mm) 60

Solution : Excess reading (Zero error) =0.03 mm It is giving 7.67 mm in which there is 0.03 mm excess
reading, which has to be removed (subtracted)
so actual reading =7.67 - 0.03 = 7.64 mm
Example Find the thickness of the wire. The main scale division is of 1 mm. In a complete rotation, the
screw advances by 1mm and the circular scale has 100 devisions. If no object is placed
belween the jaws, the zero of main scale is barely visible and 93d circular deision matches
with the main scale line.
object

If we put a wire
-90 (mm)
between jaws

Solution: Excess reading (Zero error) It is giving 7.95 mm in which there is -0.07 mm excess
-(1mm) + (93) (0.01) =-0.07mm reading, which has to be rermoved (subtracted)
so actual reading = 7.95 -(- 0.07) = 8.02 mm

ZERO CORRECTION:
Zero correction is invert of zero error:
zero correction = - (zero error)
Actual reading = observed reading - zero error
= observed reading + Zero correction

EXPERIMENT # 2
Vernier callipers
It is used to measure accurately upto 0.1 mm.

Omm 10 20 30 40 50

Main scale

0 mm 10 20 30 40 50

fixed jaw
Object movable vernier
jaw Scale
Measurement Errors & Experiments
"Onthe upper plate, main scale is
printed which is simply an mm scale.
which is a bit compressed scale. Its one part is of 0.9 mm.
is printed,
On tne lower plate, vernier scale
= 0.9 mm)
(10vernier scale divisions = 9 mm ’1vernier scale division
as shown.
The object which is to be measured, is fitted between the jaws

(A) How to read Vernier Callipers:

Main scale reading=
24 mm

10 20 30 40 50
Omm

vernier scale reading

=7

Thickness of the object = 24.

= 24 mm + 7 (0.1 mm)
Formula says Vernier least
Thickness of the object =Main Scale count
Scale
Reading Reading
Mark on vernier scale 1main |1 vernier
|Scale |Scale
which exactly
co-insides with some |devision devision
mark of main scale =1mm - 0.9 mm
= 0.1 mm
Nowlets see How the slight difference between 1MSD and 1 VSD reflects as
least count
Measurement Errors & Experiments
13mm
30 40 50
0 mm 10 20

Zoom

10 A 20
13
mm

Required length = 13mm + x = ?

at point 'A',main scale and vernier scale are matching
so length OA along main Scale = length OA along Vernier Scale
13 mm +3 (Main scale division) = (13 mm + x) +3 (vernier Scale division)
Get 13 mm + xX = 13 mm +3 (Main scale division - vernier Scale division)
= 13 mm +3 (1 mm-0.9 mmn)
= 13 mm +3 (0.1 mm) = 13.3 mm

(main vernier
(Least
Scale scale
reading count
reading)

(1 Main scale division - 1vernier Scale division)

Hencethe slight difference between 1 MSD (1 mm) and 1 VSD (0.9 mm) reflects as least cOunt (0.1 mm)
Thicknes of object (main vernier
Least
scale scale
eading of vernier callipers reading reading Count
 Measurement Errors & Experiments
Stued Erample:division of vernier scale are matching with 9 divisions of main scale.
Example ? Read the vernier. 10

30 40 50
0 mm 10 20

10 20 30 40 50
0 mm

Solution : 10 vernier scale divisions = 9mm

1 vernier scale division = 0.9 mm
’ least count = (Main scale division - vernier Scale division)
= 1mm -0.9 mm (from figure)
=0.1 mm
(least count)
Thickness of the object = (main scale reading) + (vernier scale Reading)
So thickness of the object = 15 mm+ (6) (0.1 mm) = 15.6 mm
Ans.

special type of vernier. 20 division of vernier scale are matching with 19 divisions of
Example Read the
main scale.

