DEFINITION OF HISTORY sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in

According to Louis Gottschalk history is derived from the greek word them.
istola, meaning learning. As used by the greek philosopher Aristotle, Examples: -History textbook -Printed materials (serials, periodicals
history meant a systematic phenomena whether or not chronological which interprets previous research)
factoring was a factor in the account. In the course of time, the
equivalent latin word Scientia (English, Science) came to bbe used
more regulary. What is Historical Criticism?
HISTORY study of beleifs, desires, practices and institutions of human -In order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters
beings about its form and content must be settled What
HISTORIAN people or individual who critically studyhistory is External Criticism?
Introduction: History as Reconstruction -The problem of authenticity
-the historian is many times removed from the events under -To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents
investigation -To distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation
-historians rely on surviving records Tests of Authenticity
-“Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by 1. Determine the date of the document to see whether they are
those who observed it; only a part of what was remembered was anachronistic e.g. pencils did not exist before the 16th Century 2.
recorded; only a part of what was recorded has survived; only a part Determine the author e.g. handwriting, signature, seal
of what has survived has come to the historian’s attention.” 3. Anachronistic style e.g. idiom, ortography, punctuation 4.
-“Only a part of what is credible has been grasped, and only a part of Anachronistic reference to events e.g. too early, too late, too remote
what has been grasped can be expounded or narrated by the 5. Provenance or custody e.g. determines its genuineness
historian. 6. Semantics – determining the meaning of a text or word 7.
What is the Historical Method? Hermeneutics –determining ambiguities What is Internal
-Historians have to verify sources, to date them, locate their place of Criticism?
origin and identify their intended functions -The Problem of Credibility
-The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and -Relevant particulars in the document – is it credible? -Verisimilar –
survivals of the past as close as what really happened from a critical
Historical Sources examination of best available sources
Sources – an object from the past or testimony concerning the past Tests of Credibility
on which historians depend in order to create their own depiction of 1. Identification of the author e.g. to determine his reliability;
that past. mental processes, personal attitudes
Tangible remains of the past 2. Determination of the approximate date e.g. handwriting,
Written Sources signature, seal
1. Published materials 3. Ability to tell the truth e.g. nearness to the event,
-Books, magazines, journals, -Travelogue competence of witness, degree of attention
-transcription of speech 4. Willingness to tell the truth e.g. to determine if the author
2. Manuscript [any handwritten or typed record that has not been consciously or unconsciously tells falsehoods
printed] 5. Corroboration i.e. historical facts – particulars which rest
-Archival materials -Memoirs, diary upon the independent testimony of two or more reliable witnesses
Non - written Sources Three Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking
-Oral history -Artifact 1. Sensitivity to Multiple Causation
-Ruins -Fossils 2. Sensitivity to Context
-Art works -Videorecordings 3. Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in human
-Audiorecordings affairs
What are Primary The Magellan’s expedition (the first circumnavigation of the world)
Sources? -Also known as “Magellan-El Cano Circumnavigation.”
-Testimony of an eyewitness - The first voyage around the world in human history. It was a
-A primary source must have been produced by a contemporary of Spanish expedition that sailed from Seville in 1519 under the
the event it narrates command of Ferdinand Magellan.
-A major breakthrough in perception of the Europeans towards world
-A primary source is a document or physical object which was geography.
written or created during the time under study. -The objective was to discover the alternate path to Moluccas
-These sources were present during an experience or time period because of 1494’s Treaty of Tordesillas, a decree from Pope
and offer an inside view of a particular event. Alexander VI that had essentially divided the world in half between
-Primary sources are characterized by their content, regardless of the Spanish and the Portuguese.
whether they are available in original format, in -Lasted for 3 years (1519-1522) -
microfilm/microfiche, in digital format, or in published format. Four Chronicled by Antonio Pigafetta.
