CASE STUDY AND ANALYSIS

'
'
Of THE PERFORMANCE OF INDUSTRIAL ACID GAS REMOVAL ~IT
(AGRU) AT ELNG (EGYPTIAN LIQUIEFIED NATRUAL GAS) COMPANY
I
THROUGH PROCESS SIMULATION /
I
/

LINA SAMY AHMED EL-SAWY MOHAMED

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements of

Bachelor Degree of Engineering (Hons)

(Chemical Engineering)

SEPTEMBER 2011

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Bandar Seri Iskandar
31750Tronoh
Perak Darul Ridzuan

1
 CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL

CASE STUDY AND ANALYSIS

Of THE PERFORMANCE OF INDUSTRIAL ACID GAS REMOVAL UNIT

(AGRU) AT ELNG (EGYPTIAN LIQUIEFIED NATRUAL GAS) COMPANY
THROUGH PROCESS SIMULATION

LINA SAMY AHMED EL-SAWY MOHAMED

A project dissertation submitted to the

Chemical Engineering Programme
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (Hons)
(CHEMICAL ENGINEERING)

Approved by,

(Dr. Usama Nour El-Dermerdash)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

TRONOH, PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
September 2011

2
 CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certifY that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the
original work is my own except as specified in the references and acknowledgements,
and that the original work contained herein have not been undertaken or done by
unspecified sources or persons.

Lina Samy Ahmed El-Sawy

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author wishes to take the opportunity to express her utmost gratitude to the
individuals that have taken the time and effort to assist the author in completing the
project. Without the cooperation of these individuals, no doubt the author would have
faced some minor complications throughout the course.

First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to Allah SWT for His Blessings
and for granting me the opportunity to complete this Final Year Project (FYP).
Secondly, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Usama Nour El-Dermerdash for his
valuable guidance and advice while conducting this project. The willingness to spend
his valuable time and effort to assist me has vastly contributed to the successful
completion of the project.

I also acknowledge Engineer Mohamed El-Saadany, who has provided all the necessary
guidance for the basic knowledge and the calculation methodology used throughout the
project. It really helped my understanding on how to acquire the vital model for the
project.

Last but not least, I carmot neglect the support of my family in Egypt and my friends in
UTP for the continuous support, back up and strong belief in me, which has been a great
motive in order to finish the project successfully.

I hope that this project will be beneficial and contribute greatly to the industry in the
future.

4
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

ABSTRACT 3

NOMENCLATURES 4

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 6

1.1 Natural Gas and Natural Gas Industry 6

1.1.1 History of Natural Gas 7

1.1.2 Natural Gas Industry In Egypt 7

1.1.3 Sources of Natural Gas 8

1.1.4 Compositions of Natural Gas 9

1.2 Acid Gas in Natural Gas Flow 11

1.3 Acid Gas Removal Processes 11

1.3.1 Process Based on Chemical Solvents

1.3.1.1 Using Amine Solution 12

1.3.2 Process Based on Physical Solvent 13

1.3 .2.1 Process by Adsorption

1.4 Using Amine as a Solvent for Chemical Absorption 14

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 17

2.1 Acid Gas Removal Unit 18

2.1.3 Unit 12 Process Description 19

2.1.4 Acid Gas Removal 20

5
CHAPTER3:METHODOLOGY 22

3.1 Acid Gas Removal Unit Modification and

hnprovement using HYSIS Software 23
3.2 Hysys Simulation of Amine Process 29

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS & DISCUSSION 36

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMODATIONS 39

REFERENCES 42

APPENDICES

6
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Simplified Process flow diagram for industrial AGRU 17

Figure 2.1: Overall Process Description 23

Figure 2.2: Acid Gas Removal Unit 24

Figure 3.1: Fluid Package Basis 34

Figure 3.2: Component Selection window 34

Figure 3.3: Un-simulated Amine process flow diagram 35

Figure 3.4: Sour gas specification window 36

Figure 3.5: Convergence of the Absorber 37

Figure 3.6: Convergence of the Regenerator 37

Figure 3. 7: Complete simulation unit 38

Figure 4.1: Model Validation of Simulation 39

Figure 4.2: Partial Pressure of C02 in 35wt% DGA 40

Figure 4.3: Partial Pressure of C02 in 40wt% DGA 41

Figure 4.4: Partial Pressure of C02 in 45wt% DGA 41

Figure 4.5: Lean solvent circulation Vs. C02 loading in 45 wt% 42

Figure 4.6: Effect of C02 loading with pressure and temperature. 42

Figure 4.7:% of C02 in the sweet gas with changes in absorber pressure. 43

7
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Differences between associated gas and non-associated 13

gas in term of tbe compositions

Table 1.2: Typical Composition of Natural Gas 14

Table 3.1: Summary of wastes generated from different C02 removal 30

process units.

8
 NOMENCLATURE

Ppm = Part per million, volume

oc = Temperature in deg C

Wt% = percentage water content

Kw = Mechanical shaft work, kilowatt

LLPsteam = Low Low Pressure Seam

DGA = Diglycolamine

C02 = Carbon Dioxide

H2S = Hydrogen Sulfide

9
 ABSTRACT

Acid gas removal process, which is also known as sweetening process, is

considered a very important industrial operational process which has taken place in
many works. The main idea of this process is based on absorption, and the selection of
the solvent is mainly based on its capability of removing acid gases from the feed gas
such as carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) and hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S). Such acid gases found in
the gas can cause operational problems like corrosion and equipment plugging. The
solvent used for the absorption processes to sweeten the natural gas is classified into two
types which are chemical and physical absorption. The most used absorption processes
for sweetening the natural gas are using the chemical solvents such as alkanolamines or
"amine". In this context, diglycolamine (DGA) is used in the aqueous solution to
remove the acid gases from natural gas stream.

In this research, existing process flow diagram of industrial Acid Gas Removal Unit
(AGRU) will be modified in terms of solvent composition· used in the absorption
process. Manipulating the ratio of solvent to moisture content in the solvent solution
will replace the existing solvent composition. Simulation using Aspen Hysys is then
performed to parameters, which are absorption colunm removal efficiency, power
consumption, heating duty and cooling duty. The simulation results are expected to
show improvement to the existing AGRU system used at ELNG (Egyptian Liquefied
Natural Gas Company).

10
 CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

1.1 NATURAL GAS AND ITS INDUSTRY.

The natural gas industry began in early 1900s in the United States of America
and is currently evolving. This high quality fuel and chemicals feedstock plays a specific
role in the industrial world and it's becoming an important export for other countries.