20 30 40 50
0 mm 10

20 30 40 50
0 mm 10
 divisions
OIUIon : 20 vernier scale
19 mm
division=
1vernier scale division)
division - vernier Scale
20
(Main scale
where least count = mm (from fig.)
=1 mm - 19/20 (least count)
-0.05 mm reading) + (vernier scale Reading)
(main scale
Thickness of the object =
object = 13 mm + (12) (0.05mm)
So thickness ofthe
= 13.60 mm Ans.
But
vernier should give zero reading.
Zero Error: jaws (ie. jaws are in contact), the
between the jaws, it gives some eXcess
between the object
Ifthere is no objectmaterial on jaws, even if there is no
due to some extra readingis called zero error
Reading. This excess
scale divisions. The
Calved Enample caliperse, 9 main
with
scale divisions matches will be:
10 vernier

Example : In the vernier using the defected vernier calliperse

the object
thickness of
40 50
10 20 30
Omm

Excess reading= 0.3 mm

(zero error )
Poshne ZexD
If we put anobject
between the jaws emer
30 40 50
0mmm 10 20
LLLLLLlun

It gives 13.8 mm reading

In which there is 0.3 mm excess reading,

which has to be removed (substructed)
So actual thickness = 13.8 - 0.3 = 13.5 mm
Obserýed excess reading
reading (zero error )
So we can formulate it as

Actual reading = observed excess reading

reading (Zero error )
 The
matches with 10 vernier scale divisions.
caliperse, 9 main scale divinons
Examplr In the vernier using the detected veYnier calliperse wit be
thick ness of the object
40
20

30 40 50
O mm 10 20

Solutionn: From first figure, Excess reading (zero error )= 0.6 mm

there is 0.6 mm excess reading. which
IT an object is placed, vernier gives 14.6 mm in which we can also do it using the
has to be subtracted. So actual thickness = 14.6 -0.6 = 14.0 mm
formula

Actual reading = observed excess reading

reading (Zero error )
= 14.6-0.6 = 14.0 mm Ans.

Example DThe least count of main scale is imm. In the vernier caliperse, 9 main scale divisions matches
with 10 vernier scale divisions.When no object is placed between the jaws, the zero of vernior
bscale is slightly behind the zero of main scale. When a sphere is placed between the jaws, the
reading of the vernier is shown in the figure. The thickness of the object using the defected
vernier calliperse will be :

Omm 10 20 30 40 50

Omm 10 20 30 40 50

Solution: Zero error = main scale reading + (vernier scale reading ) (least count )
=-1 mm +6 (0.1 mm) =-0.4 mm
observed reading = 11.8 mm
Soactual thickness = 11.8-(-0.4) = 12.2 mm Ans.
 Zero Correction:
Zero correction is invert of zero error.
Zero correction = -(zero error)
excess reading
Actual reading = observed (Zero error )
reading
observed + zero corraction
Reading
so zero correction will be 0.6 mm
In example 28, zero error was 0.6 mm, will be + 0.4 mmn
In example 29, zero error was -0.4 mm, sO zero correction

Solved Exanple vernier callipers reads 10 mm in 10 divisions. 10 divisions of Vernier scale

Example The main scale of a
callipers touch each other.
coincide with 9 divisions of the main scale. When the two jaws of the
divisions and the zero of the
the fifth division of the vernier coincides with some main scale
between the two
vernier is to the right of zero of main scale. When a cylinder is tightly placed
fourth vernier division
jaws, the zero of vernier scale lies slightly behind 3.2 cm and the
coincides with a main scale division. The diameter of the cylinder is.
Solution : Zero error = 0.5 mm = 0.05 cm.
Observed reading of cylinder diameter =3.1 cm + (4) (0.01 cm) = 3.14 cm
Ans.
Actual thickness of cylinder = (3.14) (0.05) = 3.09 cm
Example In the previous question if the length of the cylinder is measured as 25 mm, and mass of the
eylinder is measured as 50.0gm, find the density of the cylinder (gm/cm³) in proper significant
figures.
m
Solution: p=
n(d² /4)h
p=
(50.0) gm = 2.7 gm/cm (in two S.F.) Ans.
3.14 x(3.09/2)x(25 x10-)cm3