Main Categories of Primary Sources 1. Written sources 2. Images 3. Ferdinand Magellan
Artifacts 4. Oral testimony What are Secondary Sources? • Portuguese explorer who sailed, under Spain, to reach Moluccas
-A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These without crossing Portuguese territory.
sources are one or more steps removed from the event. -Secondary • Proposed an alternate route to Moluccas by sailing west and an
Atlantic passage to the Pacific could be found.
 -
• Discovered Philippines (named it Archipelago of St. Lazarus) -December 13: Entering the bay of Rio de Janeiro.
• Introduced Christianity in the Philippines. -December 27: Departure from Rio de Janeiro.
Preparation: The Fleet 1520
-September 20, 1519 - a royal commission was sent, allowing -January 10: Entering the Río de la Plata.
Magellan to head the expedition. -February 27: Entering Bahia de los Patos.
-The Spanish Armada de Molucca consisted of five ships with 237 -March 31: Beginning of the overwintering stay at Puerto San Julián. -
men: April 1 and 2: Mutiny on Victoria, Concepcion and San Antonio; death
-Santiago under Juan Rodriguez Serrano. of Louis de Mendoza. Later execution of de Quesada, marooning of
-San Antonio under Juan de Cartageña; de Cartagena. Alvaro de Mesquita becomes captain of San Antonio,
-Concepcion under Gaspar de Quesada; Duarte Barbosa of Victoria.
-Trinidad (flagship) under Ferdinand Magellan Captain General End of April: Santiago was sent on a mission to find the passage. The
-Victoria under Louis de Mendoza; ship was caught in a storm and wrecked. Survivors return to Puerto
Preparation: the Crew San Julián. Serrano becomes captain of the Concepcion. -July:
-The crew of about 237 men from several nations: including Encounters with the “Patagonian giants” (likely Tehuelche people).
Portuguese, Spanish, Italians, Germans, Flemish, Greeks, English and -August 24: Departure from Puerto San Julián.
French. -October 11: Arriving at the Cape of the Eleven Thousand Virgins,
-Spanish authorities were wary of Magellan, so that they almost entry to what would be known as Strait of Magellan. -End of
October: San Antonio, charged to explore Magdalen Sound, fails to
prevented him from sailing, switching his mostly Portuguese crew to
return to the fleet, instead sailed back to Spain under Estêvão
mostly men of Spain. Nevertheless, it included about 40 Portuguese,
Gomes who imprisoned the captain de Mesquita. The ship arrived
among them Magellan's brother-in-law Duarte Barbosa, João Serrão,
in Spain on May 21, 1521.
a relative of Francisco Serrão, Estêvão Gomes and also Magellan's
-November 28: The fleet left the strait and entered the Pacific
indentured servant Enrique of Malacca.
Ocean. 1521
- Juan Sebastián del Cano, a Spanish merchant ship captain settled at
-March 6: Guam.
Seville, embarked seeking the king's pardon for previous misdeeds. -
-March 17: Arrival at Suluan in the Philippines.
Antonio Pigafetta, a Venetian scholar and traveller, had asked to be
-April 7: Cebu.
on the voyage accepting the title of "supernumerary" and a modest
-April 27: Death of Magellan participating in the Battle of Mactan.
salary, becoming a strict assistant of Magellan and keeping an
Serrano and Barbosa were voted co-commanders. -May 1: At a local
accurate journal.
banquet Barbosa was murdered and Serrano captured, later killed.
-The only other sailor to report the voyage would be Francisco Albo,
The three remaining ships escaped. -May 2: There were not enough
who kept a formal logbook.
men to handle three ships, thus the worm infested.
-Juan de Cartageña was named Inspector General of the expedition, -Concepcion was burned down. Two ships remained: Victoria and
responsible for its financial and trading operations. Trinidad. Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa became captain of the Victoria.
Strait of Magellan and Pacific Ocean -Joao Lopez Carvalho was Captain General. The ships sailed to
-After Santiago was shipwrecked, four ships began an arduous trip Mindanao and Brunei.
through the 373-mile (600 km) long passage which Magellan called -September 21: Carvalho was replaced by Martin Mendez as Captain
the Estrecho (Canal) de Todos los Santos, ("All Saints' Channel"), General, Espinosa became captain of the Trinidad and Juan Sebastián
because the fleet travelled through it on 1 November or All Saints' del Cano captain of the Victoria.