1.1.1 History and Background ofNatural Gas.

The Chinese are known to be the pioneers in using natural gas commercially
2400 years ago. They used to obtain the gas from shallow wells, and transporting it in
bamboo pipes where they used to produce salt form brine in gas-fired evaporators.
Manufactured gas was used in the United States of America and Britain both beginning
of the 18th century for streetlights and house lighting. In 1821, natural gas was
commercially used by a nmnber of small, local programs involving the use of the gas,
but larger scale activities began to take place in the early years of the 20th century. The
highest boom in gas industry occurred after World War II, when engineering
technologies allowed the construction of safe, reliable, long distance pipelines for gas
transportation. By the end of 2004, the United States occupied more that 479,000
kilometers of gas pipelines, both interstate and intrastate. In 2004, the U.S. was the
world's second largest producer of natural gas 543 billion standard cubic meters (BSm 3 )
and the leading world consumer 647 BSm 3 .

Even though, the main use of natural gas is fuel, it is also a source of
hydrocarbons for petrochemicals feedstock and a major source of elemental sulfur,
which is an important industrial chemical. Natural gas's popularity as an energy source
has been enlarged substantially in the future because it presents a lot of environmental
advantages over petrol and coal.

11
1.1.2 Natural Gas Industry In Egypt

Natural gas is amongst one of the fastest growing component of the world
primary energy consumption. Consumption of natural gas worldwide of 2660 8m 3 in
2005 is forecasted to increase by more than 90 per cent by year 2030. Globally, the
industrial and electric power sectors are the largest consumers of natural gas. The total
world gas reserves currently stand at 171136 Bm 3 with Russia, holding 27 per cent
having the largest reserves.

Over the last two decades, the Egyptian gas industry has grown significantly
with the support of government policies that are aimed at reducing dependence on oil
while ensuring a cleaner environment. A large part of this success is attributed to careful
planning that has facilitated the timely development of the country's abundant gas
resources to meet national economic and energy objectives.

With oil in decline, Egypt is increasingly reliant on natural gas to fuel power
generation, as a source of export revenue and to fuel transportation. (In 2009, Egypt had
122 thousand vehicles running on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) according to EGAS;
the Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company. The milestone for 2015 is 300 thousand
vehicles.)

Establishing and investing in an LNG export industry that will provide export
revenues over
At least 20 years.
Creating long term job opportunities.
Transferring cutting-edge technology and technical know-how to Egypt's
industrial sector and
Gas business.
Transferring international best practice in a range of management areas such as
HSE,human
Resources, performances management, corporate governance and finance.
Ensuring that the project operates to the highest environmental protection
standards.

12
 Supporting the local communities by establishing growth and development
opportunities within the society it operates.

1.1.3 Sources of Natural Gas

Conventional natural gas usually occurs in deep reservoirs, or in reservoirs that

contain little or no crude oil. Associated gas, also known as crude oil is produced with
the oil and separated at the casing head or wellhead. Gas produced is also known as
casing head gas, oil well gas, or dissolved gas. Non-associated gas is sometimes referred
to as gas-well gas or dry gas. However; this dry gas can still contain significant amounts
of natural gas liquid (NGL) components.

The differences of associated gas and non-associated gas in term of the

compositions are shown in the Table 1.1 below.

Table 1.1: Differences between associated gas and non-associated gas in term of
the compositions. (Valais, 1983)

Components Non-associated Gas Associated Gas

Lacq (FRA) (vol %) Uthmaniyah (SAU) (vol%)
Methane 69.0 55.5
Ethane 3.0 18.0
Propane 0.9 9.8
Butane 0.5 4.5
Pentane plus 0.5 1.6
Nitrogen 1.5 0.2
Hydrogen Sulphate 15.3 1.5
Carbon Dioxide 9.3 8.9

13
1.1.4 Compositions of Natural Gas

Natural gas is a combustible mixture of hydrocarbon gases. While it is formed

primarily of methane, it can also include ethane, propane, butane and pentane. The
composition of natural gas can vary widely; Table 1.2 illustrates the typical makeup of
natural gas before it is refined.

Table 1.2: Typical Composition of Natural Gas

Components Typical Analysis Range

(mole%) (mole%)
Methane 94.9 87.0-96.0
Ethane 2.5 1.8-5.1
Propane 0.2 0.1-1.5
iso-Butane 0.03 0.01-0.3
normal-Butane 0.03 0.01-0.3
iso-pentane 0.01 trace-0.14
normal-pentane 0.01 trace-0.04
Hexanes plus 0.01 trace-0.06
Nitrogen 1.6 1.3-5.6
Carbon Dioxide 0.7 0.1-1.0
Hydrogen Sulphate 1.0 0.1-5.0
Oxygen 0.02 0.01-0.1
Specific Gravity 0.585 0.57-0.62
Gross Heating Value (MJ/m 3 ), dry 37.8 36.0-40.2
basis

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1.2 ACID GAS IN NATURAL GAS FLOW

Acid gas removal or gas treating involves reduction of the acid gases such as
carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, along with other sulphur components, to
sufficiently low levels. This removal process is needed in order to meet certain
specifications without causing corrosion and plugging problems.

Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas. When inhaled at concentrations much

higher than usual atmospheric levels, it can produce a sour taste in the mouth and a
stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in
the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. This
sensation can also occur during an attempt to stifle a burp after drinking a carbonated
beverage. Amounts above 5,000 ppm are considered very unhealthy, and those above
about 50,000 ppm (equal to 5% by volume) are considered dangerous to animal life.

Hydrogen sulfide is highly toxic, and the presence of water it forms a weak,
corrosive acid. The threshold limit value (TLV) for prolonged exposure is I Oppm and at
concentrations greater than I 000 ppm, death occurs in minutes (Engineering Data Book,
2004 ). It is readily detectable at low concentration by its "rotten eggs" odor.
Unfortunately, at toxic levels, it is odorless because it deaden nerve endings un the nose
in a matter of seconds.

When H2S concentrations are well above the ppmv level, other sulfur species can
be present. These compounds include carbon disulfide (CS2), mercaptans (RSH), and
sulfides (RSR), in addition to elemental sulfur. If C02 is present as well, the gas may
contain trace amount of carbonyl sulfide (COS). The major source of COS typically is
formation during regeneration of molecular sieve beds. Carbon dioxide is
nonflannnable; consequently, large quantities are undesirables in a fuel. Like H2S, it
forms a weak, corrosive acid in the presence of water.

15
 The presence of H2S in liquids is usually detected by use of the copper strip test
(ASTM D1838 Standard test method for copper strip corrosion by liquefied petroleum
(LP) gases). This test detects the presence of materials that could corrode copper
fittings. One common method of determining ppm level in H2S in gases is to use stain
tubes, which involves was sampling into a glass tubes that changes color on the basis of
H2S concentration.

