Lesson 4 - Chapter II - Nationalism and Patriotism-
To illustrate different acts of nationalism and patriotism and its difference.
- To differentiate nationalism from patriotism and recall their concepts and types
CHAPTER II
NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM
BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM
NATIONALISM
Nationalism is an ideology and movement defined by promoting the interests of a particular
nation, in particular with the aim of acquiring and maintaining the nations sovereignty over its country of
origin (Smith,2010). Nationalism claims that each nation should regulate itself, free from outside
intervention, that a nation is a natural and ideal political basis, and that the nation is the only legitimate
source of political authority (Finlayson, 2014).
It also aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on shared social characteristics
such as culture,language, religion, politics and belief in a distinctive shared history, and to promote
national unity or solidarity (Yack,2012). Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve and encourage a nations
traditional culture, and cultural revivals have been connected to nationalist movements. It also fosters
pride in domestic accomplishments and is strongly associated with patriotism (Triandafyllidou,1998.
Nationalism is often paired with other ideologies, for instance conservatism or socialism (Finlayson,2014)
Types of Nationalism
Nationalism can be expressed along civil, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-
definitions of countries are used to classify distinct kinds of nationalism, although these categories are
not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine to differing degrees some or all of
these components.
1. Ethnic Nationalism ( Ethnonationalism)
The country is described from prior generations in terms of ethnicity and descent. It also involves
the concept of a shared culture among group members, and generally a shared language.
The nations membership is hereditary. The state derives political legitimacy from its status as the
ethnic groups homeland and from its obligation to safeguard the partially domestic group and as a group
to promote its family and social life.
In contrast to Western opinions of a country defined by its geographic territory, theorist Anthony
D. Smith utilizes the word “ethnic nationalism” for non-Western notions of nationalism.
The word “ethnonationalism” is usually used only in relation to nationalists who support an
explicit ideology along these lines; the more generic word is “ethnic nationalism” and is used by
nationalists who hold such views in an informal, instinctive, or unsystematic manner.
The pejorative type of is “ethnocentric nationalism” or “tribal nationalism,” although “tribal
nationalism” may have a non-pejorative significance when debating African, Native American or other
nationalisms that publicly claim a tribal identity.
2. Civic Nationalism ( Civil Nationalism)
The state derives political legitimacy from its citizens ‘active involvement and the extent to which
it reflects the “will of the individuals.”Civic nationalism,but it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism as a
type of nationalism.
Civic nation membership is regarded to be voluntary. The growth of representative democracy in
nations such as the United States and France was affected by civil-national values.
State nationalism, often coupled with ethnic nationalism,is a version of civic nationalism. It
means that the country is community of those who contribute to the states maintenance and strength,
and that there is the person to contribute to that objective.
The country is supposed to be a community of those who contribute to the states maintenance
and strength, and where the person exists expressly in the society to contribute to that objective. This
often results in fascism - generally characterized by authoritarianism and nationalism, fascism is political
ideology.
3. Expansionist Nationalism
A radical form of imperialism that includes independent, patriotic feelings with a faith in
expansionism, generally through military aggression. The word was coined in the late 19th century as
European powers indulged in the ‘Scramble for Africa ‘ in the name of domestic glory, but was most
closely linked with militarist government it the 20th century, including the Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, the
Japanese Empire, and the Balkan nations of Albania ( Great Albania),Bulgaria ( Great Bulgaria),Croatia
( Greater Croatia), Hungary.
4. Romantic Nationalism
It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. Is the form of ethnic
nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a result and expression of the nations
natural. It is based on the presence of a historical ethnic culture that meets the romantic ideal.
It expressed Romanticism’s values and opposed the nationalism of Enlightenment. A historical
ethnic culture that meets the Romantic Ideal was emphasized by romantic nationalism; folklore evolved
as a romantic nationalist notion.