Day. The strait is now named the Strait of Magellan. Magellan first -November 8: Arrived at Tidore in the Moluccas.
assigned Concepcion and San Antonio to explore the strait, but the -December 21: Victoria under the command of Elcano left the
latter, commanded by Gómez, deserted and returned to Spain on 20 Moluccas to return home sailing west towards the Cape of Good
November. Hope. Trinidad remained at Tidore for repair.
-On 20th of November the three remaining ships entered the South 1522
Pacific. Magellan named the waters the Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean) -January 25: Victoria reaches Timor and started to cross the Indian
because of its apparent stillness. Magellan and his crew were the Ocean.
first Europeans to reach Tierra del Fuego just east of the Pacific side -April 6: Trinidad under the command of Espinosa left the Moluccas
of the strait. heading home sailing east. After five weeks, Espinosa decided to
Arrival in the Philippines return to the Moluccas where he and his ship were captured by a
-Arrival to Marianas and Guam Portuguese fleet under Antonio de Brito.
-March 17, 1521, sighted Samar, part of a group of islands they called -May 22: Victoria passed the Cape of Good Hope and entered the
Archipelago of St. Lazarus. Atlantic Ocean.
-reached the island of Homonhon in the Philippines, (their first -July 9: Reaching Santiago, Cape Verde.
meeting with the Filipinos) -September 6: Victoria returned to Sanlucar, completing the
-March 31, 1521 - First Catholic mass in Limasawa (Easter Sunday). circumnavigation.
-April 1, 1521 – Arrival in Cebu, cordial relations with Raja Humabon -September 8: Victoria arrived in Seville.
(conversion of 800 natives with Humabon, his wife and daughter to Return and legacy
Christianity), establishment of the Magellan’s Cross. -April 27 – in a -The circumnavigation was completed by one ship, the Victoria,
war with Lapu-lapu, chief of Mactan and Humabon’s enemy, was under the command of Juan Sebastián el Cano and a crew of 18 men.
fatally wounded with a poisoned arrow thus causing his men to -Antonio Pigafetta's journal is the main source for much of what we
retreat. know about Magellan and el Cano's voyage. The other direct report
Timeline 1519 of the voyage was that of Francisco Albo, last Victoria's pilot, who
-August 10: Departure from Seville. kept a formal logbook.
-September 20: Departure from Sanlúcar de Barrameda.
Significance of the Magellan’s Expedition of the Philippines -
-The main significance of his voyage was that he showed it was Customs of the Tagalogs
possible to sail around the world, and left a record of how to do it. - Historical Background of the Document
Magellan’s voyage vastly increased the geographical knowledge of -Customs of the Tagalogs is a part (either chapters or subsections) of
mankind and proved once and for all that the earth is round. - longer monographs written by the chroniclers of the Spanish
Considering the inadequacy of marine instruments at that time, expeditions to the Philippines during the early 16th and 17th
Magellan´s voyage can be considered as the greatest single trip ever centuries. They appeared initially in Blair and Robertson’s 55
undertaken. In terms of the hardships the men endured and the volumes, The Philippine Islands (1903) and in the Philippine Journal
courage they displayed, Magellan’s maritime exploit has perhaps of Sciences (1958).
never been surpassed. The route he took to reach the Philippines Content
was entirely new, and the Venetian monopoly of the trade route to DATUS – the chief who governed the people and captains in their
the east was thus broken. Spain became the supreme power in the wars whom they obeyed and revered.
building of a colonial empire. BARANGAY – a family of parents and children, relations and slaves.
