Power Electronics Devices Circuits and

Applications 4th Edition by Muhammad Rashid

0273769081 978-0273769088 pdf download

https://ebookball.com/product/power-electronics-devices-circuits-
and-applications-4th-edition-by-muhammad-
rashid-0273769081-978-0273769088-17614/

Explore and download more ebooks or textbooks

at ebookball.com
We have selected some products that you may be interested in
Click the link to download now or visit ebookball.com
for more options!.

Electronics Fundamentals Circuits Devices and Applications

8th Edition by Thomas Floyd, David Buchla 1299958583
9781299958586
https://ebookball.com/product/electronics-fundamentals-circuits-
devices-and-applications-8th-edition-by-thomas-floyd-david-
buchla-1299958583-9781299958586-17634/

Digital Electronics Principles Devices and Applications

1st edition by Anil Maini ISBN 0470032146 978-0470032145

https://ebookball.com/product/digital-electronics-principles-devices-
and-applications-1st-edition-by-anil-maini-
isbn-0470032146-978-0470032145-17658/

Experiments in Electronics Fundamentals and Electric

Circuits Fundamental 4th Edition by David Buchla
0137371640 978-0137371648
https://ebookball.com/product/experiments-in-electronics-fundamentals-
and-electric-circuits-fundamental-4th-edition-by-david-
buchla-0137371640-978-0137371648-17630/

Theory Design and Application of Electronic Devices and

Circuits 1st deition by Leslie Worden ISBN 0123456789
978-0123456789
https://ebookball.com/product/theory-design-and-application-of-
electronic-devices-and-circuits-1st-deition-by-leslie-worden-
isbn-0123456789-978-0123456789-17744/
Hands On Electronics A Practical Introduction to Analog
and Digital Circuits 1st Edition by Daniel Kaplan,
Christopher White 0521893518 978-0521893510
https://ebookball.com/product/hands-on-electronics-a-practical-
introduction-to-analog-and-digital-circuits-1st-edition-by-daniel-
kaplan-christopher-white-0521893518-978-0521893510-17624/

Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics 3rd

Edition by Sen 111807887X 9781118078877

https://ebookball.com/product/principles-of-electric-machines-and-
power-electronics-3rd-edition-by-sen-111807887x-9781118078877-17610/

(Ebook PDF) The Power Electronics Handbook Industrial

Electronics Series 1st edition by Timothy Skvarenina
1351836536 9781351836531 full chapters
https://ebookball.com/product/ebook-pdf-the-power-electronics-
handbook-industrial-electronics-series-1st-edition-by-timothy-
skvarenina-1351836536-9781351836531-full-chapters-11608/

Power Management Integrated Circuits 1st Edition by Mona

Hella, Patrick Mercier ISBN 9781315355986 1315355981

https://ebookball.com/product/power-management-integrated-
circuits-1st-edition-by-mona-hella-patrick-mercier-
isbn-9781315355986-1315355981-14828/

(Ebook PDF) Power Management Integrated Circuits 1st

edition by Mona Hella 1315355981 9781315355986 full
chapters
https://ebookball.com/product/ebook-pdf-power-management-integrated-
circuits-1st-edition-by-mona-hella-1315355981-9781315355986-full-
chapters-9420/
 INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL
EDITION EDITION

EDITION
INTERNATIONAL
The editorial team at Pearson has worked closely with
educators around the globe to inform students of the
ever-changing world in a broad variety of disciplines.

Devices, Circuits, and Applications

Pearson Education offers this product to the international

Power Electronics
market, which may or may not include alterations from the
United States version.

Power Electronics

EDITION
FOURTH
Devices, Circuits, and Applications
This is a special edition of an established FOURTH EDITION

Rashid
title widely used by colleges and universities
throughout the world. Pearson published this Muhammad H. Rashid
exclusive edition for the benefit of students
outside the United States and Canada. If you
purchased this book within the United States
or Canada you should be aware that it has
been imported without the approval of the
Publisher or Author.

Pearson International Edition

 Power Electronics
Devices, Circuits,
and Applications
Fourth Edition

Muhammad H. Rashid,
Fellow IET,
Life Fellow IEEE
Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of West Florida
International Edition contributions by

Narendra Kumar
Department of Electrical Engineering
Delhi Technological University

Ashish R. Kulkarni
Department of Electrical Engineering
Delhi Technological University

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 1 07/08/13 3:05 PM

 Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. Horton Acquisitions Editor, International Edition: Sandhya Ghoshal
Executive Editor: Andrew Gilfillan Publishing Administrator, International Edition: Hema Mehta
Associate Editor: Alice Dworkin Project Editor, International Edition: Karthik Subramanian
Editorial Assistant: William Opaluch Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, International
Marketing Manager: Tim Galligan Edition: Trudy Kimber
Publishing Operations Director, International Edition: Art Director: Jayne Conte
Angshuman Chakraborty Cover Designer: Jodi Notowitz
Manager, Publishing Operations, International Edition: Full-Service Project Management/Composition: Integra
Shokhi Shah Khandelwal Cover Image: Vaclav Volrab/Shutterstock
Associate Print and Media Editor, International Edition: Cover Printer: Courier
Anuprova Dey Chowdhuri

Pearson Education Limited

Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoninternationaleditions.com
© Pearson Education Limited 2014
The rights of Muhammad H. Rashid to be identified as author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Power Electronics: Devices, Circuits, and Applications, Fourth Edition,
ISBN 978-0-13-312590-0, by Muhammad H. Rashid, published by Pearson Education © 2014.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a
license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby
Street, London EC1N 8TS.
All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the
­author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with
or endorsement of this book by such owners.
Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers make no representations about the suitability of the information contained in the documents
and related graphics published as part of the services for any purpose. All such documents and related graphics are provided “as is”
without warranty of any kind. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers hereby disclaim all warranties and conditions with regard to this
information, including all warranties and conditions of merchantability, whether express, implied or statutory, fitness for a particular
purpose, title and non-infringement. In no event shall Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers be liable for any special, indirect or con-
sequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence
or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information available from the services.
The documents and related graphics contained herein could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodi-
cally added to the information herein. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s)
and/or the program(s) described herein at any time. Partial screen shots may be viewed in full within the software version specified.
Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. This book is not
sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
14 13 12 11 10
Typeset in 10/12 TimesTenLTStd-Roman by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd.
Printed and bound by Courier Westford in The United States of America

ISBN 10: 0-273-76908-1

ISBN 13: 978-0-273-76908-8

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 2 07/08/13 3:05 PM

 To my parents, my wife Fatema, and
my family: Fa-eza, Farzana, Hasan, Hannah, Laith, Laila, and Nora

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 3 07/08/13 3:05 PM

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 4 07/08/13 3:05 PM
 Contents

Preface 17
About the Author 23

Chapter 1   Introduction   25
1.1 Applications of Power Electronics   26
1.2 History of Power Electronics   28
1.3 Types of Power Electronic Circuits   30
1.4 Design of Power Electronics Equipment   34
1.5 Determining the Root-Mean-Square Values of Waveforms   35
1.6 Peripheral Effects  36
1.7 Characteristics and Specifications of Switches   39
1.7.1 Ideal Characteristics  39
1.7.2 Characteristics of Practical Devices   40
1.7.3 Switch Specifications  42
1.8 Power Semiconductor Devices   43
1.9 Control Characteristics of Power Devices   49
1.10 Device Choices  49
1.11 Power Modules  53
1.12 Intelligent Modules  53
1.13 Power Electronics Journals and Conferences   55
Summary  56
References  56
Review Questions  57
Problems  57