5. Cultural Nationalism
The country is described by shared culture, not solely civic or ethnic. Chinese nationalism is an
instance of cultural nationalism, partially due to China’s many national minorities. Membership in the
nations is neither completely voluntary nor hereditary.
However, a traditional culture can be more readily integrated into the lives of any person,
particularly if the person can obtain his or her abilities at an early point of his or her own lives.
(Conversi,2008). Cultural nationalism has been defined as a variety of no-civil or ethnic
nationalism )Nielsen,1999).
6. Third World Nationalism
Nationalist feelings are the outcome of opposition to colonial rule to survive and maintain a
domestic identity.
7. Liberal Nationalism
Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political philosophers who think that a non-xenophobic
form of nationalism compatible with liberal values of liberty, tolerance,equality and individual rights can
exist. (Tamir, 1993,Kymlicka,1995, Miller, 1995). it is asserted that in order to lead meaningful,
independent life, people need a national identity and those liberal democracies need domestic identity
to work correctly.
Liberal nationalists often defend the importance of domestic identity by stating that people need
a domestic identity by stating that people need a domestic identity to lead meaningful, independent life
( Kymlicka, 1995) and that liberal democratic politics need domestic identity to work correctly
( David,1995,Arash,2002). Ernest Renan, author of “Qu’est-ce qu’une nation? And John Stuart Mill are
often thought to be early liberal nationalists.
8. Religious Nationalism
Nationalism connection to a specific religious faith, church, or affiliation. It can be seen that a
shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity and a mutual bond between the nations people.
This connection can be divided into two dimensions; religions politicization and religions converse effects
on politics. In the former aspect, it can be seen that a shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic
unity; a common bond between the nations people. The support of national identity,comparable to a
shared ethnicity, language or culture, is another political element of religion. More ideological is the
impact of religion on politics, where present interpretations of religious concepts inspire political
activism and action;for instance, legislation are enacted to encourage stricter religious adherence
( Juergensmeyer,1996)
9. Pan- Nationalism
Ethnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country that is itself a cluster of associated ethnic and
cultural communities(such as Turkish peoples).
10. Diaspora Nationalism
Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside their traditional homelands. In this type of
nationalism, there is a nationalist sense, e.g. the Irish in the United States, the Jews in the United States
and elsewhere etc.
11. Stateless Nationalism
On nationalist basis (e.g. the Catalans and Basques in Spain) an ethic or cultural minority within a
nation - state aims independence.
12. National Conversation
A political term, mainly used in Europe, to describe a version of conversation that focuses more on
domestic interests than conventional conservatism, while not being unduly nationalist or pursuing a far-
right agenda.
13. Revolutionary Nationalism
Revolutionary nationalism is an ideological theory that calls for a domestic group united by a shared
sense of intent and destiny, also known as radical nationalism. It was first ascribed and strongly
promulgated by Benito Mussolini to followers of revolutionary syndicalism. In France and Italy at the
start of the 20th century, this intellectual synthesis of “radical nationalism and dissident society” was
created.
14. Left- Wing Nationalism
Left- wing nationalism, also sometimes referred to as socialist nationalism, relates to any political
movement combining left- wing or socialism with nationalism. Notable examples include the 26 July
Movement of Fidel Castro, which launched the Cuban Revolution in 1959 to oust the American - backed
Fulgencio Batista, Ireland’s Sinn Fein, Israel’s Labor Zionism and the African National Congress.
PATRIOTISM
Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love, dedication and attachment to a country and an alliance
with other people who share the same impression. This attachment can be a mixture of many distinct
emotions, including ethic, cultural, political or historical elements, related to one’s own country. It is a
predominant virtue linked to a nation’s love, with with greater emphasis on values and beliefs. One who
is patriotic will be willing to offer any sacrifice to his nation. He’ll never live alone egotistically. For
example, for the sake of his country, a soldier makes the ultimate sacrifice of his life. For no other reason
than being a citizen of that nation, patriotism is a dedication to one’s nation. In essence, patriotism is a
sense of attachment and dedication to a country, nation, or political community or just country love.