-His discovery of the Philippines brought the archipelago into the THE THREE CASTES (Social Classes) -
awareness of Europe. NOBLES - COMMONERS - SLAVES
-Finally, the voyage paved the way to Spanish colonization and Mode of Dressing:
Christianization of the Philippines. The later voyages of Fernando de Male - Headgear is called Putong (symbolizes the number of persons
Villalobos and Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, to a certain extent, owed the wearer had killed) - (Upper) a jacket with short sleeves called
their success to Magellan’s epochal voyage to the Far East. -From the kanggan. - (Lower) bahag
point of view of the Filipinos, Magellan’s expedition was significant Female - (Upper) Baro or Camisa - (Lower) Saya Ornaments:
because it paved the way for contacts between the Philippines and A decorative object or detail that adds quality or distinction to a
western civilization. person, place or thing.
Customs of the Tagalogs Las Costumbres de los Indios Tagalos de Government:
Filipinas By: Juan de Plasencia Juan de Plasencia -The unit of government is called Barangay ruled by a chieftain, and
-Born in the 15th century to the illustrious family of the Portocarreros consist of 30 to 100 families together with their relatives and slaves.
in Plasencia in the region of Extremadura, Spain. Administration of Justice: The chieftain’s executive function includes
-His real name is Joan de Puerto Carrero, delconvento de Villanueva implementing laws, ensuring order and giving protection to his
de la Serena subject. Disputes between individuals were settled by a court made
-He was a Spanish Friar of the Franciscan order. up of the chieftain and council of elders.
-He was said to have been inspired to become a Franciscan because Inheritance:
of his upbringing spent during a spiritual and religious resurgence -The 1st son of the barangay chieftain inherits his father’s position; if
affected by Spain’s Siglo de Oro. the 1st son dies, the 2nd son succeeds their father; in the absence of
-Well reputed as the one who took the leading role in fostering the male heirs, it is the eldest daughter that becomes the chieftain.
spread of primary education. Slaves - A person becomes slave
-Converted natives, taught catechisms, and organized towns and (1) by captivity in war, (2) by reason of debt, (3) by inheritance,
barangays in the Philippines. (4) by purchase, and (5) by committing a crime. Slaves
-Promoted the understanding of both the Spanish language among can be emancipated through:
the natives, and the local languages among the missionaries, to (1) by forgiveness, (2) by paying debt,
facilitate the task of spreading Christianity. (3) by condonation, and (4) by bravery (where a slave can possibly
-Initiated the Reduccion Policy - Policy to reduce or resettle natives in become a Datu) or (5) by marriage.
central locations Marriage Customs:
-Some of his works aimed to put an end to some injustices being -Men were in general, monogamous; while their wives are called
committed against the natives by certain government officials. Asawa
Arrival in the Philippines -Courtship begins with Paninilbihan
-Came with the first batch of Franciscan missionaries in the Prior to marriage the man requires to give a dowry:
Philippines on 2nd of July 1578. (1) Bigay- kaya (a piece of land or gold);
Life in the Philippines (2) Panghihimuyat (a gift for the brides parents);
-Started preaching in Laguna de Bay and Quezon areas as early as (3) Bigay-suso (for bride’s wet nurse).
two months upon arrival in Manila. -Marriage between couples belonging to different social classes were
-He also preached in provinces of Bulacan and Rizal. -He was elected not common.
as the custos of the friars in May 23, 1584 and held it until 1588. Several grounds of divorce were:
-Passed away in Liliw, Laguna in the year 1590. (1) Adultery, (2) Abandonment on the part of the husband,
Literary Works (3) Cruelty, and (4) Insanity. Religious Beliefs:
-Arte de la Lengua (Art of Language) They worship many gods and goddesses:
-Vocabulario (1) Bathala, supreme being;
-Coleccion de frases tagala (Collection of Tagalog Phrases) (2) Idayanale, god of agriculture;
-Catecismo de la Doctrina Cristiana (1581) (3) Sidarapa, god of death;
--Translated the Christian Doctrines in Tagalog (4) Agni, god of fire;
-Diccionario Tagalog (1580) (5) Balangaw, god of rainbow; (6) Mandarangan, god of war;
-La Santina (1585) - Opus on prayer and meditation -Relacion de las (7) Lalahon, god of harvest; and
Costumbres de Los Tagalos (1589) – First Civil Code (8) Siginarugan, god of hell.
