21EES101T-ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICSENGINEERING
EEE-UNIT 3

Machines and Drives

Construction and working principle of DC machines-
Construction and Working principle of a single-phase
Transformer- Construction and working of three phase Inductor
motor, BLDC motor, PMSM, Stepper and Servo motor -
Introduction to Electrical Drives-Block diagram explanation of
chopper fed DC drives, Selection of drives for real time
applications (cranes/EV/ Pumping applications)
Practice on chopper applications, Demo on DC& AC machines

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Construction and working principle
of DC machines-
• https://youtu.be/mq2zjmS8UMI?si=RaUj4LgP
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Construction and working principle
of DC machines-

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 Construction of DC machine

Cutaway view of a dc motor Stator with poles visible.

(Rotor-Armature)

No need to draw this diagrams in exam

 Construction of DC machine

segments

Rotor of a dc motor.

brushes
No need to draw this diagrams in exam
DC Motor
DC Motor
No need to draw this diagram
in exam 11
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Single Phase Transformer

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 Single Phase Transformer
Principle of operation
The transformer works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction. In this case, the conductors
are stationary and the magnetic flux is varying with
respect to time. Thus, the induced emf comes under the
classification of statically induced emf.

The transformer is a static piece of apparatus used to transfer electrical energy

from one circuit to another. The two circuits are magnetically coupled. One of the
circuits is energized by connecting it to a supply at specific voltage magnitude,
frequency and waveform. Then, we have a mutually induced voltage available
across the second circuit at the same frequency and waveform but with a change
in voltage magnitude if desired. These aspects are indicated in Fig.

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Construction
The following are the essential requirements of a transformer:
(a) A good magnetic core
(b) Two windings
(c) A time varying magnetic flux
The transformer core is generally laminated and is made
out of a good magnetic material such as transformer steel or
silicon steel. Such a material has high relative permeability and
low hysteresis loss. In order to reduce the eddy current loss, the
core is made up of laminations of iron. ie, the core is made up of
thin sheets of steel, each lamination being insulated from others 15
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THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

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PMSM

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BLDC Motor

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No need to draw this diagrams in exam
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How Does A Brushless DC Motor Work?
BLDC Motor operation is based on the attraction or repulsion
between magnetic poles. Using the three-phase motor as shown in
figure below, the process starts when current flows through one of the
three stator windings and generates a magnetic pole that attracts the
closest permanent magnet of opposite pole.
The rotor will move if the current shifts to an adjacent winding.
Sequentially charging each winding will cause the rotor to follow in a
rotating field. The torque in this example depends on the current
amplitude and the number of turns on the stator windings, the strength
and the size of the permanent magnets, the air gap between the rotor
and the windings, and the length of the rotating arm.

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No need to draw this diagrams in exam

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 Stepper Motor

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 Why Stepper Motor?
• Motor that moves one step at a time
➢ A digital version of an electric motor
➢ Each step is defined by a Step Angle
• Relatively inexpensive
• Ideal for open loop positioning control − Can be implemented
without feedback − Minimizes sensing devices − Just count the
steps
• Torque − Holds its position firmly when not turning − Eliminates
mechanical brakes − Produces better torque than DC motors at
lower speeds
• Positioning applications

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 Types of Stepping Motors

• Permanent Magnet

− Magnetic rotor

• Variable Reluctance

− Non-magnetic, geared rotor

• Hybrid

− Combines characteristics from PM and VR

− Magnetic, geared rotor

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 Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
• It consists of a wound stator and a soft iron multi-tooth rotor.

• The stator has a stack of silicon steel laminations on which stator windings are
wound.

• Usually, it is wound for three phases which are distributed between the pole
pairs.

• The rotor carries no windings and is of salient pole type made entirely of
slotted steel laminations.

• The rotor pole’s projected teeth have the same width as that of stator teeth.

• The number of poles on stator differs to that of rotor poles, which provides the
ability to self start and bidirectional rotation of the motor.

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Cross section model of 3-ph VR stepper motor and winding
arrangement

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 VR Stepper motor has following modes of
operation

1. 1 phase ON (or) Full step operation mode

2. 2 phase ON mode

3. Alternate 1 phase ON and 2 phase ON mode (or) Half

step operation mode

4. Micro stepping operation mode

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 Working of Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
• The stepper motor works on the principle that the rotor aligns in a
particular position with the teeth of the excitation pole in a
magnetic circuit wherein minimum reluctance path exist.
• Whenever power is applied to the motor and by exciting a
particular winding, it produces its magnetic field and develops its
own magnetic poles.
• Due to the residual magnetism in the rotor magnet poles, it will
cause the rotor to move in such a position so as to achieve
minimum reluctance position and hence one set of poles of rotor
aligns with the energized set of poles of the stator.
• At this position, the axis of the stator magnetic field matches with
the axis passing through any two magnetic poles of the rotor.