The English word patriot is first known in the Elizabethan period; it originated from Latin (16 th century)
patriota via Middle French, meaning “countryman”, finally from Greek (patriotes), meaning ‘from the
same nation’ (patris), meaning “fatherland” (Liddell & Scott, 2013). The abstract noun patriotism appears
in the early 18th century.
By adhering to a national religion, patriotism can be reinforced. This is the revers of the church- state
separation requested by the Enlightenment intellectuals who saw patriotism and religion as analogous
and opposing forces. Michael Billing and Jean Bethke Elshtain both asserted that it is hard to discern the
distinction between patriotism and faith and depends heavily on the attitude of the person who does
the label (Billing, 1995).
Kinds of Patriotism
1. Patriotism of Duty
This includes fidelity to one’s nation through materials acts. This is military service patriotism and other
selfless sacrifice types. This is where patriotism becomes embodied and its ideals take praiseworthy
particular actions.
2. Patriotism of Affection
This is the patriotism of the heart. It is about one’s internal desire for his country’s well- being. The
patriotism of affection can be seen in the patriotism of duty, but it does not necessarily results in it; one
can truly love his country and yet be a coward, just as one ca theoretically fulfil a patriotic duty and yet
feel apathetic about the country’s welfare.
3. Patriotism of Manners
This is customs patriotism, written and unwritten. The patriotism of manners is to place one’s hand over
the heart during the national anthem. It can be performed by anyone without actually needing affection
or duty patriotism. While the above types of patriotism show, at least in part, the real beliefs and hopes
of a person, the patriotism of manners establishes mostly a set of protocols.
Type of Patriotism
1. Personal Patriotism - Is emotional and voluntary. The patriot adheres to certain patriotic values,
such as respect for the flag or the honoring of veterans. Other expressions of personal patriotism
include enlisting in the army, public services, and participation in the political process through
voting or other forms of activism.
2. Official Patriotism - Promoted by the government which has high symbolic and ceremonial
content. It is a logical consequence of the state itself, which derives legitimacy from being the
expressions of the common good of the political community.
Nationality monuments, and veterans days and commemoration ceremonies are typical examples.
Often official patriotism is highly regulated by protocols, with specific methods for handling flags, or
specific pledges and displays of allegiance.
Official patriotism relies heavily on symbolic acts, such as displaying the flags, singing the national
anthem, saying a pledge, participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic bumpers sticker on one’s
vehicle, or any other way of publicly proclaiming allegiance to the state.
3. Symbolic Patriotism- in wartime is intended to raise morale, in turn contributing to the war
effort
4. Peacetime Patriotism - cannot be so easily linked to a measurable gain for the state, but the
patriot does not see it as inferior.
Levels of patriotism vary across time, and among political communities. Typically, patriotic
intensity is higher when the state is under external threat.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM
While the terms patriotism and nationalism were once regarded as synonymous, distinct
connotations were assumed. While both are peoples feelings of affection for their nation, the values on
which they are based are very distinct. Patriotism feelings are based on the countrys positive values- like
liberty, justice, and equality. The patriot thinks that both their countrys state system and individual are
inheritly good and working together to achieve a better quality of life.
On the other hand, nationalism emotions are based on the belief that one’s nation is superior to all
others. It also holds a connotation of other countries distrust or disapproval, leading to the premise that
other states are competitors. While patriots do not degrade other countries automatically, nationalist
do , sometimes to the point of calling for the global dominance of their country. Nationalism is the polar
opposite of globalism by its protections beliefs.
Historically,both positive and negative have been the impacts of nationalism. While it has motivated
movements of autonomy, such as the Zionist movement that formed contemporary Israel, it was alos a
main factor in the increase of the German Nazi Party and the Holocaust (Longley,2019)
According to Sydney J. Harris, the patriot is proud of his nation for what is does, and the nationalist
is proud of his nation whatever it does,the first approach generates a sense of accountability and the
second a sense of blind stupidity leading to war.