 -
-They also believe in sacred animals and tress. 3. BAYANI (patriot) - wore red mask
Superstitious Beliefs: Password: RIZAL First Election the Supreme
-They believe in aswang, dwende, kapre, tikbalang, patyanak/tiyanak. Council (1892)
-They also believe in magical powers of amulets and charms such as President DEODATO ARELLANO Comptroller ANDRES BONIFACIO
anting-anting, kulam and gayuma or love potion. Fiscal LADISLAO DIWA Secretary TEODORO PLATA
Economic Life: Treasurer VALENTIN DIAZ
-Agriculture in the plain lands: planting of rice, corn, banana, Women Chapter of the Katipunan (The La Semilla)
coconut, sugar canes and other kinds of vegetable and fruits. Members:
-Hunting in high lands. -Gregoria De Jesus - Bonifacio’s wife, the Lakambini of the Katipunan
-Fishing in river banks and sea. -Benita Rodriguez - the wife of Katipunero Restituto Javier
-Shipbuilding, weaving, poultry, mining and lumbering. -Josefa and Trinidad Rizal - sisters of Dr. Jose Rizal -The La Semilla
-Domestic trade of different barangays by boat. was born during the presidency of Roman Basa (second president) in
-Domestic trade of different barangays by boat. July 1893.
-Foreign trade with countries like Borneo, China, Japan, Cambodia, -Josefa Rizal was elected president of the women’s chapter.
Java, and Thailand. Language and System of Writing Major On February 1893 Bonifacio deposed Arellano as president of the
languages: Katipunan.
-Tagalog, Ilocano, Pangasinan, Pangpangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, -Early in 1895, Bonifacio realized that Roman Basa was as ineffective
Magindanaw and Samarnon these languages originated from the as Deodato Arellano.
Malayo-Polenisian language. -Bonifacio became the elected Supremo of the Katipunan.
System of writing: -Bonifacio requested Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria de
-The alphabets consisted of 3 vowels and 14 consonants called Jesus, made a flag, which consisted of a red rectangular piece of
Baybayi. cloth with three white K’s arranged horizontally at the center.
-They used tap of tress as ink and pointed stick as pencil. They wrote The first official flag of the society.
on large plant leaves, bark of a tree or bamboo tubes -Emilio Jacinto decided to make a primer to teach the members of
the ideals of the Katipunan.
THE KATIPUNAN Andres Bonifacio -The Kartilla was born.
-Supremo - A word adopted from the Spanish cartilla.
-the founder and the third leader of the Katipunan -It meant a primer for grade school students.
EMILIO JACINTO
-On the night of July 7, 1892 at Deodato Arellano’s house at No.72 -He was born on December 15, 1875. -
Azcarraga Street (now Claro M. Recto) near Elcano Street in Tondo, District of Trozo, Tondo, Manila. -Mariano
Manila. Jacinto and Josefa Dizon Education:
-Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga mga Anak ng -He took up his secondary education at Colegio de San Juan de
Bayan (Highest and Respected Society of the Sons of the People). -a Letran.
secret revolutionary society which was modelled in part on Masonic -He took up Law at the University of Santo Tomas.
Order. -He joined the Katipunan in 1894 at the age of 18.
-Known as K.K.K. or Katipunan, dedicated to national independence -He used the name “Pingkian” in the Katipunan.
through armed revolution. -His pen name in the Kalayaan, the official organ of the Katipunan
-The men gathered around a flickering table lamp, signed their was “Dimas Ilaw.”
membership papers with their own blood. Activities in the Katipunan:
-The Triangle Method was utilized in recruiting the members. -A -Secretary -Fiscal -Editor -Appointed General by Bonifacio in
payment of an entrance fee of one real fuerte (twenty-five centavos) 1897.
and monthly due of medio real (twelve centavos). -Adviser of Bonifacio
The Triangle method Two-tier sanggunian structure -He died on April 16, 1899 at the age of 24.