1.3 Acid Gas Removal Processes.

Acid gas removal unit is an important industrial operation, which has been
described in various processes. The process is mainly based on absorption, and the
selectivity of the suitable solvent is based on the affinity of the chemical or physical
type. Adsorption is used for intensive purification.

Many factors have to be considered when selecting an acid gas removal process
like acid gas content in the feed gas, natural gas composition, final specifications to be
met, iulet pressure and temperature conditions, H2S removal conditions with or without
sulfur recovery, acid gas disposal method and relative cost.

1.3.1 Process Based on Chemical Solvents.

1.3.1.1 Using Amine Solution:

From Figure 1.2, the sour gas enters the bottom of the absorber at pressure 1000
psi and temperature of 32 C. The gas moves upward, countercurrent with lean amine
solution, which flows in the opposite direction down from the top. The lean amine
should be maintained at the temperature above the vapor that exits the contactor in order
to prevent condensation of heavy liquid hydrocarbon. The contact between the gas and
the amine solution occurs by the existence of either trays or packing in the absorber.

16
 .__...
Sweet gas Condenser

Makeup Reflux
~er drum

Rich
- !_op--
tray tray
Pump
.obsorber
Regenerator

Sour Gas Bottom

-tray-- -, -----
Bottom
tray
Vapor steam

Rich
amine
± Lean Condensate
amine

Figure 1.1: Simplified Process Flow Diagram for Acid Gas Removal Unit (AGRU)

The contactor operates above ambient temperature because of the combined

exothermic of the absorption and reaction. The maximum temperature is in the lower
portion of the tower because the majority of the absorption and reaction occurs near the
bottom of the unit. The temperature bulge in the tower can be up to about 80°C.

The treated gas leaves the top of the tower water saturated and at a temperature
controlled by the temperature of the lean amine that enters, usually around 38°C. The
rich amine leaves the bottom of the contactor unit at temperatures near 60°C and enters
the flash tank, where its pressure reduced to 75 to 100 psig to remove by flashing any
dissolved hydrocarbons. The dissolved hydrocarbons are generally used as plant fuel.
If necessary, a small stream oflean amine is contacted with the fuel gas to reduce H2S
concentration. The rich amine passes through the heat exchanger and enters the solvent
regenerator (stripper) at temperatures in the range of 80 to 105°C. There-boiler on the
stripper generally uses low-pressure steam. The vapor generated at the bottom flows
upwards through either trays or packing, where it contacts the rich amine and strips the
acid gases from the liquid that flows down. A stream of lean amine is removed from

17
the stripper, cooled to about 45°C, and reenters the contactor at the top to cool and
condense the upward flowing vapor stream. The vapor, which consists mostly of acid
gases and water vapor, exits the top of the stripper and is generally processed for sulfur
recovery. The lean amine exits the bottom of the stripper at about 130°C and is
pumped to the contactor pressure, exchanges heat with the rich amine stream, and is
further cooled before it enters the top of the contactor.

1.3.2 Processes Based on Physical Solvents.

These processes offer the advantages of requiring little or no heat to desorbs the
acid gases. On the other hand, they are sensitive to the presence of the heavy
hydrocarbon in the gas, which are absorbed by the solvent and then desorbed with the
acid gases. The use of the process based on the physical solvent is favored by the
following conditions, which are gas available at relatively high pressure, low
concentration of heavy hydrocarbon in the feed, high acid gas content in the feed and
desired H2S/C02.

The absorption step is carried out in a tray or packed column. Regeneration is

performed by successive expansions, stripping by neutral gas or re-boiling of the
solution. A number of processes are available (Maddox, 1982).

1.3.3 Acid Gas Removal Process by Adsorption.

Adsorption is appropriate when very high gas purity is required. The use of
molecular sieves helps to achieve simultaneous water and acid gas removal down to
very low water contents such as 0.1-ppm vol. (Thomas and Clark, 1967; Consiver,
1965). Large pore molecular sieves, such as 13X sieves, are used more frequently than
4A and 5A sieves, because they also allowed separation for ali mercaptans (Kohl and
Riesenfeld, 1985; Maddox, 1982). In the presence of C02, molecular sieves tend to
catalyze the formation of COS by reaction between H2S and C02. New molecular
sieves have been developed to retard this reaction (Kumar, 1987).Traces of glycol;
glycol degradation products of absorption oil can poison the molecular sieve. If
precautions are taken, a lifetime of 3-5 years before renewal of the sieve is considered
normal (Conviser, 1965).

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1.3.4 Acid Gas Removal by Gas Penneation

Gas penneation is already applied industrially to remove carbon dioxide from

natural gas (Meyer et a!., 1991; Cooley, 1990).Gas penneation allows simultaneous
removal of C02 and water (H20) from natural gas. This also offers the advantages of
reducing the methane losing the penneate. The most advantageous alternative in
economic tenus is generally to operate with a single stage, without recompression of
the low-pressure gas that passes through the membrane. Under this condition, gas
penneation units can be justified economically with commercially available
membranes only if the inlet carbon dioxide concentration is high and the final
specification are not strict (Jolmston and King. 1987).

1.3.5 Using amine as a solvent for chemical absorption

Amines are compounds fonned from ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more of
the hydrogen atoms with another hydrocarbon group. Replacement of single hydrogen
produces a primary amine, replacement of two hydrogen atoms produces a secondary
amine, and replacement of all three of the hydrogen atoms produces a tertiary amine.
Primary amines are the most reactive, followed by secondary and tertiary amines.
Sterically hindered amines are compounds in which the reactive center (the nitrogen) is
partially shielded by neighboring group so that larger molecules cannot easily approach
and react with the nitrogen. The amines are used in water solutions in concentration
ranging from approximately 10 to 65 wt% amines. Amines removed H2S and C02 in
two steps process, which are by dissolving the gas in the liquid (physical absorption)
and the dissolved gas, which is weak acid, reacts with the weakly basic amines.

19
1.5 Problem Statement

Problem statement in this case study discusses a tivid problem which occurred at
ELNG (Egyptian Liquefied Natural Gas) compan1and needs to be solved. The
following points will describe the cause and effect o the problem and help to choose
the most convenient solution in order to optimize the r. suits.

The typical operating problem occurring in Acid

'
~as Removal Unit using Amine
solvent are foaming, corrosion and solvent loss. Foting is the common problem in
this process which results in poor vapor-liquid cont~~t, poor distribution, and solution
holdup with resulting carryover and off spec gas. Among the causes of foaming are
suspended solids, liquid hydrocarbons, and surfac~-active agents, such as those
maintained in inhibitors and compressor oils. One j obvious cure is to remove the
offending materials; the other is to add antifoaming atnts.

