Reviewer in Algebra

Algebra ● Numerical Coefficients - is the number part of a

➢ Comes from an Arabic word term.
“al-jebrw’almugabalah” by a persian Algebraic Terms and Symbols
mathematician known as Muhammad ibn Musa al Monomial - is an algebraic expression with one and only
kwarizmi one term. (2xy, ab/3, 2x)
➢ Al-jebr means “reunion of broken parts' ', while Binomial - is an algebraic expression with two and only
almuqabalah translates as to place in front of, to two terms separated by either plus or minus.
balance, to oppose, to set equal. Trinomial - is an algebraic expression with three and only
Set of Real Numbers three, terms separated by either plus or minus.
Polynomial (multinomial) - is an algebraic expression with
two or more terms.
Similar Terms - are terms having exactly the same literal
factors raised to the same power.
Synthetic Division
Applicable if your divisor is in the form of “x-a”
1. Set up the synthetic division.
2. Bring down the leading coefficient to the bottom
row.
3. Multiply “a” by the value just written on the
bottom row.
Properties of Real Number 4. Add the column created in step 3
1. Closure Property - the set of real numbers is closed 5. Repeat until done.
under addition and multiplication. 6. Write out the answer.
2. Commutative Property - two numbers can be
added or multiplied in any order without affecting
the result. Ex: a+b = b+a ; a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a
3. Associative Property - you may group together the
quantities in any way without affecting the result.
Ex: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
4. Distributive Property - The product of a number by
the sum of two or more numbers (b+c+d+..) is
equal to the sum of the product of ab, ac, ad, etc. Special Product and Factoring Chp.2
Ex: a(b + c) = a ⋅ b +a ⋅ c Special Products is a special technique in multiplying
5. Identity Property polynomials.
a. Additive Identity - 0 is the additive identity. The product of the Sum and Difference of Two
b. Multiplicative Identity - is 1. Binomials
6. Inverse Property 2 2
(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏
a. Additive Inverse - when the sum of two
The Square of a Binomial
numbers is 0. 2 2 2
b. Multiplicative Inverse - when the product (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
2 2 2
of two numbers is 1. (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = (𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
Algebraic Expression Product of Two Binomials with the same Variable
It is a combination of Constants, variables, grouping 2
(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
symbols related to each other by a mathematical operation. 2
● Variable - a letter or symbol that represents a (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐𝑥 + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑
2 2
numerical value. (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) = 𝑎𝑐𝑥 + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑑)𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑑𝑦
● Constant - a fixed number sometimes letter can Square of a Polynomial
represent a constant 2 2 2 2
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) + 2𝑏(𝑐)
● Term - an algebraic expression with constant and 2 2 2 2
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 +... ) + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐 +..) + 2𝑏(𝑐 +...) + 2𝑐(...)
variables connected only by the operation of
multiplication and division.
Cube of a Binomial 2. Multiplying Powers if you are multiplying powers
3 3
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 3𝑎 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
2 2 3 with the same base, KEEP the BASE & ADD the
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
3 3
(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 3𝑎 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏
2 2 3 EXPONENTS. 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 = 𝑥
Power of a Binomial 3. Dividing Powers when dividing powers with the
Pascal’s Triangle is the triangular arrangement of numbers same base, KEEP the BASE & SUBTRACT the
𝑚
𝑥 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚−𝑛
that gives the coefficient in the expansion of any binomial EXPONENTS. 𝑛 = 𝑥 ÷𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑥
expression. Created by Blaise Pascal
4. Power of a Power if you are raising a Power to an
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛
exponent, you multiply the exponents. (𝑥 ) = 𝑥
5. Product Law of Exponents If the product of the
bases is powered by the same exponents, then the
result is a multiplication of individual factors of
the product, each powered by the given exponent.
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦
6. Quotient Law of Exponents If the quotient of the
Factoring bases is powered by the same exponent, then the
Is a process of deriving the factors of a given algebraic result is both numerator and denominator, each
𝑥 𝑛
𝑛
expression.
- Common MonomialFactoring
powered by the given exponent. ( )
𝑦
=
𝑥
𝑦
𝑛

- Apply the greatest monomial 7. Negative Law of Exponents if the base is powered
ab + ac + ad = a(b + c + d) by the negative exponent, then the base becomes
−𝑚 1
Factoring Binomials reciprocal with the positive exponent. 𝑥 = 𝑚
𝑥
Difference of Two Squares
8. Zero Law of Exponents: any base powered by zero
a² - b² = (a + b)(a - b) 0
Sum or Difference of Two Cubes exponent equals one. 𝑥 = 1
a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a³ - ab + b³) Roots and Radicals
a³ - b³ = (a - b)(a³ + ab + b³) Opposite of squaring a number is taking the square root of
Sum & Difference of Two Prime Powers a number. A number b is a square root of a number a if b²=a.
𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 + 𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎
𝑛−1
−𝑎
𝑛−2
𝑏 +𝑎
2−3
−... − 𝑎𝑏
𝑛−2
+𝑏
𝑛−1
)
Principal Square Roots
𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎
𝑛−1
+𝑎
𝑛−2
𝑏 +𝑎
2−3
+... − 𝑎𝑏
𝑛−2
+𝑏
𝑛−1
) 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡
Sum and Difference of Two Composite Powers − 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡
𝑚𝑛
𝑎 +𝑏
𝑚𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛
= (𝑎 ) + (𝑏 ) ;where n is odd Radicands is the expression under a radical sign
𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 Radical expression is an expression containing a radical
𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 ) − (𝑏 ) = (𝑎 ) − (𝑏 ) sign. Note: if the radicand of a square root is a negative, radical is NOT real #
Factoring Trinomials Perfect Squares -Square roots of perfect square radicands
Perfect Square Trinomial simplify to rational numbers.
2 2 2
𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) Cube Roots - The cube root of a real number a.
2 2 2 3 3
𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = (𝑎 − 𝑏) 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑏 = 𝑎
General Trinomials nth Roots - The nth root of a is.
2 2 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑏 = (𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑏 = 𝑎
2 If index n is even, the root is NOT a real number when a is negative.
𝑎𝑐𝑥 + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)
If the index is odd, the root will be a real number
2 2
𝑎𝑐𝑥 + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑑𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) [Rules of Radicals are Similar to the Rules of Simplifying Expressions]
Laws of Exponents Chp.3 Rational Expression
𝑝
Exponents is a quantity It is an expression when it can be written in the form ,
𝑞
representing the power to
where p and q are polynomials and q ≠ 0.
which a given number or
* A fraction is said to be in its lowest term when the
expression is to be raised.
numerator and denominator contain no common factor
1. Exponential Form the exponent of a power
indicates how many times the base multiplies itself Note: Lesson 4 is all about executing all the rules, it’s best to
practice. The reviewer cannot help any further.