-The triangle method was abolished in December 1892. -The cause of his death was malaria, which he had contracted while
-The neophyte was made to swear to guard the secrets of the in Majayjay, Laguna. About the Text: The Kartilla
society. -The Katipunan was a government itself with a constitution -The best known of all Katipunan texts. (Jim Richardson) -The only
promulgated in 1892, and another constitution replacing the first document of any length set in print by the Katipunan prior to August
one in 1894. 1896 that is known to be still extant.
-The central government of the Katipunan was vested in a -It presents not only the teachings of the neophyte Katipunero but
Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council). also the guiding principles of the society.
Province – Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council) -These teachings are expected from the members even after the
Town – Sangguniang Balangay (Popular Council) attainment of freedom from the colonizers. -The Kartilya was not just
Judicial power Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council) a document for the Katipunan.
Three Grades of Membership in the Katipunan -Its importance today is predicated on the teachings that embodied
1. KATIPUN (associate) - wore black mask at the Katipunan meetings the moral and nationalistic principles of a nation that fought for
Password: Anak ng Bayan (Sons of the People) independence.
2. KAWAL (soldier) - wore green mask -These principles are relevant as the sense of nationhood still holds
Password: GOM-BUR-ZA true when the cultural and historical values of every Filipino are
threatened by the onslaught of foreign influences brought about by
today’s globalization. The 13 Teachings of the Katipunan
1. Life which is not consecrated to a lofty and sacred cause is like a
tree without a shadow, if not a poisonous weed.
2. A good deed that springs from a desire for personal profit and not
from a desire to do good is not kindness.
3. True greatness consists in being charitable, in loving one’s
fellowmen and in adjusting every movement, deed and word to
true reason.
4. All men are equal, be the color of their skin black or white. One
may be superior to another in knowledge, wealth, and beauty, but
cannot be superior in being.
5. He who is noble prefers honor to personal gains; he who is mean
prefers personal profit to honor.
6. To a man with a sense of shame his word is inviolate.
7. Don’t fritter away time; lost riches may be recovered, but time lost
will never come again.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
 -
9. An intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and knows how forces consisting of 12 ships, including the flagship Reina Castilla
to keep the secrets that must be guarded. were subdued.
10. In the thorny path of life, man is the guide of his wife and -The U.S. naval squadron had no fatal casualties
children; if he who guides moves toward evil, they who are guided Aguinaldo remained in Hongkong and met with the American
likewise move toward evil. Consul General Rounseville Wildman.
11. Think not of woman as a thing merely to while away with -Aguinaldo paid Wildman a total of 117,000 to purchase rifles and
time, but as a helper and partner in the hardships of life. Respect ammunition.
her in her weakness and remember the mother who brought you -The first shipment worth 50,000 was made but the other half was
into this world and who cared for you in your childhood. never delivered.
12. What you do not want done in your wife, daughter and -Wildman never returned the money given to him.
sister, do not do to the wife, daughter and sister of another May 19, 1898
13. The nobility of a man does not consist in being a king, nor -Aguinaldo finally returned to the Philippines on board the U.S.
in the highness of the nose and the whiteness of the skin, nor in cruiser McCulloch.
being a priest representing god, nor in the exalted position on this -Aguinaldo conferred with Dewey on Philippine conditions and was
earth, but pure and truly noble is he who, though born in the supplied with arms captured from the Spaniards.
woods is possessed of an upright character; who is true to his -Aguinaldo announced the resumption of the revolution against the
word; who has dignity and honor; who does not oppress and does Spaniards (Second phase of the revolution)
not help those who oppress; who knows how to look after and May 24, 1898
love the land of his birth. Aguinaldo announced the creation of the dictatorial government.