1.6 Objectives J
This study case discusses two major objectives. The st objective is to:
Use a systematic approach in order to analyze and lompare the performance of the
AGRU of the Liquefied Natural Gas streamline facilities at ELNG at different
parameters without change of the main solvent used ih absorbing the acid gases which
is DGAmine. I

The second objective is to: i

Explore the capability of HYSYS process simulatbr to predict the C02 removal
process operating conditions range at which hydroc~bon and chemical loss (amine
solvent) can be minimized. j

20
1.7 Scope of the Study Case

This project will be focusing on simulation through Aspen Hysys, which will be
done on the industrial Acid Gas Removal process flow sheet that use optimized
specifications of the Amine solution instead of the current one.

1.8 Project Relevancy and Feasibility

fu this study case, the motivation to use optimized Amine solvent for industrial
AGRU system is based on overall process and economic performances. While typical
AGRU has operational problems such as foaming and solvent degradation, the
optimization of the solvent is therefore very crucial. Enhancing the solvent
performance will offer both process and economic advantages.

21
 CHAPTER2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ACID GAS REMOVAL UNIT (AGRU)

In this study case we will be mainly focusing on the Acid Gas Removal Unit at
ELNG.

2.1.1 ELNG (Egyptian Liquefied Natural Gas) Company Profile

Egyptian LNG is Egypt's largest LNG partnership sponsored by EGAS, EGPC,

BG Group, Petronas, and Gaz de France, operating as a free zone company. We have
successfully built a 7.2 mtpa capacity, two-train processing plant bringing USD 2 billion
offoreign investment into the Egyptian economy.
The establishment and successful operation of Egyptian LNG has placed Egypt as a new
Mediterranean LNG exporter which holds the 13th place worldwide in the LNG
exporting club. Moreover, it has contributed to the country's sustainable development.

2.1.2 Overall Process Description

• Treatment of natural gas and removal of H2S, C02, water and mercury.
• Gas cooling to -160°C in cold heat exchangers using Propane, Ethylene and
Methane as refrigerants.
• Natural Gas conversion to LNG and then pumped into insulated storage tanks
(140,000 m' each).
• Heavy Hydrocarbons are separated throughout the Process and later returned to
Upstream.
LNG product is exported in pipelines utilizing Egyptian LNG port facilities -designed to
accommodate ships ranging in capacity from 40,000 m3 to 165,000 m3.

22
 Figure 2.1 Overall Process Description

2.1.3 Unit 12 Process Description

The feed gas contains carbon dioxide (0.5 mol% maximwn) and traces of
hydrogen sulphide (50 PPMV maximwn).
The C02 must be removed to avoid C02 freezing problems in the downstream
liquefaction area. The H2S must be removed to meet LNG sulphur specifications and
prevent equipment corrosion.
The removal of C02 and H2S is accomplished by passing the feed gas through a
Regenerated Amine System.
Diglycol Amine was selected as the solvent for acid gas removal based on its ability to
remove C02 to less than 100 PPMV, and H2S to less than 4 PPMV.
The design of the amine system is based on the use of a 50% by weight solution and a
circulation rate of 116 M3/hr, to the Absorber.

23
2.1.4 Acid Gas Removal

Figure 2.2 Acid Gas Removal Urut

The sour gas is normally fed at 52.3 barg and 30.9°C to the Feed Gas Separator
(IV-1203) and then to the Feed Gas Filter Coalescer (1F-1202), which prevents gas-
canied contaminants 1 micron and larger from getting into the circulating amine
solution. The gas then enters the bottom of the Absorber (IV-1201) and counter-
currently contacts with amine solution.
The Absorber is equipped with twenty (20) Amine contacting trays

Four (4) additional water wash trays (bubble-cap trays) are provided above the
lean Amine feed point to remove any entrained amine solution from the gas, thus
reducing Amine losses. Wash water is supplied by the de-mineralized water system and
the Solvent Regenerator reflux via the Wash Water Pumps (1P-1204NB).
In the Absorber, C02 in the feed gas is reduced to less than 100 PPMV, and H2S to less
than 4 PPMV. It is expected that the Diglycolamine will also remove some of the
mercaptans.

24
 The now sweetened gas is air-cooled in the Absorber Overhead Gas Cooler (lE-
1206) to 30. TC, thereby lowering the saturated water content. Condensed water is
removed in the Treated Gas K.O. Drum (lV-1204).
During extreme cold weather, the temperature at the discharge of air cooler lE-1206
should be maintained at a temperature above l8°C to avoid any hydrate formation.

25
 CHAPTER3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 WATER CONTENT OF NATURAL GAS

Water vapor could be present in natural gas due to its occurrence in the well
production stream, the storage of the gas in the underground reservoir, distribution
through moisture containing lines. The saturated water content of a gas depends on
pressure, temperature and composition. The effect of the composition increase when
pressure increases and it is more important when the gas contain a certain amount of
carbon dioxide, which is an acid gas, since it has high affinity for water. However at
pressure less than 31 bara the saturation water content of acid gas decreases with
increase in pressure and independent of composition (Carroll et. a!, 1999). Beyond this
pressure the formation of liquid phase increases the ability of gas to hold water.

The water content of natural gas can be measured using three different methods
(Rejoy eta!., 1994).

1. Observation of the dew point

2. Water retention on an adsorbent

3. Absorption in liquid

It is important to determine the saturated water content of acid gas in order to

estimate the operating conditions of gas treating process to maintain a non-hydrate
formation.

In this study case, it's crucial to determine the saturated water content to define
the compositions of the geed gas stream into the Acid Gas Removal Unit. Thus HYSYS
Simulator will be used to define the saturated water content of natural gas.

26
3.2 WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION USING HYSYS SOFTWARE

HYSYS can calculate the water content of the saturated gas at specific
temperature and pressure inse1ted however, the application doesn't provide the
capability to estimate water content of natural gas at standard condition. In order to
achieve this, excel sheet will be used to calculate the mass of water content in I m3 of
gas (kg) which will be first prepared in HYSYS and linked with Microsoft excel to
convert it to standard condition using Clapeyron equation. Detail of the calculation
procedures is still in progress.

3.3 HYSYS PROCESS SIMULATION PACKAGE

Aspen HYSYS simulation software is a market-leading process modeling tool

for conceptual design, optimization, business planning, asset management, and
performance monitoring for oil & gas production. It is powerful software for simulation
of chemical plants and oil refineries which includes tools for estimation of physical
properties and liquid-vapor phase equilibria.