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• When the rotor aligns with stator poles, it has enough magnetic force to
hold the shaft from moving to the next position, either in clockwise or
counter clockwise direction.
• The stepper motor works on the principle that the rotor aligns in a
particular position with the teeth of the excitation pole in a magnetic circuit
wherein minimum reluctance path exist.
• Whenever power is applied to the motor and by exciting a particular
winding, it produces its magnetic field and develops its own magnetic
poles.
• Due to the residual magnetism in the rotor magnet poles, it will cause the
rotor to move in such a position so as to achieve minimum reluctance
position and hence one set of poles of rotor aligns with the energized set of
poles of the stator.
• At this position, the axis of the stator magnetic field matches with the axis
passing through any two magnetic poles of the rotor.
• When the rotor aligns with stator poles, it has enough magnetic force to
hold the shaft from moving to the next position, either in clockwise or
counter clockwise direction.

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 Servo Motor
A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows
for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity, and
acceleration in a mechanical system. It consists of a suitable motor
coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also requires a relatively
sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed specifically
for use with servomotors. Servomotors are suitable for use in a closed-
loop control system.

Block Diagram
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Construction of Servo Motor:

No need to draw this diagrams in exam 41

 Working Principle

A servomotor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses

position feedback to control its motion and final position. The
input to its control is a signal (either analog or digital)
representing the position commanded for the output shaft.

The motor is paired with some type of position encoder to

provide position and speed feedback. In the simplest case, only
the position is measured. The measured position of the output is
compared to the command position, the external input to the
controller. If the output position differs from that required, an
error signal is generated which then causes the motor to rotate in
either direction, as needed to bring the output shaft to the
appropriate position. As the positions approach, the error signal
reduces to zero, and the motor stops.
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Applications of Servo Motors

1. They are used to control the positioning and movement of

elevators in radio controlled airplanes.
2. They play an important role in robotics information of robot
because of their smooth switching on or off and accurate
positioning.
3. They are used in hydraulic systems to maintain hydraulic
fluid in the aerospace industry.
4. In radio controlled toys these are also used.
5. They are used to extend or replay the disc trays in electronic
devices such as DVDs or Blue-ray Disc players.
6. They are used to maintain the speed of vehicles in the
automobile industries.

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Introduction to Electrical Drives

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 Applications of Electric Drives
Transportation Systems
Rolling Mills
Paper Mills
Textile Mills
Machine Tools
Fans and Pumps
Robots
Washing Machines etc

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 Chopper fed DC drives

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 Closed loop speed control of chopper fed DC
drives
+ Δm I*

Speed Current
Chopper DC Load
Controller + Controller
m* - motor
- I
Current
m Limiter
Current
Sensor

Speed
Sensor

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Selection of drives for real time applications
(cranes/EV/ Pumping applications)

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Solar Powered Pump System

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 Solar Powered Pump Drives with reciprocating pump

❖ For pump ratings of 1 kW and above, three phase induction

motor drive is employed.

❖ A PWM voltage source inverter with maximum-power-point-

tracker is used for variable frequency control of the squirrel-
cage induction motor.

Solar pump drive using induction motor 63

 Solar Powered Pump Drives with battery

❖ Solar Powered Pump Drives with an intermediate battery, can

also be used.

❖ The drive is fed from the battery charged by solar panel.

Solar pump with a battery

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Selection of drives and control schemes for lifts and cranes

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EV Control schemes

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8 Marks Questions
1. Explain the Construction and working principle of DC Generator.
2. Explain the Construction and working principle of DC Motor.
3. Explain the Construction and working principle of single phase transformer.
4. Explain the Construction and working principle of three phase Induction motor.
5. Explain the Construction and working principle of PMSM.
6. Explain the Construction and working principle of BLDC motor.
7. Explain the Construction and working principle of any one type of stepper motor.
Also list out applications.
8. With neat block diagram, explain working principle of servo motor. Also list out
applications.
9. With neat block diagram, explain the general layout of electric drives. Also list out the
advantages and application of electric drives.
10. With neat block diagram, explain chopper fed electric drives.
11. List out the factors that should be considered for selecting electric drives.
12. List out the factors that should be considered for selecting electric drives for lifts and
cranes.
13. List out the factors that should be considered for selecting electric drives for eclectic
vehicles (EV’s) .
14. Explain how electric drives are used for appliance like pumping water.

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