-When these doctrines spread and the sun of beloved liberty shines By the end of May
with brilliant effulgence on these unhappy isles and sheds its soft Aguinaldo was in command of 12,000 troops.
rays upon the limited people and brothers in everlasting happiness, May 28, 1898
the lives, labors, and sufferings of those who are gone shall be more Aguinaldo’s new army repulsed the Spanish marines at Alapan, a
than recompensed. (Teodoro Agoncillo, History of the Filipino barrio in Imus, Cavite.
People, Quezon City: Malaya Books, 1970, p. 181). The Philippine Flag (The Sun and Stars Flag) was first unfurled in the
Relevance of the kartilya Battle of Alapan.
-The current relevance of the Kartilya lies in the fact that it June 12, 1898
established not only the rules for the members of the organization Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spanish rule. The
but the principles for the citizens of a nation once independence had “Marcha Nacional Filipina” composed by Julian Felipe was played by
been achieved. the Banda de San Francisco de Malabon.
-The Kartilya is significant to the lives of modern Filipino as it reads About the Author
like a simple creed for living in the light of the many changes -Born on March 22, 1869 in Kawit, Cavite.
occurring at present. -The second to the youngest of eight children of Carlos Aguinaldo
and Trinidad Famy.
THE ACT of Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino people -Carlos Aguinaldo was gobernadorcillo for several times and died in
Emilio F. Aguinaldo Historical Context December 14, 1897 1883.
-The Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed. -Emilio assisted his mother in the family business.
-It created a truce between Spanish Colonial Governor General Primo -Aguinaldo became capitan municipal of Kawit in 1894.
de Rivera and Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution. -He joined the Katipunan in the name Magdalo.
- (First Phase of Revolution Ended) The THE MAGDALO vs. THE MAGDIWANG MAGDALO COUNCIL
result of the Pact: -It was headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo (Emilio Aguinaldo’s cousin). -
-Voluntary exile of Aguinaldo and his men to Hongkong. - They believed that with the outbreak of revolution, the Katipunan
Spaniards paid an indemnity for the damages caused as a result of had ceased to be a secret society and therefore should be replaced
the conflict. with a new one.
The Spanish-American War (1898) The United States Becomes A -It was based in Imus, Kawit, Cavite.
World Power Spanish-American War MAGDIWANG COUNCIL
-Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was in Singapore where he had negotiations -It was headed by Mariano Alvarez (uncle of Gregoria de Jesus).
with the American consul general Mr. E. Spencer Pratt, regarding the There was no need to create a new revolutionary government.
Americans’ offer to support the Philippines in fighting the Spaniards. -It was based in Noveleta, Cavite.
-Spencer advised Aguinaldo to meet Commodore George Dewey. - March 22, 1897 Pamahalaang Panghihimagsik Barrio Tejeros, San
George Dewey, commander of the Asiatic Fleet, had already left for Francisco de Malabon
the Philippines to attack the Spanish fleet following America’s President: Emilio Aguinaldo
declaration of war against Spain. V. President: Mariano Trias
- It started on April 25, 1898 and ended on August 12, 1898. Factors Capt. General: Artemio Ricarte
that contributed to the United States’ decision to open hostilities. Director of War: Emilio Riego de Dios
-The Cuban struggle for independence. Director of the Interior: Andres Bonifacio -Daniel Tirona,
-The efforts of the Americans to extend influence overseas. a Magdalo, protested Bonifacio’s election.
-The sinking of the U.S. warship Maine. Bonifacio felt insulted.
The Battle of Manila Bay began on May 1, 1898. He declared the election null and void.
Admiral Patricio Montojo of the Spanish forces incurred heavy -The Magdalos, however, considered the election binding and the
casualties with 160 of his men killed and 210 wounded. -The Spanish new government was founded.