The program is built upon proven technologies, with more than two decades of
supplying of process simulation tools to the oil and gas industry. HYSYS is an
interactive and flexible process modeling software which allows the engineers to design,
monitoring, troubleshooting; perform process operational improvement and asset
management. Therefore enhance productivity, reliability, decision making and
profitability of the plant life cycle.

In HYSYS, all necessary information pertaining to pure components flash and

physical properties calculations is contained in the fluid package, choosing the right
flnid package for a given component is essential. Proper selection of thermodynamic
models during process simulation is also absolutely necessary as a starting point for
accurate process modeling.

A process that is otherwise fully optimized in terms of equipment selection,

configuration, and operation can be rendered worthless if the process simulation is based
on inaccurate flnid package and thermodynamics models. For anJine process simulation,

27
amine fluid package and non-ideal vapor phase models was found to be more accurate
and applicable (Aspen Tech 2003).

Once the fluid package and the thermodynamics model equation are selected, it
is now possible to enter the simulation environment where the detail process flow
diagram of a given plant can be constructed. In HYSYS stream to stream connection is
difficult some fictitious units (such as Mixer and Splitters) to produce a satisfactory
model is used, though this have little or no effect on the accuracy or optimization results
of the process under investigation. Simulation of the built process flow diagram is
achieved by supplying some important physical, thermodynaruics and transport data of
the stream and equipment involves, this is done until all the units and the streams are
solved and converged.

HYSYS require minimal input data from the user, the most important input
parameters needed for streams to solve are the Temperature, pressure and flow rate of
the stream.

HYSYS offers an assortment of utilities which can be attached to process stream

and unit operations. The tools interact with the process and provide additional
information. For instance the flow sheet within the HYSYS simulation environment can
be manipulated by the user to estimate desired output.

3.3 AMINE BASE PROCESS FACILITY

3.3.1 DGA Selection

Amine base solvent (DGA) was chosen in this study case to establish the
operating conditions at which the C02 removal process from the natural gas can be
operated to meet the LNG specifications and to miuimize the emission to the
environment.

28
 Diglycolamine (DGA) exhibits similar properties with monoethanolamine, but is
less volatile, and therefore be use in much higher concentration (40 - 60%). This helps
to reduce the circulation rate, thus increase the economics of the process.

3.3 .2 Economic factors in operating gas treating process

The circulation rate is the single most important factor in the economics of gas
treating with chemical solvents. Solvent circulation rate influenced the size of pumps,
lines, heat exchangers and regeneration tower, thus has a large effect on the capital cost
of gas treating plants. Circulation also influenced the energy requirement for solvent
regeneration because the reboiler heat duty is associated directly with liquid rate. Other
factors that play and important role in gas treating economics include solution
corrositivity, which determine the material of construction particularly in the flash and
regenerator because of high temperature and acidity.

Economic operation of C02 removal process can be achieved by taken

advantage of a strong correlation between the solvent working capacity and solvent
circulation rate. The solvent circulation rate can be reduced by increasing the working
capacity; this is done by increasing the solvent (DGA) concentration in solution and
allows the acid gas loading in solution to rise above the traditional level. Though
working capacity may be limited by corrosion. In most favourable case, solvent
circulation rate is reduced by over 50% relative to the traditional process, leading to
reduction of investment cost by nearly 50% and fuel cost by over 65%.

3.3.3 Environmental concerns

The removal of C02 process from natural gas consists of certain operations that
need to provide clean LNG feed gas and pipeline quality gas. In return, these operations
cause several wastes that must be monitored according to the environmental laws and
regulations to minimize the harm of the environment.

Emissions related to C02 removal process include; carbon monoxide (CO),

sulfur oxides (SOx), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
particulates, (volatile Organic compounds (VOCs), metals, and a wide range of toxic

29
organic compounds. These pollutants may be discharged to the atmosphere as air
emissions, waste water, or solid wastes. All of these wastes are possible to be treated
except air emissions which are more complicated to treat when compared to waste water
and solid wastes. Thus, we can consider air emissions the largest source of untreated
wastes discharged to the atmosphere.

Air emissions consist of two sources which are point and non-point. Point sources
are emissions that exist stacks and flares and are easy to monitor and treat. On the other
hand, non-point sources "fugitive emissions" are difficult to locate and treat. They take
part in valves, pumps, tanks, pressure relief valves, flanges, etc. Generally, Identification
and characterization wastes generated can be organized into 3 major categories (Myerski
eta!, 1993);

Intrinsic: wastes that are derived from the natural gas stream and are generated
at facilities receiving and handling natural gas from production to storage field.
Treatment/Processing: wastes that are generated from equipment or unit
operations required to treat process and transport natural gas.
Maintenance: wastes resulting from maintaining facility equipment in clean
working order.
Table 3.1 Sunnnary of wastes generated from different C02 removal process units.

Types of Contaminants/Chemical released to the Environment

Intrinsic Treatments/Processing Maintenance
Physical Absorption
Processes
Selexol Organic peroxide, C02, NOX, Sludges, Waste Solvents

C02, COS,VOC,
voc I Degreasers
Rectisol H2S Mercury Amalgam, C02, NOX,
voc
Fluor C02, NOX, VOC.
Chemical Absorption
Processes
BTEX, HE!, HEED,OX, Sludges, Waste Solvents
Amine Base C02, NOx, SOx, Carbamate. I
VOC. Degreasers, corrosion

30
 Inhibitors wastes
Annnonium Oxalate, NOX, Sludges, Waste Solvents
Carbonate Base cos , CS2, NOx, VOC, I
VOC, BTEX Degreasers, corrosion
Inhibitors wastes
Hybrid Processes

Sulfmol Mercaptans,CS2, BTEX,VOC Waste Hazardous DIPA

cos

Cryogenic Processes
Waste water, Toxic
Cooling/Distillation C02, CS2, COS, Acetylene, absorbed C2 Cryogenic fluids
SOX (acetylene)
Adsorption Processes
Molecular Sieve C02, CS2, cos, C02, CS2, COS, SOX Degraded/Spent Zeolite
sox
Membrane Separation C02, CS2, COS, C02, CS2, COS, SOX Degraded/Spent Fibers
SOX

*Information used in the above table is derived from (Sorensen et al, 1999), (Mustard eta!, 2000), (Jobn et al, 1995).

However, in tlris study case the wastes identified above can be eliminated by
establishing optimnm operating conditions which will enhance the process
environmental performance. This involves modifications of current process parameters
(Temperature, Pressure, and Solvent circulation rate) to minimize the toxicity rate of
wastes that are produced.
For instance, if we take the absorber as an example, it operates under low
temperature and high pressure in order to increase the acid gas loading by the solvent,
and regeneration of the solvent is carried out in the stripper at low pressure and high
temperature (witlrin solvent stability temperature to avoid solvent degradation and loss
as a vapour with the acid gas).
Operating and optimnm conditions ensure low hydrocarbon and chemical losses,
thus reducing wastes accnmulating in the process units and emission of toxics to the
environment.