"Okay let's start our discussion"
- Welcom to our new topic for today, we are now on Chapter II - Nationalism and Patriotism
- I hope that everyone of you have the content of our lesson for today because it's actually given last
week.
" Let's have first the word Nationalism"
Nationalism ( makabansa, pagkamakabansa)it is defined as an ideology and movement defined by
promoting the interests of a particular nation. It aims to build and maintain a single national identity,
based on shared social characteristics such as culture, language, religion, politics and beliefs in distinctive
shared history and to promote national unity or solidarity.( Halimbawas; iyong ipinagmamalaki ang
sariling bansa,at tinangkilik mo ang sariling produkto, gayoon din ang pananalita)
This are the following examples of Moderns ways to express Filipino nationalism;
-- The respect of the Philippine flag and value the Filipino identity ( bata palang tayo ay itinuro na satin
ng ating mga magulang at guro ang pagalang sa ating Pambansang watawat bilang tanda ng pagalang at
pagiging makabayan, ito ay upang kilalanin at pahalagahan ang mga taong naguwis ng buhay para sa
ating kalayaan ,kayat kapag nakikita nating itinataas ang ating bandila ay humihinto tayo pansamantala at
inilalagay natin ang atin kanang kamay sa ating dibdib tapat ng ating puso)
-- be a productive citizen be industrious and make ourselves productive,not only for ourselves but for our
countrys as well.( pagiging masisipag at kapakipakinabang na mamamyan hindi lang para sa ating sarili
kundi para sa ating bansa )
-- be aware of the issues in our country, as a citizen of this country Philippines we must be aware and
updated on the significant issues happening in the country. Extend help to the needy fellowmen,
especially the victims of disasters like typhoons, flooding and the like. ( bilang Pinoy alam natin dapat
kung ano ang kinakaharap ng ating bansa at kunga ano ang mga nangyayari sa kapaligiran. at kung
kinakaylangan at handa tayong magbigay ng tulon sa mga nangangailangan.)
We also have the following Types of Nationalism
- Ethnic Nationalism ( Ethnonationalism)
it involves the concepts of a shared culture among group members and generally a shared language.
The central theme of ethnic nationalists is that nations are defined by a shared heritage, which usually
includes a common language, a common faith and a common ethnic ancestry. it also includes ideas of a
culture shared between members of the group, and with their ancestors. tumutukoy ito ito
pagkamakabansang etniko, na kung saan ang grupo o pangkat ng mga tao na ipinamana ng kanilang mga
ninono, maaring lingwahe at paniniwala)
- Civic Nationalism
other than those given definition on our lesson, it is also known as liberal nationalism, a form of
nationalism identified by political philosophers who believe in an inclusive form of nationalism that
adhere to traditional liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equity, and individual rights. ( tumutukoy ito sa
maiaambag nga bawat myembro ng isang bansa upang mapagtibay ito, ngunit ito ay hindi sapilitan at
dapat ito ay kusang loob dahil dito ang lahat ng tao ay may kaalayan upang lumahok sa gawaing
maikabubuti para sa bansa.)
- Expansionist Nationalism
other than the given explanation of expansionist nationalism we also have another definition, as such
it is an aggressive radical form of nationalism or ethnic nationalism ( Ethnonationalism) that incorporates
autonomous, heigtened ethnic consciousness and patriotic sentiments with atavistic fears and hatreds
focused on " other or foreign peoples, framing a belief in expansion or recovery or formerly owned
territories through militaristic means. Example: Durin WWII era Germany, Japan ang Italy, and previosly
in the British Empire, and demonstrated how chauvinistic attitudes toward national expansion and racial
superiority inherent in this form of nationalism must lead to conflict.