 -
-Aguinaldo took his oath of office at the Catholic Church of Santa - The people had been deprived by Spain through Governor Miguel
Cruz de Malabon (Tanza) together with other newly elected officials. Lopez de Legazpi, Ferdinand Magellan and others. - Miguel Lopez
March 23, 1897 de Legazpi occupied Cebu Island by means of Pact of Friendship
-Bonifacio gathered his followers and drafted a document called Acta with Chief Tupas.
de Tejeros. Taking possession of the city and the whole archipelago in the name
-It was signed by Bonifacio and 44 other plotters. of Spain by virtue of an order by King Philip II. -Unjust execution of
The Acta de Tejeros Rizal and others who were sacrificed in order to please the friars for
- is a document that rejected the revolutionary government of vengeance against and extermination of all those who oppose their
Aguinaldo. Machiavellian ends.
The following became the bases for rejection of the revolutionary - GOMBURZA were hanged due to the intrigues of these so-called
government of Aguinaldo: Religious corporations.
1. The Tejeros Assembly lacks legality In International Law, the prescription established by law to legalize
2. There was Magdalo conspiracy to oust Bonifacio from leadership the vicious acquisition of property is not recognized.
3. The elections of officials was fraudulent Effects:
4. Actual pressure has been brought upon the presidency. -Started a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain
independence.
Naic Military Pact
-The Pact of Biak-na-Bato proposed by Don Pedro Paterno with
-another document that rejected the Aguinaldo’s presidency. - it
Aguinaldo as President of the Republic and accepted by
was signed by 41 men including Bonifacio, Ricarte, Pio del Pilar,
GovernorGeneral Fernando Primo de Rivera both written and oral.
and Severino delas Alas.
-After the destruction of the Spanish squadron by the North
An army corps under the command of Gen. Pio del Pilar was created.
American Navy, and bombardment of the plaza of Cavite, Aguinaldo
Bonifacio was arrested.
returned to initiate a new revolution and several towns anticipated. -
His case together with his brother Procopio evolved quite rapidly
Revolutionary movement spreading like wildfire coming from Cavite,
after a Council of War headed by Gen. Mariano Noriel.
Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna and Morong. -Spanish
They were given the penalty of death.
contingent of 178 men between Imus and Kavite-Viejo under the
The charges were: command of a major of the Maritime Infantry surrendered. Treaty of
1. Treason Paris of 1898
2. Conspiracy to assassinate Pres. Aguinaldo - Agreement that Spain relinquished the remaining Spanish empire
3. Bribery especially Cuba, and ceding Puerto Rico, Guam and the Phlippines
May 10, 1897 to the United States.
-Gen. Mariano Noriel ordered Major Lazaro Makapagal to release the - The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million
Bonifacio brothers from prison. from United States to Spain. The Philippine Flag Symbols:
-He ordered the execution of Andres and his brother Procopio. - The three stars
Andres and his brother were executed at Mount Nagpatong, - symbolizes Luzon, Mindanao and Panay.
Maragondon. The sun
About the Text - symbolizes the gigantic steps made by the sons of the country
-June 10, 1896 towards the path of progress and civilization.
Emilio Aguinaldo issued a sentence decree appointing his Auditor The eight rays of the sun
General of War Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, as a “special -symbolize the 8 provinces that fought against the Spanish
commissioner” to write the Act of the Declaration of the government: Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac,
Independence. Laguna and Batangas.
THE ACT OF PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE is… A The colors Blue, Red and White
sixteen-page document that contained: - commemorating the flag of US of North America
1. The aspirations of freedom from Spanish rule Relevance
2. The sacrifices made -Declaration of independence from colonial rule.
3. And the revolution that resulted from it. - Proves that the Filipino people value their freedom. -The
-The actual author was Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista and the initiator independence we attained in 1898 was freedom that was
was Emilio Aguinaldo. fought for with the lives of Filipinos.
Summary:
- At the town of Kavite-Viejo province of Cavite on June 12,
1898 - War Counselor and Special Delegate, Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista proclaimed and solemnized the Declaration of
Independence and by decree of Dictator Emilio Aguinaldo.
- He mentioned the military chiefs and armies who could
not attend and the representatives of different towns.
Causes
- The people of this country are already tired of bearing the ominous
yoke of Spanish domination. - Arbitrary arrests and abuses of civil
guards.
- Deaths in connivance
- Unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos