# HARMONIC OSCILLATOR

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Constants

hbar = 1.055e-34 # Planck's constant (normalized)

m = 9.1e-31 # mass of particle

omega = 1.0 # angular frequency

X_max = 0.05 # range of x-axis ([-X_max, X_max])

N = 250 # number of grid points

dx = 2 * X_max / (N - 1) # grid spacing

# Discretize space

x = np.linspace(-X_max, X_max, N)

# Potential V(x) for harmonic oscillator

V = 0.5 * m * omega**2 * x**2

# Kinetic energy term (T) and potential energy term (V) in the Hamiltonian

T = -0.5 * hbar**2 / m / dx**2 * (np.diag(np.ones(N-1), -1) - 2 * np.diag(np.ones(N)) +

H = T + np.diag(V) # Hamiltonian matrix

# Solve the eigenvalue problem

eigenvalues, eigenfunctions = np.linalg.eigh(H)

# Normalize the eigenfunctions

eigenfunctions = eigenfunctions / np.sqrt(np.trapz(np.abs(eigenfunctions)**2, x)) # Normalize each

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))

for i in range(3): # First three eigenstates

plt.plot(x, eigenfunctions[:, i], label=f'E_{i} = {eigenvalues[i]:.3f}')

plt.title('Eigenfunctions of the Harmonic Oscillator')

plt.xlabel('x')

plt.ylabel('ψ(x)')

plt.legend()

plt.grid(True)

# Plot all probability densities in one graph

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))

a=0

for i in range(3): # First three eigenstates

plt.plot(x, np.abs(eigenfunctions[:, i])**2+a, label=f'E_{i} = {eigenvalues[i]:.3f}')

a=a+70

plt.title('Probability Densities |ψ(x)|² of the Harmonic Oscillator')

plt.xlabel('x')

plt.ylabel('|ψ(x)|²')

plt.legend()

plt.grid(True)

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()

# Print the first few eigenvalues

for i in range(3):

print(f"E_{i} = {eigenvalues[i]:.3f}")

# Particle in a box
import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Constants

hbar = 1.055e-34 # Planck's constant (normalized)

m = 9.1e-31 # mass of particle

L = 0.75 # length of the box

N = 250 # number of grid points

dx = L / (N - 1) # grid spacing

# Discretize space

x = np.linspace(0, L, N)

# Kinetic energy term (T) and potential energy term (V) in the Hamiltonian

T = -0.5 * hbar**2 / m / dx**2 * (np.diag(np.ones(N-1), -1) - 2 * np.diag(np.ones(N)) +

V = np.zeros(N) # Potential V(x) is zero inside the box

H = T + np.diag(V) # Hamiltonian matrix

# Solve the eigenvalue problem

eigenvalues, eigenfunctions = np.linalg.eigh(H)

# Normalize the eigenfunctions (ensure they satisfy the boundary condition at x = 0 and x = L)
eigenfunctions = eigenfunctions / np.sqrt(np.trapz(np.abs(eigenfunctions)**2, x)) # Normalize each
eigenfunction

# Plot all eigenfunctions in one graph

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))

for i in range(3): # First three eigenstates

plt.plot(x, eigenfunctions[:, i], label=f'E_{i+1} = {eigenvalues[i]:.3f}')

plt.title('Eigenfunctions of the Particle in a Box')

plt.xlabel('x')

plt.ylabel('ψ(x)')

plt.legend()

plt.grid(True)

# Plot all probability densities in one graph

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))

a=0

for i in range(3): # First three eigenstates

plt.plot(x, np.abs(eigenfunctions[:, i])**2+a, label=f'E_{i+1} = {eigenvalues[i]:.3f}')

a=a+3

plt.title('Probability Densities |ψ(x)|² of the Particle in a Box')

plt.xlabel('x')

plt.ylabel('|ψ(x)|²')

plt.legend()

plt.grid(True)

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()
# Print the first few eigenvalues

print("First few eigenvalues:")

for i in range(3):

print(f"E_{i+1} = {eigenvalues[i]:.3f}")

# particle in finite potential well

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Constants

hbar = 1 # Planck's constant (normalized)

m=1 # mass of particle

L = 10.0 # width of the well (arbitrary units)

V0 = 3.0 # depth of the well (arbitrary units)

X_max = 20.0 # range of x-axis ([-X_max, X_max])

N = 500 # number of grid points

dx = 2 * X_max / (N - 1) # grid spacing

# Discretize space

x = np.linspace(-X_max, X_max, N)

# Define the potential V(x) for the finite square well

V = np.zeros(N)

V[np.abs(x) <= L/2] = -V0 # Well is inside [-L/2, L/2]

# Kinetic energy term (T) and potential energy term (V) in the Hamiltonian
T = -0.5 * hbar**2 / m / dx**2 * (np.diag(np.ones(N-1), -1) - 2 * np.diag(np.ones(N)) +
np.diag(np.ones(N-1), 1))

H = T + np.diag(V) # Hamiltonian matrix

# Solve the eigenvalue problem

eigenvalues, eigenfunctions = np.linalg.eigh(H)

# Normalize the eigenfunctions

eigenfunctions = eigenfunctions / np.sqrt(np.trapz(np.abs(eigenfunctions)**2, x)) # Normalize each

# Plot all eigenfunctions in one graph

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))

for i in range(4): # First four eigenstates

plt.plot(x, eigenfunctions[:, i], label=f'E_{i} = {eigenvalues[i]:.3f}')

plt.plot(x,V, label='Potential V(x)', color='black', linestyle='dashed')

plt.title('Eigenfunctions of the Finite Square Well')

plt.xlabel('x')

plt.ylabel('ψ(x)')

plt.legend()

plt.grid(True)

# Plot all probability densities in one graph

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))

a=0

for i in range(4): # First four eigenstates

plt.plot(x, np.abs(eigenfunctions[:, i])**2 + a, label=f'E_{i} = {eigenvalues[i]:.3f}')

a = a + 0.55 # Offset for visibility

plt.plot(x, V, label='Potential V(x)', color='black', linestyle='dashed')

plt.title('Probability Densities |ψ(x)|² of the Finite Square Well')

plt.xlabel('x')

plt.ylabel('|ψ(x)|²')

plt.legend()

plt.grid(True)

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()

# Print the first few eigenvalues

print("First few eigenvalues:")

for i in range(4):

print(f"E_{i} = {eigenvalues[i]:.3f}")