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AS 1473.1

machinery
Australian Standard™

Part 1: Primary timber milling

Wood-processing machinery—Safety
AS 1473.1—2000
 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee SF/7, Guarding of
Woodworking Machinery. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards
Australia on 15 September 2000 and published on 20 October 2000.

The following interests are represented on Committee SF/7:

Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Australian Industry Group
Australian Woodworking Industries Suppliers Group
Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union
Department for Administrative and Information Services
Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources (Tasmania)
Department of Training and Industrial Relations, Qld
Furnishing Industry Association of Australia
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Tasmanian Forest Industries Training Board

Victorian Association of Forest Industries
Victorian WorkCover Authority
WorkCover New South Wales
WorkSafe Western Australia

Keeping Standards up-to-date

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Executive, Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney,
NSW 2001.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 97414.

 AS 1473.1—2000

Australian Standard™

Wood-processing machinery—Safety
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Part 1: Primary timber milling

machinery

Originated as AS C210—1960.
Previous edition AS 1473—1991.
Revised and redesignated in part as AS 1473.1—2000.

COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia International
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Published by Standards Australia International Ltd
GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 3592 4
 AS 1473.1—2000 2

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee SF/7, Guarding of
Woodworking Machinery, to supersede, in part, AS 1473—1991, Guarding and safe use of
woodworking machinery.
During its work, the Committee considered the draft Code of Practice, for Sawmilling,
prepared by WorkCover New South Wales as well as a number of draft European Standards
issued by the British Standards Institution.
There are difficulties involved in safeguarding machines used in the primary milling of
logs. These difficulties include the fact that, because the logs vary in size and cross-section,
the use of close-fitting guards around the machine is often near impossible. The result is
that the safety of operators working with the machines, particularly the older machines,
depends largely upon the skill and experience of these persons.
Interlocked perimeter fencing is often used to prevent access to the danger zone of modern
machinery. The use of mechanical and fluid power systems for handling logs has reduced
the need for persons to work in close proximity to the log and saw blades, however the fact
remains that timber milling machinery is still dangerous.
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The term ‘normative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the
appendix to which it applies. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of a Standard.
 3 AS 1473.1—2000

CONTENTS

Page

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE .........................................................................................................................5
1.2 OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................5
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ...................................................................................5
1.4 DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................6
1.5 CONSULTATION .......................................................................................................7

SECTION 2 RISK ASSESSMENT

2.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................8
2.2 RISK ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................................8
2.3 DOCUMENTATION .................................................................................................10

SECTION 3 PLANT LAYOUT AND MACHINE INSTALLATION

3.1 FOUNDATIONS........................................................................................................11
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3.2 WORK PLACES AND MEANS OF ACCESS ..........................................................11

3.3 MACHINE LAYOUT AND WORKING AREA........................................................11
3.4 LIGHTING.................................................................................................................11
3.5 ELECTRICAL ...........................................................................................................11
3.6 NOISE........................................................................................................................11

SECTION 4 PLANT SAFETY, WORK SYSTEMS AND RISK CONTROL MEASURES

4.1 MACHINE GUARDING—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ...................................12
4.2 RISK CONTROL MEASURES FOR BREAKDOWN SAWS ...................................12
4.3 CONTROL MEASURES FOR BENCH SAWS.........................................................16
4.4 CONTROL MEASURES FOR DOCKING SAWS ....................................................17
4.5 CONTROL MEASURES FOR RECIPROCATING MULTISAW (GANG SAW) ....19
4.6 CONTROL MEASURES FOR WOODCHIPPER AND DEBARKER.......................19
4.7 CONTROL MEASURES FOR CONVEYORS ..........................................................19
4.8 CONTROL DEVICES AND SYSTEMS....................................................................19
4.9 WORKSTATION ACCESS, EGRESS AND SAFETY..............................................20
4.10 PROTECTION FROM NOISE...................................................................................21
4.11 MANUAL HANDLING.............................................................................................21
4.12 ELECTRICAL SAFETY............................................................................................22
4.13 TRAINING AND INSTRUCTION ............................................................................22
4.14 LASER SAFETY .......................................................................................................22

SECTION 5 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CIRCULAR SAW BENCHES

5.1 POSITION OF CONTROLS ......................................................................................23
5.2 EMERGENCY STOP.................................................................................................23
5.3 TOOL HOLDER AND TOOL DESIGN ....................................................................23
5.4 BRAKING SYSTEMS ...............................................................................................23
5.5 DEVICES TO MINIMIZE THE POSSIBILITY OR THE EFFECT OF EJECTION..24
5.6 PREVENTION OF ACCESS TO SAW......................................................................24
5.7 GUARDING OF DRIVES..........................................................................................24
5.8 RISK OF BREAK-UP DURING OPERATION .........................................................24
5.9 CLAMPING DEVICES..............................................................................................24
5.10 HAZARDOUS ZONE DELINEATION .....................................................................25
5.11 CONTROL MEASURES FOR EMISSION OF SAWDUST OR CHIPS ...................27
5.12 MANUFACTURER’S INSTRUCTIONS...................................................................27
 AS 1473.1—2000 4

Page

SECTION 6 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR BANDSAWING MACHINES

