DBMS Practical’s All

Practical 01
CREATE DATABSE Aniket;

Use Aniket;

CREATE TABLE Employees (EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, FirstName VARCHAR(50),

LastName VARCHAR(50), Age INT,

Department VARCHAR(50), Salary DECIMAL(10, 2));

insert into Employees values (101,'Aniket', 'Suryawanshi',21,'CSE',600000),

(102,'Adesh','Madhurkar',22,'IT',700000), (103,'Purva','Meherar',23,'AI_ML',800000),
(104,'Siddhi','Nikam',21,'CSE',900000),(105,'Yojana','Waghulde',22,'IT',500000);

-- Alter Table Add Column

ALTER TABLE Employees ADD Email VARCHAR(100);

-- Drop Column

ALTER TABLE Employees DROP COLUMN Age ;

-- Modify Column

ALTER TABLE Employees MODIFY COLUMN Salary DECIMAL(12, 2);

-- Drop Table

DROP TABLE Employees;

 Practical 02

CREATE TABLE Employes (

EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY,

FirstName VARCHAR(50),

LastName VARCHAR(50),Age INT, Department VARCHAR(50), Salary DECIMAL(10, 2));

-- Insert values

INSERT INTO Employes (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Age, Department, Salary)

VALUES (2, 'suraj', 'Mane', 28, 'IT', 60000.00), (3, 'Adesh', 'Madhurkar', 35, 'Marketing',
55000.00), (4, 'Yojana', 'Waghulde', 40, 'Finance', 70000.00);

UPDATE Employees SET Salary = 65000, Department = 'Management' WHERE

EmployeeID = 2;

-- Deleting a specific record

DELETE FROM Employees WHERE EmployeeID = 3;

-- Deleting all records (be cautious with this)

DELETE FROM Employees;

 Practical 03
CREATE TABLE Employees0 (EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, FirstName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50), Age INT, Department VARCHAR(50), Salary DECIMAL(10, 2));

INSERT INTO Employees0 (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Age, Department,

Salary) VALUES (2, 'Adesh', 'Madhurkar', 28, 'IT', 60000.00), (3, 'Suraj', 'Mane', 35,
'Marketing', 55000.00), (4, 'Anna', 'Davis', 40, 'Finance', 70000.00);

SELECT ABS(-15); -- Result: 15 -- ABS() returns the absolute value

SELECT ROUND(123.4567, 2); -- ROUND() rounds the number to 2 decimal places

SELECT CEIL(123.45); -- CEIL() returns the smallest int >= to the number

SELECT FLOOR(123.45); -- FLOOR() returns the largest integer <= to the number

-- Aggregate Functions

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees; -- Returns the total number of employees

SELECT SUM(Salary) FROM Employees; -- Returns the sum of all employee salaries

SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM Employees; -- Returns the average salary

SELECT MAX(Salary) FROM Employees; -- Returns the highest salary

SELECT MIN(Salary) FROM Employees; -- Returns the lowest salary

-- Character Functions

SELECT CONCAT(FirstName, ' ', LastName) AS FullName FROM Employees0;

SELECT LENGTH(FirstName) FROM Employees0; -- Returns the length of the first name

SELECT UPPER(FirstName) FROM Employees0; -- Converts FirstName to uppercase

SELECT LOWER(LastName) FROM Employees0; -- Converts LastName to lowercase

SELECT SUBSTRING(FirstName, 1, 3) FROM Employees0; -- Extracts first 3 characters

of FirstName

-- Conversion Functions

-- CAST() converts a data type to another type

-- Date Functions

-- CURRENT_DATE() returns the current date

SELECT CURRENT_DATE(); -- Result: 2025-04-09 (example)

-- NOW() returns the current date and time

SELECT NOW(); -- Result: 2025-04-09 14:30:00 (example)