PART I   Power Diodes and Rectifiers   59

Chapter 2    Power Diodes and Switched RLC Circuits  59
2.1 Introduction  60
2.2 Semiconductor Basics  60
2.3 Diode Characteristics  62
5

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 5 07/08/13 3:05 PM

 6   Contents

2.4 Reverse Recovery Characteristics   65

2.5 Power Diode Types   68
2.5.1 General-Purpose Diodes  68
2.5.2 Fast-Recovery Diodes  69
2.5.3 Schottky Diodes  70
2.6 Silicon Carbide Diodes   70
2.7 Silicon Carbide Schottky Diodes   71
2.8 Spice Diode Model   72
2.9 Series-Connected Diodes  73
2.10 Parallel-Connected Diodes  77
2.11 Diode Switched RC Load  78
2.12 Diode Switched RL Load  80
2.13 Diode Switched LC Load  82
2.14 Diode Switched RLC Load  85
2.15 Frewheeling Diodes with Switched RL Load  89
2.16 Recovery of Trapped Energy with a Diode   92
Summary  96
References  96
Review Questions  97
Problems  97

Chapter 3   Diode Rectifiers   103

3.1 Introduction  104
3.2 Performance Parameters  104
3.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers   106
3.4 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier with RL Load  109
3.5 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier with a Highly
Inductive Load 116
3.6 Multiphase Star Rectifiers   118
3.7 Three-Phase Bridge Rectifiers   122
3.8 Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier with RL Load  126
3.9 Three-Phase Rectifier with a Highly Inductive Load   130
3.10 Comparisons of Diode Rectifiers   132
3.11 Rectifier Circuit Design   132
3.12 Output Voltage with LC Filter  144
3.13 Effects of Source and Load Inductances   148
3.14 Practical Considerations for Selecting Inductors and Capacitors   151
3.14.1 AC Film Capacitors   151
3.14.2 Ceramic Capacitors  152
3.14.3 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors   152
3.14.4 Solid Tantalum Capacitors   153
3.14.5 Supercapacitors  153
Summary  153
References  153
Review Questions  154
Problems  154

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 6 07/08/13 3:05 PM

 Contents   7

PART II   Power Transistors and DC–DC Converters   158

Chapter 4   Power Transistors   158
4.1 Introduction  159
4.2 Silicon Carbide Transistors   160
4.3 Power MOSFETs  161
4.3.1 Steady-State Characteristics  164
4.3.2 Switching Characteristics  167
4.3.3 Silicon Carbide MOSFETs   169
4.4 COOLMOS  171
4.5 Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFETs)   173
4.5.1 Operation and Characteristics of JFETs   173
4.5.2 Silicon Carbide JFET Structures   177
4.6 Bipolar Junction Transistors   180
4.6.1 Steady-State Characteristics  181
4.6.2 Switching Characteristics  185
4.6.3 Switching Limits  192
4.6.4 Silicon Carbide BJTs   193
4.7 IGBTs  194
4.7.1 Silicon Carbide IGBTs   197
4.8 SITs  198
4.9 Comparisons of Transistors   199
4.10 Power Derating of Power Transistors   199
4.11 di/dt and dv/dt Limitations  203
4.12 Series and Parallel Operation   206
4.13 SPICE Models  208
4.13.1 BJT SPICE Model   208
4.13.2 MOSFET SPICE Model   210
4.13.3 IGBT SPICE Model   211
4.14 MOSFET Gate Drive   213
4.15 JFET Gate Drives   215
4.16 BJT Base Drive   216
4.17 Isolation of Gate and Base Drives   221
4.17.1 Pulse Transformers  223
4.17.2 Optocouplers  223
4.18 GATE-DRIVE ICs  224
Summary  226
References  227
Review Questions  230
Problems  232

Chapter 5   DC–DC Converters   234

5.1 Introduction  235
5.2 Performance Parameters of DC–DC Converters   235
5.3 Principle of Step-Down Operation   236
5.3.1 Generation of Duty Cycle   240

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 7 07/08/13 3:05 PM

 8   Contents

5.4 Step-Down Converter with RL Load  241

5.5 Principle of Step-Up Operation   246
5.6 Step-Up Converter with a Resistive Load   249
5.7 Frequency Limiting Parameters   251
5.8 Converter Classification  252
5.9 Switching-Mode Regulators  256
5.9.1 Buck Regulators  257
5.9.2 Boost Regulators  261
5.9.3 Buck–Boost Regulators  265
5.9.4 Cúk Regulators  269
5.9.5 Limitations of Single-Stage Conversion   275
5.10 Comparison of Regulators   276
5.11 Multioutput Boost Converter   277
5.12 Diode Rectifier-Fed Boost Converter   280
5.13 Averaging Models of Converters   282
5.14 State–Space Analysis of Regulators   288
5.15 Design Considerations for Input Filter and Converters   292
5.16 Drive IC for Converters   297
Summary  299
References  301
Review Questions  303
Problems  303

PART III   Inverters  306
Chapter 6   DC–AC Converters   306
6.1 Introduction  307
6.2 Performance Parameters  307
6.3 Principle of Operation   309
6.4 Single-Phase Bridge Inverters   313
6.5 Three-Phase Inverters  319
6.5.1 180-Degree Conduction  320
6.5.2 120-Degree Conduction  327
6.6 Voltage Control of Single-Phase Inverters   330
6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation  330
6.6.2 Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation   333
6.6.3 Modified Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation   336
6.6.4 Phase-Displacement Control  339
6.7 Voltage Control of Three-Phase Inverters   340
6.7.1 Sinusoidal PWM  341
6.7.2 60-Degree PWM  344
6.7.3 Third-Harmonic PWM  344
6.7.4 Space Vector Modulation   347
6.7.5 Comparison of PWM Techniques   359
6.8 Harmonic Reductions  359
6.9 Current-Source Inverters  364

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 8 07/08/13 3:05 PM

 Contents   9

6.10 Variable DC-Link Inverter   366

6.11 Boost Inverter  368
6.12 Inverter Circuit Design   373
Summary  378
References  378
Review Questions  380
Problems  380

Chapter 7   Resonant Pulse Inverters   385

7.1 Introduction  386
7.2 Series Resonant Inverters   386
7.2.1 Series Resonant Inverters with Unidirectional
Switches  387
7.2.2 Series Resonant Inverters with Bidirectional Switches   396
7.3 Frequency Response of Series Resonant Inverters   402
7.3.1 Frequency Response for Series Loaded   402
7.3.2 Frequency Response for Parallel Loaded   405
7.3.3 Frequency Response for Series–Parallel Loaded   407
7.4 Parallel Resonant Inverters   408
7.5 Voltage Control of Resonant Inverters   412
7.6 Class E Resonant Inverter   414
7.7 Class E Resonant Rectifier   418
7.8 Zero-Current-Switching Resonant Converters   422
7.8.1 L-Type ZCS Resonant Converter   423
7.8.2 M-Type ZCS Resonant Converter   426
7.9 Zero-Voltage-Switching Resonant Converters   426
7.10 Comparisons Between ZCS and ZVS Resonant Converters   430
7.11 Two-Quadrant ZVS Resonant Converters   431
7.12 Resonant DC-Link Inverters   433
Summary  437
References  438
Review Questions  438
Problems  439

Chapter 8   Multilevel Inverters   441

8.1 Introduction  441
8.2 Multilevel Concept  442
8.3 Types of Multilevel Inverters   444
8.4 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter   444
8.4.1 Principle of Operation   445
8.4.2 Features of Diode-Clamped Inverter   446
8.4.3 Improved Diode-Clamped Inverter   448
8.5 Flying-Capacitors Multilevel Inverter   450
8.5.1 Principle of Operation   450
8.5.2 Features of Flying-Capacitors Inverter   452

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 9 07/08/13 3:05 PM

 10   Contents

8.6 Cascaded Multilevel Inverter   453

8.6.1 Principle of Operation   453
8.6.2 Features of Cascaded Inverter   455
8.7 Applications  457
8.7.1 Reactive Power Compensation   457
8.7.2 Back-to-Back lntertie  459
8.7.3 Adjustable Speed Drives   459
8.8 Switching Device Currents   460
8.9 DC-Link Capacitor Voltage Balancing   461
8.10 Features of Multilevel Inverters   462
8.11 Comparisons of Multilevel Converters   463
Summary  464
References  464
Review Questions  465
Problems  465

PART IV   Thyristors and Thyristorized Converters   467

Chapter 9   Thyristors   467
9.1 Introduction  467
9.2 Thyristor Characteristics  468
9.3 Two-Transistor Model of Thyristor   471
9.4 Thyristor Turn-On  473
9.5 Thyristor Turn-Off  475
9.6 Thyristor Types  477
9.6.1 Phase-Controlled Thyristors  471
9.6.2 Bidirectional Phase-Controlled Thyristors   478
9.6.3 Fast-Switching Asymmetrical Thyristors   479
9.6.4 Light-Activated Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers   480
9.6.5 Bidirectional Triode Thyristors   480
9.6.6 Reverse-Conducting Thyristors  481
9.6.7 Gate Turn-off Thyristors   481
9.6.8 FET-Controlled Thyristors  486
9.6.9 MTOs  487
9.6.10 ETOs  488
9.6.11 IGCTs  489
9.6.12 MCTs  490
9.6.13 SITHs  493
9.6.14 Comparisons of Thyristors   494
9.7 Series Operation of Thyristors   499
9.8 Parallel Operation of Thyristors   502
9.9 di/dt Protection  503
9.10 dv/dt Protection  504
9.11 SPICE Thyristor Model   506
9.11.1 Thyristor SPICE Model   506
9.11.2 GTO SPICE Model   508

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 10 07/08/13 3:05 PM

 Contents   11

9.11.3 MCT SPICE Model   510

9.11.4 SITH SPICE Model   510
9.12 DIACs  510
9.13 Thyristor Firing Circuits   513
9.14 Unijunction Transistor  516
9.15 Programmable Unijunction Transistor   518
Summary  520
References  521
Review Questions  524
Problems  525
Chapter 10   Controlled Rectifiers   527
10.1 Introduction  528
10.2 Single-Phase Full Converters   528
10.2.1 Single-Phase Full Converter with RL Load  532
10.3 Single-Phase Dual Converters   535
10.4 Three-Phase Full Converters   538
10.4.1 Three-Phase Full Converter with RL Load  542
10.5 Three-Phase Dual Converters   544
10.6 Pulse-Width-Modulation Control  547
10.6.1 PWM Control  548
10.6.2 Single-Phase Sinusoidal PWM   550
10.6.3 Three-Phase PWM Rectifier   551
10.7 Single-Phase Series Converters   555
10.8 Twelve-Pulse Converters  558
10.9 Design of Converter Circuits   560
10.10 Effects of Load and Source Inductances   566
Summary  568
References  568
Review Questions  570
Problems  570
Chapter 11   AC Voltage Controllers   576
11.1 Introduction  577
11.2 Performance Parameters of AC Voltage Controllers   578
11.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controllers with Resistive
Loads  579
11.4 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controllers with Inductive Loads   583
11.5 Three-Phase Full-Wave Controllers   587
11.6 Three-Phase Full-Wave Delta-Connected Controllers   592
11.7 Single-Phase Transformer Connection Changers   596
11.8 Cycloconverters  601
11.8.1 Single-Phase Cycloconverters  601
11.8.2 Three-Phase Cycloconverters  604
11.8.3 Reduction of Output Harmonics   605
11.9 AC Voltage Controllers with PWM Control   608

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 11 07/08/13 3:05 PM

 12   Contents

11.10 Matrix Converter  610

11.11 Design of AC Voltage-Controller Circuits   612
11.12 Effects of Source and Load Inductances   620
Summary  621
References  621
Review Questions  622
Problems  622

PART V   Power Electronics Applications and Protections   626

Chapter 12   Flexible AC Transmission Systems   626
12.1 Introduction  627
12.2 Principle of Power Transmission   628
12.3 Principle of Shunt Compensation   630
12.4 Shunt Compensators  632
12.4.1 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor  632
12.4.2 Thyristor-Switched Capacitor  633
12.4.3 Static VAR Compensator   636
12.4.4 Advanced Static VAR Compensator   637
12.5 Principle of Series Compensation   639
12.6 Series Compensators  641
12.6.1 Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor   641
12.6.2 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor   643
12.6.3 Forced-Commutation-Controlled Series Capacitor   644
12.6.4 Series Static VAR Compensator   645
12.6.5 Advanced SSVC  645
12.7 Principle of Phase-Angle Compensation   648
12.8 Phase-Angle Compensator  651
12.9 Unified Power Flow Controller   652
12.10 Comparisons of Compensators   653
Summary  655
References  655
Review Questions  656
Problems  656
Chapter 13   Power Supplies   658
13.1 Introduction  659
13.2 Dc Power Supplies   659
13.2.1 Switched-Mode Dc Power Supplies   660
13.2.2 Flyback Converter  660
13.2.3 Forward Converter  664
13.2.4 Push–Pull Converter  669
13.2.5 Half-Bridge Converter  671
13.2.6 Full-Bridge Converter  674
13.2.7 Resonant Dc Power Supplies   677
13.2.8 Bidirectional Power Supplies   679

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 12 07/08/13 3:05 PM

 Contents   13

13.3 Ac Power Supplies   679

13.3.1 Switched-Mode Ac Power Supplies   681
13.3.2 Resonant Ac Power Supplies   681
13.3.3 Bidirectional Ac Power Supplies   682
13.4 Multistage Conversions  683
13.5 Control Circuits  684
13.6 Magnetic Design Considerations   688
13.6.1 Transformer Design  688
13.6.2 Dc Inductor  692
13.6.3 Magnetic Saturation  693
Summary  694
References  694
Review Questions  695
Problems  695
Chapter 14   Dc Drives   699
14.1 Introduction  699
14.2 Basic Characteristics of Dc Motors   701
14.2.1 Separately Excited Dc Motor   701
14.2.2 Series-Excited Dc Motor   704
14.2.3 Gear Ratio  706
14.3 Operating Modes  708
14.4 Single-Phase Drives  710
14.4.1 Single-Phase Semiconverter Drives   712
14.4.2 Single-Phase Full-Converter Drives   713
14.4.3 Single-Phase Dual-Converter Drives   714
14.5 Three-Phase Drives  718
14.5.1 Three-Phase Semiconverter Drives   718
14.5.2 Three-Phase Full-Converter Drives   718
14.5.3 Three-Phase Dual-Converter Drives   719
14.6 Dc–Dc Converter Drives   722
14.6.1 Principle of Power Control   722
14.6.2 Principle of Regenerative Brake Control   724
14.6.3 Principle of Rheostatic Brake Control   727
14.6.4 Principle of Combined Regenerative and Rheostatic Brake
Control  728
14.6.5 Two- and Four-Quadrant Dc–dc Converter Drives   729
14.6.6 Multiphase Dc–dc Converters   730
14.7 Closed-Loop Control of Dc Drives   733
14.7.1 Open-Loop Transfer Function   733
14.7.2 Open-Loop Transfer Function of Separately Excited
Motors  734
14.7.3 Open-Loop Transfer Function of Series Excited Motors   737
14.7.4 Converter Control Models   739
14.7.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Function   741
14.7.6 Closed-Loop Current Control   744

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 13 07/08/13 3:05 PM

 14   Contents

14.7.7 Design of Current Controller   748

14.7.8 Design of Speed Controller   749
14.7.9 Dc–dc Converter-Fed Drive   753
14.7.10 Phase-Locked-Loop Control  754
14.7.11 Microcomputer Control of Dc Drives   756
Summary  758
References  758
Review Questions  759
Problems  760
Chapter 15   Ac Drives   764
15.1 Introduction  765
15.2 Induction Motor Drives   765
15.2.1 Performance Characteristics  767
15.2.2 Torque–Speed Characteristics  769
15.2.3 Stator Voltage Control   774
15.2.4 Rotor Voltage Control   778
15.2.5 Frequency Control  787
15.2.6 Voltage and Frequency Control   789
15.2.7 Current Control  794
15.2.8 Constant Slip-Speed Control   799
15.2.9 Voltage, Current, and Frequency Control   800
15.3 Closed-Loop Control of Induction Motors   802
15.4 Dimensioning the Control Variables   806
15.5 Vector Controls  808
15.5.1 Basic Principle of Vector Control   808
15.5.2 Direct and Quadrature-Axis Transformation   810
15.5.3 Indirect Vector Control   815
15.5.4 Direct Vector Control   819
15.6 Synchronous Motor Drives   821
15.6.1 Cylindrical Rotor Motors   822
15.6.2 Salient-Pole Motors  825
15.6.3 Reluctance Motors  826
15.6.4 Switched Reluctance Motors   827
15.6.5 Permanent-Magnet Motors  839
15.6.6 Closed-Loop Control of Synchronous Motors   832
15.6.7 Brushless Dc and Ac Motor Drives   834
15.7 Design of Speed Controller for Pmsm Drives  836
15.7.1 System Block Diagram   836
15.7.2 Current Loop  838
15.7.3 Speed Controller  839
15.8 Stepper Motor Control   842
15.8.1 Variable-Reluctance Stepper Motors   842
15.8.2 Permanent-Magnet Stepper Motors   845
15.9 Linear Induction Motors   849
15.10 High-Voltage IC for Motor Drives   852
Summary  857

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 14 07/08/13 3:05 PM

Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
He looked about the group clinchingly and made a feint of wiping
away the streams of tobacco juice that had begun to dribble from
the corners of his mouth.
"I wisht Roosevelt was back in agin," spoke up Gus Dibble. "When
he was in the price o' mule colts was a heap better. One year I got
fifty dollars fer a mule colt. An' las' year I didn't git but forty fer a
better one out'n the same mare. I'd like to see Roosevelt back in."
Two weeks after Nip's death Uncle Amos Crupper received word that
his son Bob had been killed, blown to pieces by an exploding shell.
The old man was broken by the news. Bob was his only son, the son
of the wife of his youth whose memory he had cherished for twenty
years. He wandered about restlessly from neighbor to neighbor,
seeking comfort and finding none. As he sat hunched over the
Blackford stove, his usually erect shoulders bowed into a semi-circle,
it seemed to Judith that winter had descended upon him over night,
as snow falls on the hills.
She, too, as she went about her work, kept thinking of Bob—and of
death.
The thought that he was dead would waylay her suddenly, startingly,
and she would see him as she had known him in life, his lithe,
muscular body, his boyish smile, his clear eyes, fearless and dreamy.
Once with a dustrag she slapped a fly on the wall. It fell mashed and
mangled to the floor.
It came over her suddenly that he had died like that. With all his
health, vigor, and charm, his power to make women love him, he
had died like the fly. Some great, pitiless engine of war had mashed
these things out of him and left only a few bits of stinking flesh.
"What are we all anyway but flies," she said to herself bitterly.
One morning when it was mild and the sun was shining she went
out to clean the rain barrel that had grown slimy with a green scum.
Bent over with her head and shoulders in the almost empty barrel,
she scrubbed the sides vigorously with the scrubbing brush. When
she had finished, her wrists felt weak and shaky. Taking hold of the
top of the barrel with both hands she tried to tip it to drain away the
dirty water and was suddenly aware that it was too heavy for her.
She could not understand it. She had dumped the same barrel many
times before with the greatest ease. She struggled with it and for
the first time in her life felt herself overcome by a sense of physical
powerlessness. Some virtue had gone out of her long, muscular
arms trained from childhood to do heavy work. Her breath came in
short, quick gasps and she felt her knees weaken and tremble in a
way that she had never felt before. When at last she succeeded in
tipping the barrel and returning it to its place, she sank down on the
ground gasping with exhaustion, her knees weak like water beneath
her.
After that whenever she drew a full bucket of water from the well or
carried slop to the hogs or stood too long over the churn or the
washtub, she felt creeping over her this strange, tremulous
sensation of extreme weakness. Countless times before she had
known what it was to be tired. But this feeling of sinking knees, of
shivering powerlessness was something new, something quite
different from anything that she had experienced before in her life.
With it came an increased impatience with the chatter and wrangles
of the children, a growing lack of interest in the affairs of the
neighbors or even in those of her own household, a desire to retire
within herself, to be alone and apart.
Ill luck seemed to love their company that winter and, like a hungry
stray dog, would not leave their door. Luke Wolf said it was all
because Jerry had torn the shoes from Nip's dead hoofs and later
used them in shoeing Tuck.
"Nine times out o' ten," he said to Jerry impressively, "if yuh shoe a
hoss with shoes taken off'n a dead animal, he'll die afore the year's
out. An' if he don't die some other kind o' bad luck'll foller yuh."
Tuck did not die; but, as Luke had prophesied, other bad luck
followed apace. When Jerry hauled the tobacco off to market he was
caught in a drenching rain, and hundreds of pounds of what would
otherwise have been a fine grade of tobacco were changed to the
sort that brings a cent or two a pound. The tobacco should have
been covered to protect it against such a contingency. But a
tarpaulin is an expensive luxury which few tenant farmers can afford
to buy. Most of them use their wives' rag carpets. But Judith had no
rag carpet.
When Jerry had paid off the help that he had hired during the year
and settled the store bill that had been accumulating for many
months and bought some tar paper to nail over the north and east
sides of the house, he had a hundred and eighteen dollars left, most
of which would have to go to buy another horse. Fortunately the
corn crop was a fairly good one that year.
It was a hard winter, a winter of pinching and skimping and doing
without, doing without sugar, doing without coffee, doing without
even the salt meat to which they were accustomed, for hogs were
worth too much to be consumed at home. They had to be sold to
meet the exorbitant cost of shoes and overalls and underwear to
keep the children warm.
Since the beginning of the war these things had become of very
inferior quality. It seemed as if Jerry was always cobbling the boys'
shoes and Judith always putting patches on their overalls. And in an
incredibly short time their feet were on the ground again and their
knees out. Like all the rest of the women, Judith pinched and
contrived, tried to make clothes for the children out of old garments
that were fit only for the ragbag, made flour sacks into pillow slips
and even into underwear and carefully saved the smaller pieces of
everything for the bedquilts that were always wearing out and
having to be replaced.
As she sat by the little glass lamp of an evening making over flour
sacks or mending overalls, her face had not the dull, sullen look that
Jerry remembered from other times, but rather a hard, grim, half
defiant expression. Watching her covertly his own face took on an
ugly look.
More and more, as the days went by, she was confirmed in the stand
that she had taken after getting up from her last sickbed. She was
through forever, she told herself, with having children and with
running any risk of having children. She wanted no more children
that she could not clothe, that she could hardly feed, that were a
long torture to bear and a daily fret and anxiety after they were
born. Her flesh recoiled and her spirit rose in fiery protest against
any further degradation and suffering. Too long she had been led
along blindly. Now her eyes were open and she would be a tool no
more of man's lust and nature's cunning. She would see her path
and choose it. She would be mistress of her own body. She would
order her future life as seemed best to herself.
It was the imprint of these thoughts that Jerry saw on her face as
she sat sewing under the lamp; and the covert looks that he cast at
her were ugly and ill omened.
For her there was stimulation mental and physical in such thoughts,
and she began to grow stronger. It was this determination
stubbornly adhered to and constantly borne in mind that made her
arms powerful to rub the coarse clothes up and down on the
washboard, that set the dasher thudding against the bottom of the
churn more noisily than need be and drew the broom with brisk,
emphatic strokes across the floor. When she gathered up the dishes
she slapped the plates together with the emphasis of one who is
indifferent as to whether they crack or not, and when she cleaned
house the dust and feathers flew mightily. At the woodpile she was
merciless to the saplings and rotted fence rails that Jerry had
dragged up.
Often at the end of a day of such emphatic housekeeping, the old
insidious weakness would slip into her bones, her knees would
tremble and sink and she would drop with sudden exhaustion into
the old rocking chair.
As she lay with her head against the bit of patchwork that was tied
to the back of the chair, her eyes, the only parts of her that were not
tired, would wander restlessly about the walls and ceiling. The
winter before, in a vain attempt to keep out the cold, she had
bought for a quarter a bundle of old newspapers and pasted them
over two walls and part of the ceiling. She had intended to buy
another bundle and finish the job, but had never gone beyond the
intention. The papers had pulled apart over the cracks between the
boards, they were yellowed with smoke and blotched with rain; but
they still displayed their wealth of pictures. There were pictures of
society people grinning and squatting on the sand at Palm Beach,
pictures of smug, well fed dignitaries of church and state, pictures of
business magnates, still smugger, fatter, and more rigorously curried,
pictures of kings and generals pompously pinning medals to the coat
lapels of heroes of war, well brushed and subdued for the solemn
occasion, pictures of dismal, stuffy people who had been given new
life by Tanlac or Lydia Pinkham's Vegetable Compound, pictures of
actresses and movie stars, some simpering and insipid, others with
grace and charm diffused over the pure lines of youth, pictures of
people who had been killed in automobile accidents, pictures of
murderers and the murdered.
Her interest was only mildly stirred by all these pictures of strange
people in strange walks of life that she would never tread. They
seemed, with but few exceptions, solemn and sodden creatures in
no way to be envied. From them her eyes traveled with heightening
interest to the streaky discolorations that the rain beating through
the walls had made on the papers. There she never failed to find
pictures that beguiled the eye and inspired the imagination.
Often when the children were at play out of doors she sat a long
time looking at these weird freaks of water. At such times her hectic
energy and the determination that lay back of it were gone, and with
the graying twilight there came instead dark thoughts of the
emptiness and purposelessness of life, of Bob who had died and of
the death that lay in wait for her and hers. When the corners grew
shadowed and the rats began to peer out of their holes with bright,
furtive eyes, she would get up with a heavy sigh and begin to mix
the batter for corn cakes.
As the weeks went by her relations with Jerry grew daily more
strained. She rarely spoke to him except to call his attention to an
empty woodbox or a broken door hinge or a loose board in the floor
or the fact that the boys' feet were on the ground. Daily he grew
more morose and evil tempered. A brooding animosity looked out of
his eyes as he furtively followed her movements about the house. At
the least excuse this smoldering fire broke out into the fierce flame
of violent and brutal quarreling. The quarrels usually ended by his
taking his hat and slamming the door behind him as he went to seek
diversion in some neighbor's barnyard. For her there was no
diversion. When the quarrel was over neither of them could
remember what had caused it.
Christmas brought a truce. By a tacit mutual understanding it was
agreed between them that on this day, if only for the children's sake,
there should be peace and some measure of goodwill.
The children were up with the dawn, uproariously and gloriously
happy over the few ten cent gimcracks that Jerry had brought home
the day before and that Judith had stuffed into their stockings. She
caught the infection of their happiness, laughed with them over the
antics of the Jack in the box and the monkey on a stick, and
beguiled them with descriptions of Santa Claus and his swift
reindeer, his home built of ice far up in the frozen north, his shop
where he and his wife work all year to make playthings for good
little boys and girls and his long, exciting gallops over the snow on
Christmas Eve.
Having done up his morning chores, Jerry, feeling leisurely and
luxurious in clean overalls, stretched himself in the rocking chair and
listened contentedly to the prattle of the mother and children,
showed the boys how to spin the tops and fell to carving them a
whistle apiece to supplement the toys that Santa Claus had brought.
Annie was happy with a doll which she hugged maternally to her
bosom, then absent-mindedly dragged about the floor by one leg.
Jerry had killed a hen the day before, and there was a gala dinner of
stewed chicken, hominy, sweet potatoes, and a boiled pudding with
sauce. They all gorged mightily.
After dinner Jerry took up his hat and strolled out through the
barnyard. Judith was left alone with the children, now grown cross
and fretful, the litter of broken toys and clutter of dirty dishes.
The dinner had been late, and it was after four o'clock and already
growing twilight in the room before she had washed the last greasy
pan. When she had finished everything and washed the table and
hung up the dishrag, she pushed the frowsy strands of hair back
from her face and sank into the rocking chair. Annie began to
whimper and, putting her little hand over her stomach, said that she
had a pain there. She gave the child a drink of water to help dissolve
the colored candy she had eaten, then took her up and rocked her,
crooning a song. The boys who had been wrangling all afternoon
and constantly appealing to her to settle their differences, now fell to
fighting, rolling over and over on the littered floor. She got up and
slapped them both smartly.
"Naow, then," she said, administering a last cuff to Billy, "you'd otta
think shame to yerse'ves, the way you been a-actin'. You jes set
right to work the both of you an' pick up all them things an' put 'em
in the box, an' don't let me hear nary word out'n you."
They subsided from loud wails to whimpers, then set to work
sullenly picking up the toys and throwing them noisily at the wooden
grocery box in which she had tried to train them to keep their things.
When they thought their mother was not looking, they angrily
nudged and pinched each other. Then, forgetting enmity, they began
to make a glorious game of it and threw the playthings in all
directions, trying to hit anything but the inside of the box. She tried
to tell herself that they were only children having childish fun; but to
her irritable nerves they seemed like little fiends. She felt a wild
impulse to turn her back on everything, even the sick baby, and flee
away along the roads, into the woods, anywhere where there was
quiet and peace.
She put up with the turmoil for a while, sitting with closed eyes
silently rocking the little girl. To the casual eye she looked passive
and acquiescent enough; but her whole body and soul were one
strung up tension of screaming protest. It was not until a tin railway
car hit her on the side of the head that she got up and slapped both
the boys again and reduced them once more to a sullen putting
away of the toys.
Jerry lurched into the house, his hat over one eye, smelling of
whiskey. He shambled into a seat by the stove, and she knew by the
evil looks he cast at her that he was in an ugly drunk, a strange
thing for him who was usually silly and good natured under the
effects of alcohol. As she caught his glowering eye the smoldering
sense of injury that she had been nursing all afternoon flared into
hate and fury. If it came to a test of ugliness she could be more than
his match, she told herself and her lips set together in grim lines.
Jerry saw the sinister setting of her mouth, and his own face
darkened into a black scowl.
Annie had fallen asleep, and she slipped off the child's shoes and
outer clothing and carried her into the other room. When she came
back the kitchen was almost dark. Jerry still sat by the stove, his
head sunk on his breast.
"Air you a-goin' to do the milkin' to-night?" she asked in a dry, dead
voice.
"No, I hain't."
She threw on an old cap and jacket, took up the milk bucket with an
emphatic rattle and bang and went out, slamming the door so that
the house shook.
When she came in again the room was so dark that she could hardly
see the outlines of things. The boys had dropped asleep on the old
sofa behind the stove. The fire had gone low and the room was
chilly. Jerry still sat by the stove, his head sunk lower on his breast.
She lit the lamp, strained the milk and mixed the corn cake batter,
then came by the stove to make up the fire. He bulked obstinately
between her and the woodbox. For a minute tense with their mutual
aversion she stood waiting for him to move.
"Air you a-goin' to move or hain't you?" she asked at last in the
same dry, dead voice.
He glanced up at her with a hateful leer, then dropped his head
again to his breast.
"I hain't."
For another moment she stood eyeing him with a look of
exasperation mingled with cold despisal. Then red fury burst in her
and she grasped the handle of the stove lifter.
"You git out o' that chair, you damn filthy haound. Hain't it enough
that I gotta spend the hull day scrapin' greasy burnt pans an' puttin'
up with them pesterin' young uns, 'ithout havin' you lurchin' in here
with a dirty drunk an' plantin' yer carcass right where I wanta git the
supper? I hain't in no humor to put up with none o' yer drunken
sulks. You git away from this yer stove an' do it mighty quick too."
He did not move nor even glance at her. He bulked big and sullen, a
silent affront.
Trembling all over she uttered a scream of rage and swung the stove
lifter in fury. It descended sharply on his skull.
With a thick curse he sprang up, wrenched the stove lifter from her
hand and flung it to the other end of the room. It fell into a pan of
milk and the milk splashed in every direction. Then, grasping her by
the shoulders, he began to shake her. He shook her so violently that
her teeth chattered and her furious screams of rage came in a shrill
tremolo hideous to hear. Like a tigress she struggled in his grasp. If
she had had a knife she would have plunged it into him.
Her frenzied struggles drew them close to the wall; and it was the
sound of her head beating with a hollow noise against the boards
that at last penetrated his drunken fury and brought him to his
senses. With the movement of one who drops hot iron, he let fall his
hands from her shoulders and fled out into the darkness, leaving the
door swinging open behind him.
 CHAPTER XXIII
That night she set up an old stretcher in the kitchen and made
herself a bed out of buggy robes and ragged quilts that had been
discarded and used as pads on the wagon seat. She used it the next
night and the night after that. It was a chilly and uncomfortable bed
and on cold nights she had to sleep in all her clothes; but week after
week went by and she showed no signs of wishing to leave it. After
a few contrite but clumsy attempts at reconciliation, Jerry, too, took
the stretcher as a thing accepted and permanent.
A sort of cold respect for each other grew up between them after
the quarrel on Christmas day. To both it had been a warning of the
abyss toward which they were tending, and they strove to maintain
the outer decencies of human intercourse. This was best done by
avoiding each other, having little to say and tending strictly to their
own affairs, interfering as little as possible with those of the other.
After their long siege of violent quarreling and mutual recrimination,
this silence that had settled down between them seemed almost like
peace. But at meals, over the corn cakes and rank salt hogmeat,
they looked at each other with hard, inimical eyes. When they spoke
it was in tones flat and dry from which all life had gone. A dreary
oppression, dull, heavy and deadening, weighed upon the breasts of
both of them, went with Jerry to the field and stayed with Judith as
she shambled about the kitchen. When he came in at night from the
field she rarely spoke or looked at him. Silently she slapped the corn
cakes and fried meat on his plate and they ate in a hostile silence
which was not disguised by the prattle and clamor of the children.
The stimulation that had come to Judith out of her determination to
have no more children died away as all stimulation must, leaving her
listless and slack. Daily she grew more slovenly about her work.
More and more her mind turned in upon itself, indifferent to her
surroundings, thinking its own thoughts. Through the dismal, shut-in
months of late winter and inclement spring she gradually drifted into
that way of life, perhaps because it was the only way in which she
could continue to endure the burden of existence.
When spring came at last in earnest and the mud dried up, Hat
came quite often to visit her and talked glibly of Luke's injustices, of
troubles with chickens and geese, of paper patterns and calicoes and
the latest bulletins from the "Farm Wife's Friend," and of new songs
that she had learned for the violin. She was rather glad of the break
these visits made in her monotony and envied Hat her diversity of
interests.
Once Hat came over with the triumphant news that she now had a
bank account of her own. She had sold the bay mare which was, she
declared, her rightful property; and before Luke could get hold of
the money had taken it to Clayton and deposited it.
"An' naow," she concluded, "I'll hev sumpin' woth while to think
about, seein' haow much I kin put to it."
Once she brushed a spider from her skirt.
"There, naow, Judy, that means a new dress. It's a sure sign. Jes fer
that I'll drive into taown to-morrer when Luke's to work an' buy me
the goods. Las' week I seen jes the piece I been a-wantin'."
And in truth Hat blossomed that spring in new dresses, frilled aprons
and sunbonnets. Preoccupied though Judith was with her own
misery, she could not help sensing a change in the bold, dark,
childless woman. Her talk consisted mainly of complaints about one
thing and another; and yet she gave Judith the feeling that she was
especially well satisfied with life and with herself. She seemed more
than usually self-assertive and blatant. She peered with more
insistent curiosity into all the details of her neighbor's household.
Shafts of excess vitality radiated from her and invaded irritatingly the
younger woman's languor and listlessness. Often in her presence
Judith was seized by a shrinking feeling as though she was a rabbit
and a bird of prey was hovering above her. Sometimes a strange
look sprang out of Hat's eyes, a look at once questioning, cunning,
mocking, and triumphant. It flashed only for the swiftest moment,
then retired behind the mask of impassivity with which country
people cover their faces.
It was in April that they took Joe Barnaby's wife, Bessie Maud, away
to the insane asylum. For a long time she had been given to fits of
destructiveness, when she would break dishes, smash window panes
and try to tear up the furniture. These fits had of late been more
frequent and violent. One day in April she was seized with this urge
to destroy, and building a bonfire in the yard had thrown onto it
chairs, bedding, and clothes. She had done such things before; but
this time her mania had taken a worse turn. Joe, seeing the smoke
from the fire and knowing only too well what it meant, had run up
just in time to save the baby, which she was about to throw into the
flames. That night they took her away to the asylum. It was too bad,
the neighbors all told each other. But it wasn't as bad as it would
have been a few years earlier when the children were all small. Now
Ruby, the eldest girl, was eleven and big enough to cook the meals
and take care of the baby; and at last Joe would know what it was
to have peace in his house, and that was something.
One Saturday afternoon in May Jerry had gone to town for groceries
and was late getting home. When Judith had given the children their
supper and they had run away to play she sat on the doorstep to
watch the sunset, leaving the flies to swarm over the unwashed
dishes. It occurred to her that perhaps Bessie Maud had not been
able to draw comfort out of the sunset and the late twitter of birds,
and that was why life had gone so hard with her.
The sky was streaked with bands of light cirrus cloud, like sheep's
wool washed and teased apart. White and fleecy and ranked in
regular rows, they spread out over half the heavens like a great
feather fan. Toward the earth they gradually thickened until they
formed a solid bank. As the sun sank behind this bank, the light,
fleecy clouds, which grew sparser, finer and whiter as they neared
the zenith, took on a soft flush that turned the whole western sky
into a harmony of faint rose and tender blue.
Jabez Moorhouse, passing with a hayfork over his shoulder, stopped
for a few moments' chat; and they looked at the sky together,
talking of crops and of rain.
As they looked the faint, frail pink gradually deepened into a richer
rose, then glowed for a few passionate moments the color of intense
flame. The little delicate shreds high up in the sky were each a
slender whiff of spun gold, fine and pure. The under edges of the
clouds burned with the amber and scarlet of flame against a
background of shaded grays and purples. The grayish purple bank
that lay along the horizon was slashed here and there by bright
swords of fire. The burning clouds hung low, as if one might reach
up and touch them. A rosy flush hung over everything.
It seemed as if no color could be warmer, deeper, richer. And yet
incredibly as they gazed it grew before their eyes richer, warmer,
deeper, more vivid and intense, more full of living fire, until Judith
involuntarily held her breath in sympathy with nature in this her
supreme moment.
Short-lived it was, like every other supreme moment. A second after
it had reached the height of its intensity it began to fade and fall
away into ashes. As if a cold breath had passed over them, the little
tendrils of spun gold in the zenith turned almost instantly to gray.
Lower down the deeper colors lost their glow more slowly, melting
back into the surrounding purple. Soon there was left nothing but a
somber interweaving of purple gray and dull magenta.
"It's a heap like a man's life, hain't it," said Jabez, spitting into the
grass. "It begins happy an' simple, like them innocent pinks an'
blues; then turns flame colored when he grows to be a man an'
learns to know the love o' wimmin. But it don't stay that color long.
Fust thing you know it's gray, like his hair, what he has left of it.
Yaas, Judy, the young time's the on'y time. It's the same in dawgs
an' mules, an' the breath they draw hain't no diff'rent from ourn."
Looking at his bowed knees and shoulders, his great seamed hands,
his weatherbeaten face and the grizzled locks that curled behind his
big ears and straggled over the brick-red creases of his neck, she
thought how coarsened was every part of him except the fine,
delicate lines about his mouth.
"Hain't life woth livin', Uncle Jabez?" she asked.
He laughed a short, harsh laugh and fell silent.
"Waal, I dunno, Judy," he said at last, meditatively shifting his quid
of tobacco. "I reckon it makes a big diff'rence who you live it with
an' a bigger diff'rence yet what work yuh lay yer hand to. Both o'
them things, as I see it, is a matter of luck. An' if luck hain't with yuh
—"
"Luck hain't been with you, Uncle Jabez?"
"Well, I reckon not. When I was a young feller I dearly loved to play
on the fiddle. I thought about fiddlin' all day an' dreamed about it all
night. But there wa'n't nobody to learn me haow to play, an' I didn't
have much chanct to try to learn myse'f, 'cause as soon as I was big
enough I had to make a hand in the field same's other boys. I was
raised up in one o' the dark counties where they grow the dark
terbaccer.
"When I was nineteen I married a purty, light-headed little gal, an'
for a while I forgot all about the fiddle. I loved that woman, Judy. I
poured out my heart like water for her. After a while I faound out
she liked another feller better'n me, an' I told her she'd best go off
with him. After she was gone I learned I'd been the laughin' stock o'
the whole countryside fer months. I was the last to find out about
the other feller. Sech things, you know, Judy, comes to every pair of
ears but one."
He paused and looked meaningly at her. She avoided his looks,
pulled a blade of ribbon grass and began splitting it between her
long fingers.
"Well," he went on, "when I faound that out I took my clothes on
the end of a stick an' come over here where nobody knowed me.
Since then I've lived a spell with diff'rent wimmin' but I hain't never
let none of 'em git a holt on the tender end o' my feelin's. They cud
quit me termorrer or hev all the other men they liked fer all o' me.
By sech way o' livin' a man gits peace, but not much besides.
Wimmin won't stay long with a man that feels that way. Naow, I'm
old an' eat my morsel alone, I feel more satisfied than when I had a
woman in the house. I kin go an' come when I like, eat when I like,
smoke an' drink all I like, set over the stove of evenin's as late as I
like, work as little as I like. Sech life suits me purty good."
He paused and looked at her with a fine, sad smile of gentle irony.
How delicate, how inexpressibly fine and delicate, she thought, were
the lines about his mouth.
"Which would have meant more to you," she asked, "the fiddle or
the woman?"
He came and sat down on the step beside her.
"I reckon the fiddle, Judy. The world's chuck full o' wimmin; but a
man hain't got but one set o' gifts. If I could a learnt to play the
fiddle good I'd like enough forgot her long ago an' loved some other
woman. As it was, I couldn't take my mind away from thinkin' about
her. An' the kinder hard part of it is, if I saw the woman again to-day
she wouldn't mean no more to me than any other woman. On'y the
feelin's I had for her then I hain't never been able to forget."
"An' air you glad you're alive right naow?"
"I can't say I hain't, Judy. I reckon livin's made up more out of a lot
o' little things than any one big thing; an' there's a heap o' little
things I git injoyment out'n. Mebbe there hain't nobody in Scott
County likes a smoke an' a chew better'n what I do. Terbaccer an' a
quiet back door yard—sun 'ithout no wind—an' my mornin' glories
an' rose bushes to look at, them things gives peace and comfort,
Judy. Naow, I hain't got no woman araound to sweep me off'n the
stoop, I set there through a good many mornin's. I like my coffee an'
corncake an' my bit o' fried hogmeat when I git up; an' after it I like
my pipe with the blue an' gray streams o' smoke a-driftin' up into a
sunbeam an' a-curlin' raound among the little specks o' dust. I like
to hear hens sing an' cackle an' watch kittens play an' dawgs stretch
theirse'ves in the warm sun an' growl in their sleep a-dreamin'
they're nippin' the heels o' caows. I like the fust feel o' spring with
frogs singin' in the holler, an' the fust nip o' frost in fall, the smell o'
burnin' leaves an' cold, yaller sunsets. You stand a long time in the
gray cold an' look at them; an' when you go in it's dark inside an'
you make up a fire an' it feels good. I like to see the low sun shine
along a field o' young corn in spring an' through a grapevine in
September. I like the sound o' rain on the roof an' snow drivin' past
the winder when the wind whistles in the chimley. An' when there
hain't much outdoors but mud an' clouds I like fire. Fire's a rare fine
thing, Judy. Naow I hain't got no woman araound I kin set over it all
I like. Sometimes when I set late over the blaze my thoughts runs a
bit gloomy; but that hain't the fault of the fire. I git to thinkin' about
when I was young an' life was ahead o' me an' I'm like Jerusalem
that remembers in the day of her affliction an' her miseries all her
pleasant things that were from the days of old. When sech thoughts
gits too bitter, there's sumpin that's more comfortin' yet than fire, an'
that's whiskey, good strong corn whiskey."
"Why do you drink so much whiskey, Uncle Jabez?"
"'Cause when I got whiskey warmin' my belly I feel like I was really
the man I onct hoped I was goin' to be. Hain't that reason enough,
Judy? I'm a old man now an' my spirit's broke, an' a broken spirit
dries up the bones. I gotta hev a drink now an' then to limber me
up. You know the Bible says: 'Give strong drink to him that is ready
to perish an' wine onto the bitter in soul. Let him drink an' forget his
poverty an' remember his misery no more.'"
The last words vibrated into the gathering night like a melancholy
bell.
"Then you air bitter in soul, Uncle Jabez, spite of all the things you
enjoy?"
"Yes, Judy, I can't say I hain't."
In the pause that followed he turned his head and looked at her
keenly. She was sitting staring out toward the disappearing horizon,
her shoulders sagging, her arms hanging limply at her sides.
Lassitude physical and spiritual spoke in her blank face and slumping
body.
"It makes me feel bad, Judy, to see you go like all the rest of us, you
that growed up so strong an' handsome, so full o' life an' spirits. I've
watched you sence you was a baby growin' like a pink rosebud, an'
then blossomin', so beautiful to see. And now—"
Huskily his voice went silent. He made squares and triangles on the
ground with his heel.
"Sometimes I've thought that mebbe if you an' me'd been of an age,
an' not me near old enough to be your grandaddy, you an' me
together, Judy, might a made sumpin out of our lives, anyway got in
a little play along with the grind. Mebbe so, mebbe not. Whichever
way it don't do no good to figger about it—ner no harm neither."
He smiled again his fine, dry smile.
After he was gone and she had watched his broad, bowed back
disappear down the side of the ridge, she sat looking out across the
wide expanse of country to the horizon. The glow of the sunset had
faded and there was nothing left but a few broken horizontal bars of
pale saffron, backed by gray and lavender. Between her eyes and
the saffron bars the long stretch of hills and valleys was sinking
swiftly into darkness. They looked at her palely across the gloom-
filled distance with a sad, horizontal gaze, sad and level, like her
own.
At last she got up abruptly from the doorstep and went into the
house and to the bottom shelf in the cupboard where Jerry kept his
rarely used demijohn of whiskey. She took out the corncob stopper,
poured a few spoonfuls into a teacup and tasted it gingerly. It
burned her lips and throat and some of it went down the wrong way.
She made a wry face, coughed, gagged, rushed to the water bucket
and drank a dipperful of water, then slackly set about gathering up
the supper dishes.
She made no further attempt to find the cheer that lay in the
demijohn; but as the weeks went by something of Jabez' poise and
calm seemed to have settled on her spirit. Often, thinking of their
talk and seeing in memory his fine, sad smile, the irritations of the
household fell away from her and she seemed as if enfolded in a
twilight peace. Having discovered its charm, she began to wear this
memory as an amulet.
Through the spring and summer she spent much of her time in the
garden and barnyard, leaving the house to clean itself. She raised
chickens, geese, and turkeys and even bought a pair of rabbits from
Aunt Selina and started a little rabbit colony in hutches built against
the south side of the shed. Here the children were happy running
about barefoot, digging in little gardens of their own, feeding the
geese and chickens and poking carrots and clover into the rabbit
hutches; and for the first time in their lives the mother and children
moved together in harmony. When Jerry came home from the field
and found them in the yard shutting up the broods of little chicks for
the night and listened to their excited chatter and prattle, he passed
on into the house feeling lonely and morose.
"I reckon I hain't much good here fer anything but to fetch in the
money fer the shoes an' groceries," he said to himself, as he
splashed the water over his face.
The young fellows were back from the war now—those who had not
been killed. Ziemer Whitmarsh came home shell-shocked and good
for nothing. He hung about the neighbors' barnyards drooling silly
talk and remembering nothing. "What could you expect," everybody
said, "when it was in the family anyway?"
"A sword is upon the boasters an' they shall become fools," Jabez
Moorhouse was heard to mutter, as he looked after him with a shrug
that was half pity, half contempt.
Marsh Gibbs bragged unceasingly about his exploits and his power
to turn shot and shell and was listened to with respectful interest
until it became known that he had got no further than Panama,
where he had done nothing more exciting and dangerous than drive
a mule team.
With the return of the men from the war an infectious restlessness
and discontent pervaded the barnyards. The talk was all of hard
times, of war prices that were not coming down and of the
foolishness of bothering with tobacco. Some spoke of moving over
into Indiana, others of going to Cincinnati, though few had the
courage or money to go beyond talk. There was much robbing of
hen roosts and stables and a general and oft expressed feeling
among the old folks that things were going from bad to worse.
With August the grasshoppers came in great numbers. Luke Wolf
said it was the hard times that brought them. Grasshoppers and
hard times, he declared, were never far apart. However they did
little to make the times harder, as they could do but small damage to
the crops. Tobacco they would not touch and corn was beyond their
reach. They were a bit hard on alfalfa and garden stuff, but they
made up for it by fattening the geese and turkeys.
It gave pleasure to Judith and delight to the children to tend and
watch the little chicks and geese and turkeys as they grew into
strong, stocky birds. And at sundown, when they all came up to the
roosts, the yard was as crowded and busy as a town on fair day,
noisy too with the crowing, quacking and gobbling of the young
males who grew daily in self-importance. But as the fall came on and
the young turkeys ranged further afield and found abundance of
food and grasshoppers, they began to fail to come up for the
evening scatter of corn, a tree in the woods often seeming to them a
pleasanter roosting place than the barn roof. Judith did not like to
have them roosting away from home. She knew that if any of the
neighbors happened upon them they would disappear one by one.
Once, when she had not seen them for several days, she left the
children with Aunt Selina in the late afternoon and started out to
look for them. Loitering through the late glow of the September day
she half forgot the turkeys in the pleasure that came to her from
asters and goldenrod, red maples, and yellow beeches. Almost
without thinking what she was doing she began to stray along the
path that led in the direction of the old shanty between the hills.
When she came within sight of the deserted house, the roof of
which was just visible above the rank growth surrounding it, she
stood for a moment looking across the last red shafts of sunlight
that fell toward it through the trees. A half smile of weary cynicism
lifted her upper lip, and with a scarcely perceptible shrug she was
about to turn away.
Suddenly she drew quickly back behind the trunk of a tree.
Peeping around the tree, like a child playing hide and seek, she saw
Hat Wolf appear on the outer edge of the shrubbery that grew about
the old house. As she came out, Hat craned her neck and peered
cautiously on all sides, scanning carefully the length and breadth of
the hollow and the hillsides beyond up to the rim of the sky line. At
last, feeling satisfied that no one was looking, she bolted as fast as
she could, and her great hips and broad back were soon lost from
sight in the nearest thicket.
It was turkeys that usually took Hat away from home. Judith looked
around for turkeys. There was not a turkey in sight, nor, strain her
ears as she might, could she catch any sound suggestive of their
near presence. Perhaps some other business than to see if turkeys
were making it a resting place had brought Hat to the old house.
Judith had begun to shrewdly suspect what the business might be
when she was confirmed in her conjecture by seeing a man emerge
from the thicket in the same place that Hat had appeared. He did
not peer about as Hat had done but walked away slowly, his head
sunk on his breast, his hands plunged deep in his pockets, careless
whether he was seen or not. In the dim light she did not recognize
him at the first glance. When she looked again she saw that it was
Jerry.
A hot wave of anger surged through her, her fists clenched and for
the moment her whole being was one great hatred of Hat. Then a
dozen conflicting emotions seized upon her, seeking to claim her at
the same time. She wanted to run after Hat and spit in her face and
call her the names that rose unbidden to her tongue. At the same
moment she wanted to run in the opposite direction after Jerry and
say to him things that she knew could bring the twitch of agony to
his features. This desire had hardly risen in her when it was merged
into the impulse to throw her arms about his neck and weep away
her storm of struggling passions on his breast. He alone she knew
had power to comfort her. But could she go to him for comfort? No,
nothing in the world should make her go to him.
For a long time she was unable to gather herself together. Her whole
being seemed some inert, passive instrument through which
impulses, thoughts and feelings came and went of their own accord
without any power of her will to control them. Thoughts of Hat made
her clench her fists again and flare with lightning flashes of anger.
Thoughts of Jerry brought mingled emotions that, whether she
would or not, fought frantically within her. Helplessly she fluttered
and struggled like an old rag blown this way and that in some bleak
dooryard where the winds meet.
Gradually the struggle weakened, and the old cold oppression closed
down upon her, stonier, more inexorable than before. She felt
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookball.com