31
The details of Analysis are shown in chapter 4.

3.4 HYSYS SIMULATION OF AMINE PROCESS

3.4.1 Description of process equipment

Most often, amine unit operating problems can be traced to contaminants

brought in with the gas from the pipeline. Pipeline contaminants can be in the form of
"down-hole" corrosion inhibitors or other "treating" chemicals, liquid slugs caused by
pipeline volume surges or line pigging, well "workover" fluids sent to the pipeline, and
compressor lubricating oils. These contaminants are prevented from getting into the
units by slug catcher. For the C02 removal units the following is a brief description of
the major equipment necessary for successful simulation of amine unit to meet the LNG
specifications and to operate environmental acceptable units.
Here, we will be discussing only the major equipments in the unit.

Hp inlet separator: The function of the inlet separator is to remove the entrained liquid
amine carried over with the gas from the pipeline/slug catcher before getting to the
absorber. Vertical separator is used to handle some anticipated liquid slugs. It also limits
liquid re-vaporization (Ikoku, 1980).

DGA contactor: The contactor allows counter-current flow of lean amine from the top
and sour gas from the bottom. Here, the amine solvent absorbs C02 and rich amine
flows to the bottom while the sweet gas is collected at the top for further processing.

Lean/rich Amine heat exchanger: The lean/rich amine heat exchanger is a heat
conservation device where hot lean solvent preheats cooler rich solvent. In this study
case, Shell-and-tube type E exchanger is used in the simulation. The shell and tube side
pressure drop is set to 3.4 barg and heat loss is assumed zero. The heat exchanger helps
to raise the rich amine solvent temperature before entering the stripper. Thus reducing
re-boiler work load.

Amine stripping tower: Depends mainly on the solvent type, it is normally a 20-tray
packed tower which strips the C02 from the rich solvent. Physical solvents can require

32
fewer trays. It is asswned that the trays in the upper rectifying sector are made out of
stainless steel to avoid corrosion.

Amine cooler, reflux condenser: Air-cooled, forced draft with automatic louvers for
temperature control. Col climate service may require air-recirculation or preheat media
on fans/coils. Condenser tubes should be made of stainless steel.

Regenerator reflux pumps: The reflux pwnp is installed to maintain the recycle lean
solvent at the desired operating pressure of the absorber. The main circulation pwnp
depends on the contactor pressure and solvent flow rates.

Cooler: The lean amine solvent from the re-boiler through lean/rich amme heat
exchanger is cooled down before entering the absorber again, since absorbers operate
better at relatively low temperature.

Solvent reboiler: This is either a direct-fired fire tube type or cabin heater, or indirect
hot oil or steam heated unit. Typically heat flux rate should be kept in the 7500 to 10,000
Btu!hr/ft2 range; to assure no surface burning of the solvent. This exchanger provides
the steam necessaty to heat and strip the solvent back to a "lean" condition.

3.4.2 Hysys simulation procedures

A base case has been established using the following steps; the first step is to select the
appropriate fluid package; here Peng-Robinson package is selected as in figure! below:

33
 Figure 3.1 : Fluid Package Basis (Peng-Robinson Package)

The component selection window is open by selecting view in the component-list show
in fig 1. Figure 2 shows dialog window is use for components selection

,.....,..._,

l ~WOolloollJpo~ I
~·5<61r--]

Non. c_....l.lll ·l

Figure 3.2: Component selection windows.

34
After selecting the component of the fluid, one can enter the simulation environment
where the process flow diagram (PFD) is built. Amine PFD simulation environment is
shown in figure 3 below:

F l o W O - - O I I I T. . _ . . . ,

Figure 3.3: Un-simulated Amine Process Flow Diagram

The simulation of the process begins with the simulation of the feed sour gas
stream by specifying the gas temperature, pressure and flow rate (Blue culor) and
HYSYS calculate the remaining parameters (Black color) as shown in figure 4 below;

35
 . . Sour. .

Workalleet SbeamName
I Conciicw- ::..:..__ _ _, _ ~--~
VllfXX.I/Phate Fraclion
Tef'I'C*a.ue (C)
Prcpertes
Presst.~e (bar_g)
Corlpo-.ijon
Molar Fbi (kgnoleii-J
KValue Man FloN (kg/h)
User Variables Std ldealliqV~ FkM (m3/h)
No:es Molar E~ [k.Jik~)
Co;t Parameters Molar En:r~ [k.J/kgmle-C:~)-- --t"
Heat Flow (kca&lh) -
va
liQ Fbw @Std Cond [m3AIJ
Flid Package~--
4

. .
Figure 3.4: Sour Gas Specification window

Other streams specifications made are; the regenerated feed out of the LIR amine
heat exchanger temperature in order to monitor the exchanger factor, DGA to contactor
temperature and flow rate, make up water and DGA to recycle temperature. With
entering these specifications into HYSYS, it calculates forward and backward to
completely simulate the process.
One of the hard tasks is the convergence of the absorber and the regenerator, to
converge the absorber, top and bottom temperature and pressure must be specified and
run, figure 5.
While the regenerator is converged by specifying the condenser and re-boiler
pressure, and the reflux ratio rate, then column is run, figure 6.

36
c c...... .....,cou ...........1,........
Dlllign Slbflowsheet Tag COll
Colwllldiofta
Mcrior
Specs Top Stooel•
Specs SIIMWW}I DGA to ccriacta
s~ -------------.tl~
Notes Oplionall. Streamt P1 Oplional Side Drawa
~ Streem I ,. Stage
« SlnNin >: DrewStasp

Bottom Stage 1•
G•lo CorUc:tol •

Stoge Ntlllbemg
e Top Down Bottom Up

l1 l EliTr.,.

J Update OIAlelt I!Jl(Hd

Figure 3.5: Convergence of the Absorber

Slbflowsheet Tag COL2 CorQnet

Dlllign
Comectiont
Total Partial • FtJ AeiU! J
Condenser Enerll' Stream
Monior
CondQ • AcidG• •
Specs O~Yapot.r 0~
Specs SIIMWW}I
s~

Notes 2 Pcond
Nt.m d p 8868 blr_g DrawStasp
Stoges
n• f!J Preb
t __
n-1
.,ii::
c-:r , :-:-
blr-_g-
Reider Enerll' StrMn
AtiQ •
Stage Ntlllbemg
Bottc.nt l.qJrd OIAIII
• Top Down Bottom Up
I. [ EliTr_..,.
•

J Update OIAlelt I!JlO'ed

Figure 3.6: Convergence of the regenerator

37
 With the convergence of the absorber and the regenerator units, a complete
amine simulation for the study case has been established as shown in figure 7. Next step
is to carry out the optimization of the process by modification of some parameters to
meet the study case aims.
Detail parameters of the study case are still in progress.

f i e Y t - - l ' f " O t... -

~ ('!IS II~ =)() ~ .-
.~,-----------

Figure 3.7: Complete Simulations Unit.