-- DATEADD() adds an interval (e.g., 30 days) to a date

-- SELECT DATEADD(DAY, 30, HireDate) FROM Employee; -- Adds 30 days to each

employee's HireDate

-- DATEDIFF() calculates the di erence between two dates

SELECT DATEDIFF(CURRENT_DATE, HireDate) FROM Employee; -- Returns the number

of days since the employee's hire date

-- YEAR(), MONTH(), and DAY() extract parts of a date

SELECT YEAR(HireDate) FROM Employee; -- Extracts the year from the HireDate

SELECT MONTH(HireDate) FROM Employee; -- Extracts the month from the HireDate

SELECT DAY(HireDate) FROM Employee; -- Extracts the day from the HireDate
 Practical 04
CREATE TABLE Employeee12 (EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, FirstName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50), Age INT, Department VARCHAR(50), Salary DECIMAL(10, 2));

INSERT INTO Employeee12 (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Age, Department,

Salary)

VALUES (2, 'Adesh', 'Madhurkar', 28, 'IT', 60000.00), (3, 'Suraj', 'Mane', 35, 'HR', 55000.00),
(4, 'Anna', 'Davis', 40, 'Finance', 70000.00);

-- Arithmatic Operators

SELECT 10 + 5; -- Result: 15

SELECT 10 - 5; -- Result: 5

SELECT 10 * 5; -- Result: 50

SELECT 10 / 5; -- Result: 2

SELECT 10 % 3; -- Result: 1(Remainder)

-- Logical Operators

-- AND operator: Both conditions must be true

SELECT * FROM Employeee12 WHERE Age > 30 AND Department = 'HR';

-- OR operator: Either condition must be true

SELECT * FROM Employeee12 WHERE Department = 'HR' OR Department = 'Finance';

-- NOT operator: Reverses the condition

SELECT * FROM Employeee12 WHERE NOT Department = 'HR'; -- Returns all

employees except those in HR

-- Comparision operators

-- Equal to (=)

SELECT * FROM Employeee12 WHERE Department = 'HR';

-- Not equal to (<> or !=)

SELECT * FROM Employeee12 WHERE Department <> 'HR';

-- Greater than (>)

SELECT * FROM Employeee12 WHERE Salary > 50000;

-- Less than (<)

SELECT * FROM Employeee12 WHERE Age < 30;

-- Greater than or equal to (>=)

SELECT * FROM Employeee12 WHERE Salary >= 60000;

-- Less than or equal to (<=)

SELECT * FROM Employeee12 WHERE Age <= 40;

-- BETWEEN: Selects values within a range

SELECT * FROM Employeee12 WHERE Salary BETWEEN 40000 AND 60000;

-- LIKE: Used for pattern matching

SELECT * FROM Employeee12 WHERE FirstName LIKE 'J%'; -- names starting with 'J'

-- IN: Matches any value in a list

SELECT * FROM Employeee12

WHERE Department IN ('HR', 'IT', 'Finance');

-- Set Operations

-- UNION: Combines two queries and removes duplicates

SELECT FirstName FROM Employeee12 WHERE Department = 'HR'

UNION

SELECT FirstName FROM Employeee12 WHERE Department = 'Finance';

-- UNION ALL: Combines two queries and keeps duplicates

SELECT FirstName FROM Employeee12 WHERE Department = 'HR'

UNION ALL

SELECT FirstName FROM Employeee12 WHERE Department = 'Finance';

 Practical 05
CREATE TABLE Employ1 (EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, FirstName VARCHAR(50),

LastName VARCHAR(50), Age INT, DepartmentID int, Department VARCHAR(50), Salary

DECIMAL(10, 2));

CREATE TABLE Departmentss1(DepartmentName varchar(20),DepartmentID int);

insert into Departmentss1 values("IT",101), ("HR",102), ("Finance",103);

INSERT INTO Employ1 (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Age, Department, Salary)

VALUES (2, 'Adesh', 'Madhurkar', 28, 'IT', 60000.00), (3, 'Suraj', 'Mane', 35, 'HR', 55000.00),
(4, 'Anna', 'Davis', 40, 'Finance', 70000.00);

-- INNER JOIN

SELECT Employ1.FirstName, Employ1.LastName, Departmentss1.DepartmentName

FROM Employ1 INNER JOIN Departmentss1

ON Employ1.DepartmentID = Departmentss1.DepartmentID;

-- outer join

SELECT Employ1.FirstName, Employ1.LastName, Departmentss1.DepartmentName

FROM Employ1 LEFT JOIN Departmentss1

ON Employ1.DepartmentID = Departmentss1.DepartmentID;

-- Natiural join

SELECT Employ1.FirstName, Employ1.LastName, Departmentss1.DepartmentName

FROM Employ1 NATURAL JOIN Departmentss1;

-- CROSS JOIN

SELECT Employ1.FirstName, Departmentss1.DepartmentName

FROM Employ1 CROSS JOIN Departmentss1;

 Practical 06
create table sales(OrderID int, ProductID int,Quantity int,SalesDate int);

insert into sales values (1,101,3,2025-4-1), (2,102,4,2025-4-1), (3,103,5,2025-4-2),

(4,104,6,2025-4-3), (5,105,7,2025-4-2);

-- Group By & Having clause

SELECT ProductID, SUM(Quantity) AS TotalQuantity FROM Sales GROUP BY ProductID

HAVING SUM(Quantity) > 4;

-- Order By Clause

SELECT ProductID, Quantity, SalesDate FROM Sales ORDER BY ProductID ASC,

Quantity DESC;

-- Indexing

CREATE TABLE Employy (EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, FirstName VARCHAR(50),

LastName VARCHAR(50), Age INT, Department VARCHAR(50), Salary DECIMAL(10, 2));

INSERT INTO Employy (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Age, Department, Salary)

VALUES (2, 'Jane', 'Smith', 28, 'IT', 60000.00), (3, 'Sam', 'Brown', 35, 'Marketing',
55000.00), (4, 'Anna', 'Davis', 40, 'Finance', 70000.00);

CREATE INDEX idx_lastname ON Employy (LastName);

SELECT * FROM Employy WHERE LastName = 'Doe';

-- Composite Index

CREATE INDEX idx_dept_lastname ON Employy (Department, LastName);

SELECT * FROM Employy WHERE Department = 'IT' AND LastName = 'Smith';

 Practical 07
create table Employeese11 (EmployeeID int,Name varchar(20),Department
varchar(20),salary decimal(10,2));

insert into Employeese11 values(1,"john","HR",50000), (2,"jane","IT",60000),

(3,"Mane","Finance",70000), (4,"Suraj","It",75000);

-- Single Row Subquery

SELECT Name, Salary FROM Employeese11 WHERE Salary > (SELECT Salary FROM
Employeese11 WHERE Name = 'Mane');

-- Multiple-Row Subquery

SELECT Name, Department FROM Employeese11 WHERE Department IN (SELECT

Department FROM Employeese11 GROUP BY Department HAVING AVG(Salary) >
60000);

-- 3: Correlated Subquery

SELECT Name, Department, Salary FROM Employeese11 e1 WHERE Salary > (SELECT
AVG(Salary) FROM Employeese11 e2 WHERE e1.Department = e2.Department);

-- Views

CREATE VIEW EmployeeInfo1 AS SELECT Name, Department FROM Employeese11;

SELECT * FROM EmployeeInfo1;

-- 2: Creating a View with Aggregate Functions

CREATE VIEW Department Salaries1 ASSELECT Department, SUM(Salary) AS

TotalSalary FROM Employeese11 GROUP BY Department;

SELECT * FROM DepartmentSalaries1;

-- 3: Using Views for Security

CREATE VIEW EmployeeWithoutSalary1 AS SELECT Name, Department FROM

Employeese11;

SELECT * FROM EmployeeWithoutSalary1;

 Practical 08
-- 1. NOT NULL Constraint

CREATE TABLE Employees1 (EmployeeID INT NOT NULL, Name VARCHAR(100) NOT
NULL, Department VARCHAR(50));

-- 2. UNIQUE Constraint

CREATE TABLE Employees2(EmployeeID INT UNIQUE, Name VARCHAR(100), Email

VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE);

-- PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINTS

CREATE TABLE Employees3 (EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(100),

Department VARCHAR(50));

-- 4. FOREIGN KEY Constraint

CREATE TABLE Departments1 (DepartmentID INT PRIMARY KEY, DepartmentName

VARCHAR(100));

CREATE TABLE Employees4 (EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(100),

DepartmentID INT, FOREIGN KEY (DepartmentID) REFERENCES
Departments1(DepartmentID));

-- Check CONSTRAINTS

CREATE TABLE Employees5 (EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(100),

Salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (Salary > 0));

-- Index Constraints

CREATE INDEX idx_name ON Employees1 (Name);

-- Miultiple Constraints

CREATE TABLE Employees7 (EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(100) NOT
NULL, Email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE, DepartmentID INT,

Salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (Salary > 0), DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE, FOREIGN
KEY (DepartmentID) REFERENCES Departments1(DepartmentID));
 Practical 09
USE practicals;

-- Step 2: Drop Table if Already Exists

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS students;

-- Step 3: Create the Students Table

CREATE TABLE students1 (id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(50), age INT);

-- Step 4: Start of First Transaction (Inserting Records and Committing)

BEGIN;

-- Inserting Student Records

INSERT INTO students1 (id, name, age) VALUES (1, 'Adesh', 18);

INSERT INTO students1 (id, name, age) VALUES (2, 'Suraj', 21);

INSERT INTO students1 (id, name, age) VALUES (3, 'Aditya', 22);

-- Committing the First Transaction

COMMIT;

-- Step 5: Displaying Records After First Transaction

SELECT * FROM students1;

-- Step 6: Start of Second Transaction (Using Savepoint and Rollback)

BEGIN;

-- Inserting Additional Records

INSERT INTO students1 (id, name, age) VALUES (4, 'Yojana', 20);

INSERT INTO students1 (id, name, age) VALUES (5, 'Sakshi', 19);

-- Creating Savepoint sp1

SAVEPOINT sp1;

-- Updating a Record

UPDATE students1 SET age = 23 WHERE name = 'Vishal';

-- Creating Another Savepoint sp2

SAVEPOINT sp2;

-- Deleting a Record

DELETE FROM students WHERE name = 'Sakshi';

-- Rolling Back to Savepoint sp2 (Restores Deleted Record)

ROLLBACK TO sp2;

-- Rolling Back to Savepoint sp1 (Reverts Age Update)

ROLLBACK TO sp1;

-- Committing the Final State of Second Transaction

COMMIT;

-- Step 7: Displaying Final Records

SELECT * FROM students1;

 Practical 10
use practicals;

-- Create a new user 'app_user' that can connect from localhost

CREATE USER 'app_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'app_password';

-- Create another user 'report_user' that can connect from any host (%)

CREATE USER 'report_user'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'report123';

-- (Later, if needed) Delete a user

DROP USER 'old_user'@'localhost';

-- Grant the 'CREATE TABLE' privilege to 'app_user' on the 'my_india_app_db'

database

GRANT CREATE tablespace ON practicals.* TO 'app_user'@'localhost';

-- Grant SELECT privilege on all tables in 'my_india_app_db' to 'report_user'

GRANT SELECT ON practicals.* TO 'report_user'@'%';

-- Create a role 'data_modifier' with INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE privileges

CREATE ROLE 'data_modifier';

GRANT INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON practicals.* TO 'data_modifier';

-- Grant the 'data_modifier' role to 'app_user'

GRANT 'data_modifier' TO 'app_user'@'localhost';

-- (Later, if needed) Revoke the 'CREATE TABLE' privilege from 'app_user'

REVOKE CREATE TABLE ON my_india_app_db.* FROM 'app_user'@'localhost';

-- (Later, if needed) Revoke the 'data_modifier' role from 'app_user'

REVOKE 'data_modifier' FROM 'app_user'@'localhost';

-- (Later, if needed) Revoke the SELECT privilege from 'report_user'

REVOKE SELECT ON my_india_app_db.* FROM 'report_user'@'%';