38
 CHAPTER4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

4.1 SIMULATION RESULTS

Detail simulation results are shown in the lists of tables and chart below.

4.2 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The Simulation objectives are to analyze, manipulate and compare results at

different parameters in order to optimize the current AGRU without exceeding the
typical LNG product specifications, as well as establish optimum conditions to reduce
C02 emission & chemical loss.

Model Validation
95.4
~ ~
95.35 --- -
Cll 95.3
~

I ~
<
"'
a: 95.25 ~
C)
Q 95.2 - - 1- 1 -
+
"'"' 95.15 -+-Operating Data
C)
~
Cll 95.1
Simulation Data
]
95.05
~
95
94.95
51 52 53 54 55 56

Outlet Gas Rate

Figure 4.1: Model validation of the simulation

From Figure 4.1 we can observe the plotted graph of the operating values taken
from 5 consecutive day analysis from the industrial unit, and the simulation values of

39
both inlets (DGA and sour feed gas) to the contactor versus the outlet stream of sweet
gas.
The resulted data are used in order to validate the simulation work of the AGRU.
The percentage error obtained from the graph above was calculated for 5 consecutive
data between (5.761298-6.2541307) % which makes the simulation valid for further
data generation and analysis.
Percentage of Error Calculation:
{Simulation top gas -Operating top gas /Simulation top gas}*1 00%

320

315

~
a. 310

a
u
Gl
305
....... T=25oC
:; 300
IllGl - T=30oC
~ 295
T= 35 oC
290 l
285
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Loading [Mol C02]

Figure 4.2 Partial Pressure of C02 in Solution as Function of C02 Loading of

35wt%DGA

Partial Pressure of C02 in Solution as Function of C02 Loading of 35we>/o

DGA; with 35 wt% DGAmine the loading [molC02/molDGA] ranges from (0.0432 -
0.05597).

40
 320

315
ftl
Q, 310
.¥
,..;
0 305
1.1

"......;:,
-+-T= 25 oC
300
... T= 35 oC
..."
Q. 295
...... T=30oC
290

285
0.0415 0.042 0.0425 0.043 0.0435 0.044 0.0445

loadlns [ Mol C02)

Figure 4.3 Partial Pressure of C02 in Solution as Function of C02 Loading of

40wfl/o DGA
With 40 wt% the increase loading ranges from (0.04177- 0.04379).

320

315

~ 310
.¥
,..;
0 305
..
1.1
...;:, 300
..,._T=25oC
~ T= 30 oC
f
Q. 295
T= 35 oC
290

285
0.0405 0.041 0.0415 0.042 0.0425 0.043 0.0435

Loadlns [ Mol C02)

Figure 4.4 Partial Pressure of C02 in Solution as Function of C02 Loading at

45wfl/o DGA.
With 45 wt% the increase loading capacity ranges from (0.0409-0.04329)
The loading was observed to increase with increase of temperature at a given
C02 partial pressure.

41
 --------~ -~-

1500
:§. 1450
0 1400
E
~

T= 35 oC

- T=40oC

1050
1000
0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6

Loading [MoiC02]

Figure 4.5 Lean DGAmine Circulation rate vs. C02 loading in 45wt%
DGAmine.
This figure illustrates the effect of Lean Amine circuJation rate on Amine
loading capacity; the loading capacity increases with increase circulation rate and
decrease in temperature.

0.6

0.59
<
C)
Q 0.58
0
:::!: 0.57
~ - sobara
0
u - 75bara
0 0.56
:::!: 100 bara
0.55

0.54
20 30 40 50 60

Temperature, o C

Figure 4.6 Effects of C02 Loading in DGA with Pressure and Temperature

42
 Figure 4.6 shows the effect of C02 loading in DGA solvent with change of
pressure and temperature. The figure shows the results at pressure 50, 75 and 100 bara,
where we can conclude that C02 loading in DGA is directly proportional with pressure.

0.006

0.005
"""
..
""
:a110
tl 0.004
tl
~
0"' 0.003

-
N
0
v
E
0.002

''
- 68bara
150 bara

'"
>
0.001

0
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Mass Fraction DGA

Figure 4.7 %of C02 in the sweet gas as a function of amine

concentration with changes in absorber pressure.

It was shown in the figure above where the percentage of C02 in the sweet gas is
plotted against the concentration of the amine sol vent that as the concentration of amine
increases, the % mole concentration of C02 in the sweet gas decreases. This is
attributed to the increase in the Amine solvent capacity with increase in concentration of
Amine in the solution. The specifications ranges were met at 45 wt% DGA and above.

43
 CIMPTER5
,,
CONCLUSION AND,~NDATIONS
-"""~"-~
''·
5.1 C~NCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
\ )
"-·nased on the literature reviewed and the results taken from the simulation case the
following conclusion can be made:

The loading of the amine solvent (DGA) should be increased appropriately to increase
acid gas (C02) loading in the solvent.

The C02 emission and chemical loss is directly proportional to the amine circulation
rate. Thus the lean amine circulation rate should be decreased and at minimmn possible
temperature to lower solvent evaporation rate and therefore increase its loading capacity.

Absorber should operate at high possible pressure and low Temperature to enhance
amine loading capacity; and increase the rate of solubility of C02 in the amine solvent,
therefore minimize C02 emission and chemical loss.

Additionally, for enhancing the performance of acid gas removal, several points are
considered:

Several software could be considered to use as an alternative for HYSYS such as ICON,
Pro MAX.

We can consider using Aspen plus program instead of Aspen HYSYS for adding new
chemical additives such as NaOH or NH3 and compare their effect on the solvent
efficiency with previous data shown.

44
 REFERENCES

Aguila-Hernandez, J., Trejo, A., and Garcia-Fiorec, B. E.,(2007). Surface tension and
foam behavior of aqueous solutions of blends of three alkanolamines as a function of
temperature, Colloids and Surfaces, Physico-chem. Engg Aspects33-46.

Anonymous (2003), Egyptian LNG Project Process Description Handbook. Bechtel

Corporation.

Bedell, S.(2010). Amine autoxidation inflye gas C02 capture- mechanistic lessons
learned from other gas treating processes, Intern. J. Greenhouse Gas Control.

Carroll, John, J., Maddocks, James, R., (1999) Design Considerations for Acid Gas
Injection, Laurence Reid Gas Conditioning Conference.

Chakma, A., and Miesen, A (1988). Identification ofmethyl-diethanol-amine

degradation products by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry, J. Chromatography, 287-297.

Ernest E. Ludwig (2004), Applied Process Design, Volume 3, Third Edition, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana.

Ikoku, C.U., (1980). Separation processing in Natural Gas Engineering- A Systems

Approach, penn Well Book, Penn Well Publishing Co., Tulsa, Okla., Ch 4,p103- 79.

James R. Couper (2002), Chemical Process Equipment, 2"d Edition.

Kadnar, R., and Rieder, J. (1995). Determination of anions in amine solutions for sour
gas treatment, J. Chromatography A, 339-343.

Keltz, T.A., (1996), Dispelling Chemical Engineering Myths (Taylor & Francis,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA).

Pauley, C. R. (1991). Face the facts about amine foaming, Chern Eng Progr., 33-38.

45
Rausand (2005), System Reliability Theory, 2nd Edition, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology.

Reza, J., and Trejo, A. (2006). Degradation of aqueous solutions of alkanolamine

blends at high temperature under pressure of C0 2and H 2S, Chern Eng Commun., 129-
138.

46
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: KEY MILSTONES FOR FYP II

No Action Date
1 Project work connnences 3/10/2011
2 Briefing & update on students' progress 5/10/2011
3 Submission of Progress Report 14/1112011
4 Poster Presentation 14/12/2011
5 Submission of Draft Dissertation 14/12/2011
6 Submission of(CD & Softbound) 19/12/2011
7 Final Oral Presentation/Viva 28/12/2011
8 Submission of Technical Paper 6/01/2012
9 Submission of hardbound Dissertation 13/01/2012

APPENDIX B: GANTT CHART FOR FYP II

' Utilization of
HYSYS3.~
software to
conduct the
Simulation

, :z. Submission of
Progress Report I

3 Simulation
Validation and
Data extraction

4 Submission of
Progrem Report II
. 5 Generation of
Gn1phs

6 Submission of
· Dissertation Final
D•.tl
7 Submission of
Dissertation

• Ora1 pesentation

47
APPENDIX C: Basic Raw Data and Base Case Simulation Data

Table 1-Typical LNG Product Specification, (David Coyle et al2003)

Component Umlt ( \luimum)

H)drogen Sulfide 3- 4 ppmv
Total Sulfur 30 m1lhgrams per nonnal cubiC meter

c.e.-..... It--~.~-~ .....

~1crcury 0.0 I m1crogr.uns per normal cublc meter
Nu:rogcn I mot • ~
Water Vapor I ppm"
Benzene I ppm' '
Ethane 6-8 mol~-

Propane 3 mol 1 :0
B:.Jtane and hea\"Jer :! mot ••
Pentane and hea,·ier I mol 1
~

High Heatmg \'alue 1050 Btu ScftEurope and US.\ )

:> 1100 Bru Scf tE.ut A!!ia)

Table2-Tabulated Generated Data from Simulation

DGAmine Gas Inlet Combined Top Gas Simulation Simulation Percentage

Inlet V-1201 Gas+DGA (Sweet Gas) Combined Top Gas Error (%)
V-1201 INLET V-1201 Gas+DGA (Sweet Gas)
INLET
- ------ --· - -

73.00327 22.37616 95.37942886 55.034241 95.3 8 51.83 5.82226752

72.98037 22.26264 95.24301338 55.083527 9;.24 51.91 5.7612989

72.95149 22.10234 95.0538311 55.252445 95 05 51.96 5.95891314

7305054 22.21174 95.26228714 55.433456 95.26 52.02 6.15715498

72.95448 22.07937 95.03385544 55.253082 95 03 51 .98 5.92380034

72.98278 22.04715 95.02993011 54.829082 95.03 51.4 6.25413072

48
Table 3- Data Generation from Simulation Model

35 wto/o DGA
Pfeedgas, (KPA) PCo2 (kpa) T(' C) Mol C02/ MOL DGA Mol Co2/ sweet gas

25 004216 0.002813

6900 288,2 30 0.04071 0.002974

35 0.0381 2 0.003011

25 0.04405 0.002313

7200 304,9 30 0.04396 0.002348

35 004317 0.002391

25 0.05782 0.002156

7500 317,5 30 005604 0.002203

35 O.DS6117 . 0.0022.18 .

Table 4- Data Generation from Simulation Model

40%wtDGA
P feed 1181 (KPA) PC02 (kpll) T ("C) Mol C02 /Mol MoiC021-.t
DGA 1181

25 o.041n1 0.001230

8900 288,2 30 0.04218 0 .001278

35 0 .04238 0 .001292

25 0 .04287 0 .001172

7200 304,9 30 0.04182 0 .001235

35 0.0<4176 0 .0012-43

25 0.04315 0.001201

7500 317,5 30 0 .04379 0.001229

35 .0.04342 nM1?AA

49
Table 5-Data Generation from Simulation Model

45%wt DGA
P feed gas (KPA) PC02 (kpe) T(•C) Mol C02 /Mol DGA MoiC02 / - e t
g•

25 0.04098 0 .001010

6900 288,2 30 0.04156 0.001330

35 0.04187 0.001752

25 004212 0.000998

7200 304,9 30 0.04199 0001245

35 0.04273 0.001304

25 0.04299 0.001002

7500 317,5 30 0.04317 0.001247

:vi OOoil..'\?11 0..0014115 .

Table 6 (a & b)- Effect of Lean Amine Circulation Rate on Amine Loading:
Table 6a-

o48 wt% DGA, Y. 38 oC, P• 100

......
CMICIAinl
....... ....... ...
Mol Co2/
ne

1200

1250
0.4724

0.4801
·- C11111ol

0.00851

0.00877
Co2/awee

0.002288

0.0027&4

1300 0.4851 0.00991 0.002979

1350 0.5239 0.01015 0.003023

1400 0.5534 0.01097 0 .003125

1450 0.5672 0.01138 0.003179

so
Table 6b-

45 wt% DGA, T• 40 oC, P• 100

b•na

.... Mol Co2/ Mol Mol

--
ClrDCIAIII
MoiDCIA C1/lllol Co218we
DCIA

1200 o..-781 0.00851 0.002856

1250 0.4878 0.00877 0.002937

1300 0.4912 0.00991 0.003051

1350 0.5286 0.01015 0.003178

1400 0.5681 0.01097 0.003199

1450 0.5764 0.01138 0.003212

51