6.1 CONTROLS...............................................................................................................29
6.2 EMERGENCY STOP.................................................................................................29
6.3 MODE SELECTION..................................................................................................29
6.4 CONTROL DUPLICATION......................................................................................29
6.5 AUTOMATIC CLEANING .......................................................................................29
6.6 BLADE STRAINING AND TRACKING ..................................................................30
6.7 SAW GUIDES ...........................................................................................................30
6.8 BRAKING SYSTEMS ...............................................................................................30
6.9 WORKPIECE SUPPORTS AND GUIDES................................................................30
6.10 GUARDING OF SAWS ON HAND-FEED MACHINES..........................................31
6.11 SAFEGUARDING ON INTEGRATED FEED MACHINES .....................................31
6.12 CLAMPING DEVICES..............................................................................................34

SECTION 7 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR MULTIBLADE RIP-SAWING MACHINES

7.1 STARTING ................................................................................................................35
7.2 EMERGENCY STOP.................................................................................................35
7.3 PROTECTION AGAINST MECHANICAL HAZARDS ...........................................35
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APPENDICES
A LIST OF HAZARDS..................................................................................................42
B SAFE WORKING PRACTICES ................................................................................45
C RIVING KNIVES AND ROLLER SPLITTERS ........................................................51
D DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES OF SAW SPINDLES ...........................................54
E REQUIREMENTS FOR SAWBLADE BRAKING....................................................55
 5 AS 1473.1—2000

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
Wood-processing machinery—Safety

Part 1: Primary timber milling machinery

S E CT I ON 1 S COP E AND GE NE RAL

1.1 SCOPE
This Standard specifies requirements for the design, manufacture, guarding and use of
milling equipment used for the primary milling of saw logs into green sawn timber
products.

1.2 OBJECTIVE
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The objective of this Standard is to provide designers, manufacturers, suppliers and users of
timber milling machinery with the means of minimizing the risks to the health and safety of
persons working with or otherwise near, woodworking machinery.

1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1470 Health and safety at work — Principles and practices
1543 Electrical equipment of industrial machines
1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders — Design, construction and
installation
1755 Conveyors —Safety requirements
4024 Safeguarding of machinery
4024.1 Part 1: General principles
AS/NZS
1269 Occupational noise management (series)
1680 Interior lighting
1680.2.4 Part 2.4: Industrial tasks and processes
2211 Laser safety
2211.1 Part 1: Equipment classification, requirements and user’s guide
3000 Electrical installations (known as the Australian/New Zealand Wiring Rules)
4360 Risk management
61241 Electrical apparatus for use in the presence of combustible dust
61241.3 Part 3: Classification of areas where dusts are or may be present
NOHSC
1001 National Standard for manual handling
1007 National Standard for occupational noise

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 AS 1473.1—2000 6

1.4 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply:
1.4.1 Bandsawing machine
A sawing machine having a saw blade in the form of a continuous band mounted on two or
more pulleys.
1.4.2 Circular saw bench
A machine fitted with a single circular sawblade (other than a scoring saw) which is fixed
during the normal cutting operation, and a horizontal table, all or part of which is fixed
during operation. The sawblade is mounted on a horizontal spindle below the table.
1.4.3 Integrated feed
A feed mechanism for the workpiece or tool which is integrated with the machine and
where the workpiece or machine element and incorporated tool are held and controlled
mechanically during the machining operation.
1.4.4 Log bandsaw (Bandmill)
1.4.4.1 Conveyor feed log saw
An integrated feed bandsawing machine for the primary conversion of logs, and is usually
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fitted with a conveyor as the primary feed mechanism.

1.4.4.2 Moving head rig log saw
A bandsaw for the primary conversion of logs where the sawing unit moves past the
stationary log.
1.4.4.3 Reciprocating carriage log saw
An integrated feed bandsawing machine for the primary conversion of logs, and fitted with
a reciprocating carriage and dogging.
1.4.4.4 Travelling table log saw
A bandsaw for the primary conversion of logs, and fitted with either a manual or integrated
feed in addition to a travelling table and dogging.
1.4.5 Rip-sawing machines
1.4.5.1 Multiblade rip saw
A machine with more than one circular blade where the workpiece is fed to the blades by an
integrated power feed in the form of rollers or chain conveyor with manual or automated
loading or unloading. The saw blades can be mounted on one or more than one saw spindle
which may be either fixed in position or be capable of vertical or axial adjustment. The saw
blades may be arranged so that they are—
(a) all mounted above the workpiece support;
(b) all mounted below the workpiece support; or
(c) mounted both above and below the workpiece support.
1.4.5.2 Single blade rip saw
A machine with a single circular saw blade mounted on a fixed position spindle where the
workpiece is fed to the blade by an integrated power feed in the form of rollers or a
conveyor, with manual loading or unloading. The saw blade may be mounted either above
or below the workpiece support.

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 7 AS 1473.1—2000

1.4.6 Shall
Indicates that a statement is mandatory.
1.4.7 Should
Indicates a recommendation.

1.5 CONSULTATION
When planning any process which involves changes to or relocation of existing machinery,
or the provision of new machinery, every effort should be made at the design phase to
consult with all personnel who will use or maintain it.
Designers, where it is practicable to do so, should visit the site where the machinery will be
used, to consult with the personnel. The manufacturer should consult the designer when any
faults are detected or changes made at any phase in the life of the machine.
In this way, foreseeable safety related issues can be addressed at the outset, which will lead
to a safer and more productive workplace.
Guidance on evaluating, assessing and selecting the most appropriate design and
operational methods is given in AS 4024.1.
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 AS 1473.1—2000 8

S E CT I ON 2 RI S K AS S E S S ME NT

2.1 GENERAL
Risk assessment is the procedure by which the knowledge and experience of the design,
use, incidents, accidents and harm related to machinery are brought together in order to
assess risks during the life of the machinery.
This Standard is not intended to provide a detailed account of methods for analysing
hazards and estimating risks as this is dealt with in greater depth in AS 4024.1 and
elsewhere (e.g. AS/NZS 4360).

2.2 RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk assessment is a series of logical steps which enables the systematic examination of the
hazards associated with machinery. Risk assessment is followed, whenever necessary, by
risk reduction as described in AS 4024.1. When this process is repeated it provides the
process for eliminating hazards as far as practicable and implementing safety measures
according to the state of the art. A list of potential hazards is provided in Appendix A.
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Risk assessment (see Figure 2.1) includes the following:

(a) Risk analysis
Risk analysis consists of—
(i) determination of the limits of the machinery;
(ii) hazard identification; and
(iii) risk estimation.
(b) Risk evaluation
Risk analysis provides the information required for the risk evaluation, which in turn
allows judgements to be made on the safety of machinery.
Risk assessment relies on judgemental decisions. These decisions should be supported by
qualitative methods, complemented as far as possible by quantitative methods. Quantitative
methods are particularly appropriate when the foreseeable severity and extent of harm are
high.
Quantitative methods are useful to compare alternative safety measures.
NOTE: The application of quantitative methods is restricted by the amount of useful data which
are available. Therefore, in many applications only qualitative risk assessment will be possible.
The risk assessment procedure shall be conducted in such a manner that it is possible to
document—
(i) the intended use of the machinery for which the assessment has been made,
(e.g. specifications or limits);
(ii) the hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events identified;
(iii) pertinent information used (e.g. accident histories and experience gained from risk
reduction applied to similar machines);
(iv) the objectives to be achieved by the risk control measures;
(v) the safety measures implemented to eliminate identified hazards or reduce risks; and
(vi) the residual risk to the individual hazards by specifying any relevant assumptions that
have been made (loads and safety factors).

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 9 AS 1473.1—2000
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NOTE: Risk reduction and selection of appropriate risk control measures are not part of the risk assessment
process.

FIGURE 2.1 THE ITERATIVE PROCESS TO ACHIEVE SAFETY

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 AS 1473.1—2000 10

2.3 DOCUMENTATION
Documenting the risk assessment is a means of describing the hazards identified and the
risk control measures implemented. The documentation should contain information on—
(a) reference materials used for the risk assessment;
(b) machinery for which the assessment has been made (specifications or limits);
(c) any relevant assumptions which have been made, such as loads, strengths, or safety
factors;
(d) hazards identified;
(e) hazardous situations identified;
(f) hazardous events considered in the assessment;
(g) data used and the sources;
(h) any uncertainty associated with the data used and the impact on the risk assessment;
(i) objectives to be achieved by the risk control method;
(j) any requirements implemented (e.g. Standards or other specifications used);
(k) residual risks; and
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(l) results of the final risk evaluation.

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 11 AS 1473.1—2000

S E CT I ON 3 P LANT LAYOUT AND M ACHI NE

I NS T ALL AT I ON

3.1 FOUNDATIONS
Machines should be fixed or located on a substantial foundation, floor or other support so
that they are stable and secure.

3.2 WORK PLACES AND MEANS OF ACCESS

Work places and means of access should be in accordance with the principles expressed in
AS 1470 and AS 1657.

3.3 MACHINE LAYOUT AND WORKING AREA

Sufficient space should be provided around machines to handle the material with the least
possible interference from or to workers or other machines. Machines should be placed so
that it will not be necessary for an operator to stand in or near an aisle, and the layout of
machines should allow for easy maintenance and repair.
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3.4 LIGHTING
Adequate limitation of the working area shall be provided by natural or artificial means or
both. Artificial lighting shall be in accordance with the provisions of AS/NZS 1680.2.4.

3.5 ELECTRICAL
Electrical wiring and equipment shall be in accordance with AS/NZS 3000, AS 1543,
AS/NZS 61241.3 and the requirements of the relevant regulatory authority.

3.6 NOISE
When a machine could create a noise hazard which has not been controlled at the design
phase, and the noise levels are in excess of those permitted by the regulatory authority, or
are such that they may affect the health of any person, all practicable steps shall be taken,
during installation, to provide a means of reducing the transmission of noise.

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 AS 1473.1—2000 12

S E CT I ON 4 P LANT S AFE T Y, WOR K

S YS T E MS AND RI S K CONT ROL ME AS U RE S

4.1 MACHINE GUARDING—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

4.1.1 Compliance
Employers should provide and maintain plant and systems of work that are safe and without
risks to the health of employees. Requirements and recommendations on safe work
practices are provided in Appendix B.
Where a risk assessment indicates that engineering controls are suitable, machine guarding
in sawmills shall comply with the specific requirements of this Standard and AS 4024.1.
4.1.2 Guarding
All plant should be designed or protected to prevent the risk of injury by contact with
moving parts or being struck by projectiles being ejected from the plant.
Such protection should be in-built wherever practicable.
4.1.3 Construction and application
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Machinery guards shall be constructed in accordance with the requirements of AS 4024.1.

They may be fixed guards, adjustable or controlled by mechanical or electrical interlocking
systems. In certain circumstances, photoelectric systems or combinations of various forms
of guarding may be used. Heavy or frequently adjusted guards should incorporate a system
to move or adjust the guard by pneumatic, electric or some other means in preference to
manual operation.
Fixed guards should be securely fixed in place and should not be able to be removed
without the use of engineering tools.
A system of colour coding the machinery guards will assist in identifying and maintaining
guarding in position. No machinery should be operated unless all guarding is secured and
correctly adjusted. All machinery guarding should be maintained in good working order and
employees adequately instructed, trained and supervised to ensure proper usage.

4.2 RISK CONTROL MEASURES FOR BREAKDOWN SAWS

4.2.1 General
Breakdown saws may include—
(a) single circular saw;
(b) Canadian circular saw (two blades—upper and lower);
(c) twin-edger circular saw;
(d) single bandsaw;
(e) twin bandsaw;
(f) frame saw—power ripping saw;
(g) swing saw—individual or tractor mounted; and
(h) trolley-mounted circular saw.

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 13 AS 1473.1—2000

4.2.2 Cutting action

Only downward cutting actions should be used (see Figure 4.1). This is because—
(a) the downward force of the cut tends to assist the security of the log on the carriage;
(b) sawdust and water spray is directed downwards; and
(c) dislodged pieces of timber are directed to the rear of the cut.
In the event of the saw blade jamming, the machine should be stopped before appropriate
remedial action is undertaken.
Where upward cutting actions are used, the workpiece shall be adequately secured to
prevent the logs from being drawn into the saw teeth.
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FIGURE 4.1 DOWNWARD CUTTING ACTION

4.2.3 Log carriage (cradle)

When mechanically driven, the majority of breakdown saw carriages are mounted on rails
and powered by means of wire cable and winch drum.
The log carriage and associated fittings shall be maintained in a safe working condition at
all times. Suitable brushguards shall be fitted to both front and rear of all wheels on the
carriage to clear the rails of debris or sawdust.
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 AS 1473.1—2000 14

Not less than two full turns of cable shall remain on the winch drum when the carriage is
fully extended.
The traverse of a log carriage should always be achieved by mechanical means, e.g. winch
or fluid power.
Rail-mounted carriages which are manually pulled or pushed past the revolving saw should
not be used.
Both the winch drum and winch cable return pulley shall be fully guarded.
Where the carriage is designed to be ridden, it is permitted that operators ride the carriage.
Where it is necessary for the operator to ride the carriage, a risk assessment shall first be
carried out. The risk assessment shall take into account at least the following:
(a) Protection for the operator.
(b) Means of access and egress.
(c) Position of controls on the carriage is appropriate for ease of use.
(d) Any trip or fall hazards on the carriage.
(e) Electrical hazards.
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4.2.4 Securing log to carriage (dogging)

All logs shall be secured to the carriage before the saw is passed through the log.
4.2.5 Operator's location
4.2.5.1 General
The location of the operator should be assessed and an enclosed workstation used where
practicable.
4.2.5.2 Remote location
The operator should be located in an elevated enclosed workstation clear of the breakdown
saw and saw log carriages positioned so as to maximize visibility of the area.
A remote enclosed workstation for the operator has the following advantages:
(a) Reduced risk from—
(i) propelled particles and water spray;
(ii) noise; and
(iii) injury from projectiles.
(b) Protection from the weather.
(c) Less fatigue.
The operator located in a cabin should be able to see if any person enters the floor area
around the saw and transfer decks. This can be achieved by the erection of suitably located
mirrors or closed-circuit television monitors.
4.2.5.3 Adjacent to the saw
Where an operator is located adjacent to a breakdown saw or log carriage, a risk assessment
(see Section 2) should be conducted and control measures implemented to minimize the
risks arising from at least the following:
(a) Exposure to sawdust and water spray.
(b) Exposure to noise.
(c) Risk of being struck by propelled slivers of timber.
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
 15 AS 1473.1—2000

(d) Risk of being struck by flitches.

(e) Increased fatigue.
(f) Greater risk of soft tissue injury if required to physically handle each flitch, e.g. pull
flitch off the vertical.
(g) Contact with the saw blade.
4.2.6 Guarding
4.2.6.1 General
All areas of plant where a risk of injury exists shall be guarded. Guidance on the general
principles for guarding can be found in AS 4024.1.
4.2.6.2 Work area
The working area traversed by a powered carriage shall be effectively fenced to prevent
access while the saw and carriage are operating.
The area below an elevated breakdown saw, including infeed and outfeed decks or
rollcases, should be effectively fenced to prevent access. Fence gates should be fitted with
interlocks. (See also AS 4024.1.)
In addition, an activated interlock switch should alert the operator by a suitable visual or
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audible warning device located in the enclosed workstation.

4.2.6.3 Saw blade transmission drive
All power transmission shafting, vee and flat belts, chain-and-gear drives should be fully
guarded. (See also AS 4024.1.)
4.2.6.4 Saw blade
Single circular saw blades should at least be fitted with a strong, adjustable top hood guard
which should be adjusted to suit the log being sawn.
Where there is a risk to personnel, the upper saw blade of a Canadian saw should be fitted
with a strong top hood guard.
4.2.6.5 Riving knife
To reduce the likelihood of the flitch coming into contact with the back of the sawblade, the
use of a riving knife or other means such as a power-operated wedge, shall be used with
circular breakdown saws.
4.2.7 Other safety considerations
4.2.7.1 Safe access to infeed and outfeed decks
Safe access should be provided to allow misaligned or caught logs/flitches to be released or
manoeuvred by appropriate means. Where manual or mechanical handling methods are
used, the risk to the health and safety of persons accessing the infeed or outfeed decks from
energy stored within the machine or from the action of gravity on the log or flitch shall be
considered. Examples of stored energy include pressurized pneumatic or hydraulic systems,
springs and counterweights.
4.2.7.2 Placing logs on infeed deck
Where practicable, logs should be placed on the infeed deck of a breakdown saw by
mechanical means.

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 AS 1473.1—2000 16

4.2.7.3 Handling saw blades

Saw blades should be handled in accordance with the following:
(a) Circular saw blades
Mechanical means should be used to transfer circular saw blades.
When not in use, all circular saws should be stored in suitable storage racks located
away from passageways or walkways.
(b) Bandsaw blades
Bandsaw blades not in use should be stored away from walkways and a guard placed
over the cutting teeth.
Floor trolley and mechanical devices should be used to transfer bandsaw blades.
The cutting teeth guard should not be removed until the bandsaw blade has been fitted
to the bandmill wheels.

4.3 CONTROL MEASURES FOR BENCH SAWS

4.3.1 Non-powered infeed
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Where indicated by a risk assessment, benches should be either converted to power infeed
benches or safeguarded in accordance with AS 4024.1.
Four critical factors to be considered in the risk assessment are as follows:
(a) The severity of potential injury.
(b) The frequency of access or entry to the danger zone.
(c) The time of exposure to the hazard.
(d) The type of operational, maintenance or casual access to the hazard.
4.3.2 Saw blade top hood guard
All saw benches should be fitted with a top hood guard of strong and appropriate
construction (see AS 4024.1), the height fully adjustable and the adjustment easily
accessible. The guard shall be capable of covering the whole of the saw blade and the riving
knife protruding above the bench.
A top hood guard is designed to assist in preventing objects being propelled forwards
towards the sawyer and should be adjusted as low as practicable to suit the individual
workpiece being cut.
4.3.3 Riving knife
The purpose of a riving knife is to reduce the risk of ejection of material from the saw at
high velocity into the hazard zone by—
(a) preventing the cut workpiece (flitch) from closing on the uprunning body of the saw
blade; and
(b) preventing the sawn flitch, loose timber or splinters from coming into contact with
the up-running cutting edge of the saw blade.
The knife should be manufactured from steel, have a smooth surface, be approximately 10%
or one gauge thicker than the body plate of the saw blade, and be thinner than the saw kerf.
The riving knife should be fixed below the level of the table and be set behind and in line
with the saw blade. It shall be capable of adjustment so as to bring it as close as practicable
to the saw blade so that the clearance complies with the requirement of Figure C1 when
measured from the centre of the saw blade, at table level.

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 17 AS 1473.1—2000

The edge of the riving knife nearest to the saw blade teeth shall have a curve forming an arc
of a circle equal in diameter to the largest saw blade for which the machine is designed.
Requirements for the design and mounting characteristics are given in Appendix C.
4.3.4 Powered infeed bench
Safety aspects of a powered infeed bench are the same as those of a breast bench (see also
Clauses 4.3.6 and 4.3.7).
4.3.5 Infeed drive hob
The infeed drive hob should be fitted with a suitable guard which shields the operator from
the friction drive area on the opposite side to the timber infeed area, i.e. through 180
degrees opposite the timber infeed.
4.3.6 Power infeed emergency stop bar
Where it is not practicable for the operator to work more than 2 m from the bench, guards
shall be fitted. An infeed stop bar is one solution to guarding the area.
4.3.7 Sizing gauge controls
The sizing gauge controls and operation position of a powered infeed bench shall be located
remote from the bench and be outside the defined hazard zone.
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4.3.8 Saw packing adjustment

Where manual adjustment is necessary, a remote packing adjustment system should be
used. In this system, the manual adjustment (packing adjustment nut) of the packing
adjustment mechanism should be relocated away from the top surface of the bench and
replaced by either of the following:
(a) Screw adjustment
Increase the length of the adjusting screws (both sides) so that they extend past the
sides of the bench. Alternatively, by the use of steel rods and swivel joints, hand
adjustments can be relocated to the front of the bench. Some minor redesign of the
bench may be necessary. There should be a suitable system of preventing unwanted or
inadvertent movement of the saw packing setting.
(b) Hydraulic adjustment
Existing screw adjustment mechanisms may be removed and replaced by a hydraulic
system. Adjustment controls can be located on the front skirt of the bench.

4.4 CONTROL MEASURES FOR DOCKING SAWS

4.4.1 General
Docking saws may include—
(a) saw pivoted from overhead;
(b) saw pivoted from below;
(c) saw or saws mounted on horizontal bars;
(d) saw mounted in a fixed position; and
(e) automatic docking saw.

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 AS 1473.1—2000 18

4.4.2 Mode of operation

Docking saws typically fall into one of the following categories:
(a) Manual
The saw is manually pulled through the timber.
The saw should be set up so that it will automatically return to its rest position upon
the release of the handle and not rebound into the work area.
The return method includes a return or counter-balanced return.
(b) Driven (air or hydraulic)
The saw is driven through the timber and shall automatically return to its rest position
and not rebound into the work area when—
(i) the hand control is released;
(ii) the hand control is returned to the neutral position; or
(iii) air or hydraulic pressure is lost.
4.4.3 Operator controls
A docking saw shall be designed so that when movement is initiated, the operator’s hands
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are well away from the saw blade. (See also AS 4024.1.)
4.4.4 Guarding
Docking saws shall be guarded as follows:
(a) Docking saw at rest
When a docking saw is at its rest position, the saw blade shall be fully enclosed.
NOTE: Where it is not practicable to use a fully enclosed blade, other means such as a two-
hand control may be used. However attention is drawn to the fact that a two-hand control only
protects the person pressing both controls.
(b) In cutting position
The saw shall be guarded to prevent the risk of human contact with the blade from
both in front of the saw and from either side of the saw.
NOTE: Where a manually operated, power-driven docking saw is operated by a two-hand
control system, the operator shall press both buttons simultaneously, using both hands, before
the saw will come forward to cut the timber. (See also AS 4024.1).
(c) Fixed docking saw
A fixed saw shall be effectively guarded to prevent persons bumping or leaning
against the saw.
NOTE: This may be achieved by placing on top of the saw a barrier extending to the front and
both sides of the saw.
(d) Automatic docking saw
An automatic docking saw is designed to operate on a continuous basis, without the
need for an operator. It shall be fully enclosed by guarding or fencing.
4.4.5 Location of docking saw
A docking saw should be located so that the operator is not at risk from being struck or
having a finger or hand jammed by the infed timber.
Timber on the infeed rollcase or transfer deck or conveyor should come to rest before it is
handled by the docking saw operator.

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 19 AS 1473.1—2000

4.5 CONTROL MEASURES FOR RECIPROCATING MULTISAW (GANG SAW)

4.5.1 General
Multisaw operator controls should be so located that the operator is not put at risk.
4.5.2 Anti kickback devices
Anti kickback devices such as pawls, power feeds, combs, or other suitable barriers should
be fitted to circular multisaws to minimize the risk of injury from flying timber.

4.6 CONTROL MEASURES FOR WOODCHIPPER AND DEBARKER

4.6.1 Noise protection
Mill employees working in close proximity to this plant are particularly at risk from the
noise generated. Clause 4.10 sets out noise protection requirements.
4.6.2 Guarding
All dangerous parts of the debarker or chipper should be effectively guarded with either
fixed or interlocked guarding to prevent injury from flying timber or contact with working
parts of the machine. Guarding for the infeed throat shall comply with the requirements of
AS 4024.1.
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4.6.3 Access and egress

A system of work, including isolation procedures, should be in place to prevent access to
the dangerous motion until the plant is stationary.
4.6.4 Jam-ups
There should be in place, a system to work to prevent injury in the event of a jam-up.

4.7 CONTROL MEASURES FOR CONVEYORS

4.7.1 General
All conveyors shall meet the safety requirements of AS 1755.
4.7.2 Crossing gates (see also AS 1755)
The purpose of a crossing gate is to deny access through a roll case or transfer deck from
both sides. Upon opening the gate (lifted upwards), the gate forms an effective barrier on
the roller case feed side as well as automatically stopping the roller or chain drive, by
means of an interlock system.
A passageway shall not cross a conveyor line unless a footbridge or underpass is provided.
For footbridges, the top of the conveyor should be enclosed across the width of pathway.
A footbridge shall allow an employee to cross over a conveyor without risk of being struck
by timber on the moving conveyor.
For underpasses, a roof of sufficient strength to withstand likely impact loads should be
provided.

4.8 CONTROL DEVICES AND SYSTEMS

4.8.1 Emergency stops
All plant shall be fitted with an emergency stop in accordance with the requirements of
AS 4024.1.
An emergency stop is a device which requires deliberate action to bring a machine to rest
when danger is recognized. It should not be used for normal stopping nor should it be relied
on as a means of isolation or immobilization.
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 AS 1473.1—2000 20

An emergency stop, when activated, shall stop the machine as quickly as possible and apply
a brake where provided (see also Clause 5.4). An emergency stop is not an alternative to
guarding.
Where there is more than one control or work station, an emergency stop shall be positioned
at each station. The emergency stop should be located within easy reach.
Release or resetting of the emergency stop device shall not cause the machine to restart.
4.8.2 Machinery isolation systems
All machinery should have a main isolator capable of cutting the energy supply to all of the
machine or system, and of being locked in the open circuit position only. (See also
AS 4024.1.)
Care is necessary to ensure that any energy stored in a machine or system has been either
dissipated, restrained or contained prior to any work being carried out.
An example would be hydraulic or pneumatic equipment with a pressure storage system.
These shall be isolated separately or deenergized.
4.8.3 Tagout/lockout
A tag is usually an easily identified label which is attached to the main isolator of the
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machine when the machine is shut down. It should contain the date, name of person
invoking the tag and the reason for shutdown. A tag should only be removed by the person
who placed it.
If the person who placed the tag has left the site and the machine is safe to use, an
authorized supervisor shall carry out a search to ensure no other person is present in the
area. When it is verified that the area is empty, the tag may be removed.
Before any service or maintenance is carried out on any machinery, it should be locked out
to prevent any accidental machine start. Where it is not possible to lock out the machines, it
shall be tagged out.
Lockout systems are inherently safer than a tagout system and should be used in preference
to tagout systems.
4.8.4 Interlock systems
Interlocking guards are connected to the control circuit of a machine so that—
(a) the machine will not operate until the guard is closed;
(b) the guard will not close until all body parts are removed from the danger zone; or
(c) either the guard remains locked until all dangerous movements have ceased, or
opening the guard disengages the machine drive and stops all movement before it is
possible to contact any moving parts.
Interlocking guards may use any control media, including electrical, mechanical, pneumatic
or hydraulic (see also AS 4024.1).

4.9 WORKSTATION ACCESS, EGRESS AND SAFETY

4.9.1 Control location
Machine operating controls should be located so that the operator positioned in the normal
workplace is free from risk to health and safety, particularly from moving machine parts,
moving timber and flying timber particles or pieces. (See also AS 4024.1.)
Layout of machinery controls should be consistent with good ergonomic requirements and
allow the operator a clear view of the machine’s operational areas.

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 21 AS 1473.1—2000

4.9.2 Workstation design

An employee’s work location should be designed to ensure—
(a) freedom of movement;
(b) safe access and egress;
(c) ease of plant operation;
(d) no obstruction;
(e) level standing surface; and
(f) adequate protection from the weather.
4.9.3 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders
Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders shall comply with the requirements of
AS 1657.

4.10 PROTECTION FROM NOISE

Although specific guidance on noise is beyond the scope of this Standard, reference shall be
made to NOHSC 1007.
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Designers and manufacturers shall minimize noise levels by design.

It may be possible for guard enclosures to be designed to serve the dual purpose of
protection from mechanical hazards and reduction of noise emissions.
Guards and panels should be designed so that they do not add to noise emissions by
vibrating.
The preferred methods for controlling the noise to which people are exposed in the working
environment are, in order, engineering controls to reduce noise levels and administrative
controls to reduce durations of employee exposure.
Where excessive noise remains after implementation of practical engineering and
administrative controls, the use of personal protective equipment is permitted to minimize
the risks of exposure to the remaining noise. Apart from its use as an interim measure until
engineering or administrative controls are implemented, the use of personal protective
equipment should be considered only when other control measures have been shown to be
insufficiently effective.
Manufacturers of wood-working machinery shall advise purchasers of the need to use
appropriate control measures where noise levels exceed those given in the national
standard.

4.11 MANUAL HANDLING

4.11.1 General
Where materials are to be handled manually, the relevant regulatory authority regulations or
National Standard for Manual Handling (NOHSC 1001) should be observed.
4.11.2 Risk assessment
All manual handling which is likely to be a risk to health and safety shall be examined and
assessed. Any assessment shall be done in consultation with employees who are required to
carry out the manual handling activities. (See Clause 1.5 and Section 2.)
The assessment shall take into account at least the following:
(a) Actions and movement.
(b) Workstation layout.
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 AS 1473.1—2000 22

(c) Working posture and position.

(d) Duration and frequency of manual handling.
(e) Location of load and distances moved.
(f) Types of load.
(g) Weights and forces.
(h) Work organization.
(i) Work environment.
(j) Skills and experience.
(k) Age.
(l) Clothing.
(m) Special needs.
(n) Any other factor considered relevant by the employer or employees.

4.12 ELECTRICAL SAFETY

All wiring shall comply with AS/NZS 3000.
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4.13 TRAINING AND INSTRUCTION

Employers shall provide training and instruction, including refresher training, information
and supervision of their employees. All persons involved in any sawmilling operation shall
be trained to follow work practices to enable them to perform their work in a manner that is
safe and without risks to health.
NOTE: National industry competency standards exist for the forest and forest products industry,
sawmilling and processing.

4.14 LASER SAFETY

Lasers used to mark timber shall be limited to Class 2 as set out in AS/NZS 2211.1. Timber
processing plants should appoint a plant laser safety officer to deal with laser safety issues.

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 23 AS 1473.1—2000

S E CT I ON 5 S PE CI FI C RE QUI RE ME NT S FOR
CI RCUL AR S AW BE NCHE S

5.1 POSITION OF CONTROLS

Controls shall be positioned having regard for the ergonomic considerations of AS 4024.1.

5.2 EMERGENCY STOP

Machines with more than one machine operator or where provision is made for use with
more than one machine operator shall be fitted with an emergency stop control which
complies with the requirements of AS 4024.1.
If the machine is fitted with a mechanical brake, the emergency stop, when activated, shall
immediately remove power to the machine actuators and apply the brake, (Category 0).
If the machine is fitted with an electrical brake, the emergency stop shall, when activated,
stop the machine motion once the stop signal has been recognized by the control, but
retaining power to the machine actuators during the stopping process (Category 1).
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5.3 TOOL HOLDER AND TOOL DESIGN

When it is necessary to hold the spindle stationary for sawblade changing, a spindle holding
device shall be provided so that the saw spindle can be held stationary whilst locking or
unlocking the saw spindle locking device.
Where saw flanges (or in the case of flush-mounted sawblades, a flange) are provided, the
diameter of the flanges shall be at least D/8 (where D = diameter of largest sawblade for
which the machine is designed). Where two flanges are provided, both outside diameters of
saw flanges shall be within a tolerance of ±1 mm. The clamping surface of the outside part
of the flange shall be at least 5 mm in width and recessed to the centre.
Precautions shall be taken to ensure that the sawblade does not come loose during start up,
running, during rundown or during braking, e.g. by using a positive connection between the
spindle and sawblade, or by using a positive connection between the front saw flange and
the saw spindle.
Saw spindles shall be manufactured to within the dimensional tolerances given in
Appendix D.

5.4 BRAKING SYSTEMS

The tests given in Appendix E shall be used to determine—
(a) whether or not an automatic brake is required; and
(b) the characteristics of the automatic brake.
Where braking is required by Appendix E it shall be fitted.
Where an automatic brake is provided, the following aspects of the braking system shall be
monitored:
(i) On electrical braking, that electric current is present when required for braking.
(ii) On mechanical braking, that the air gap is within the manufacturer’s limits and the
brake is held off when running.
A fault in these monitored aspects shall be indicated at the stop control, e.g. by a red
indication light.

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 AS 1473.1—2000 24

5.5 DEVICES TO MINIMIZE THE POSSIBILITY OR THE EFFECT OF EJECTION

Requirements for riving knives are provided in Appendix C.

5.6 PREVENTION OF ACCESS TO SAW

5.6.1 Guarding of the tools
An adjustable guard shall be provided to guard that portion of the blade above the table.
The top guard shall be mounted separately from the riving knife but integral with the
machine.
5.6.2 Saw guards mounted separately from the riving knife
The mounting arrangement for the guard support shall be such that it cannot be removed
from the machine without the aid of a tool.
The maximum width of the saw guard at its base shall be 100 mm.
5.6.3 Slot for the sawblade in the table or in the table slot lining
The total width of the slot for the sawblade shall not exceed 12 mm for sawblade diameters
up to 500 mm and shall not exceed 16 mm for sawblade diameters above 500 mm. On the
fixed saw flange side of the table, the distance between the fixed saw flange and the edge of
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the table slot shall not exceed 3 mm for sawblades up to a diameter of 500 mm and 5 mm
for sawblades with a diameter greater than 500 mm (see Figure 5.1).
In cases where the sawblade is changed from above the table, the table insert shall be at
least 80 mm wide on the non-fixed flange side to allow safe blade changing.
5.6.4 Access to the sawblade below the table
The sawblade below the table shall be guarded with a fixed guard. Any access doors for
maintenance purposes or for changing the sawblade fitted in this guarding shall be
interlocked with guard locking.

5.7 GUARDING OF DRIVES

The sawblade drive mechanism shall be guarded by a fully enclosed guard.

5.8 RISK OF BREAK-UP DURING OPERATION

To contain blade tips ejected in the direction of the guards, the following requirements shall
apply:
(a) The saw guard below the table shall be made of steel with a breaking strength of at
least 350 N/mm2 and a wall thickness of at least 2 mm or of aluminium alloy with a
thickness of at least 5 mm.
(b) The saw guard above the table shall be made of the same materials required for the
saw guard below the table or of polycarbonate with a wall thickness of at least 2 mm.

5.9 CLAMPING DEVICES

Crushing hazards from powered clamping systems shall be prevented, for example by—
(a) two-stage clamping with a clamping pressure not exceeding 5 Nm−2 for one second,
followed by full clamping pressure;
(b) reduction of the clamp/workpiece gap to 6 mm or less by a manually adjustable
device; or
(c) limitation of speed of clamping head to 10 mm/sec or less.

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 25 AS 1473.1—2000
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millimetres
Sawblade Dimension
diameter
A (max.) B (max.)
<500 12 3
≥500 16 5

FIGURE 5.1 DISTANCE BETWEEN FIXED SAW FLANGE AND EDGE OF TABLE SLOT

5.10 HAZARDOUS ZONE DELINEATION

5.10.1 General
A hazardous zone exists around circular saws within which a person is exposed to a risk of
being struck by chips, sawdust and other debris propelled into the zone by the rotating saw
blade. To minimize the risk to health and safety, entry to this zone should not be permitted
during sawing operations. The requirements for the zone are set out in Clauses 5.10.2 and
5.10.3.
Where a circular saw is fully enclosed and fitted with anti-kickback devices, the
requirements for the exclusion zone do not apply.
5.10.2 Height of zone
5.10.2.1 Single breakdown saws
The height of zone shall be not less than 2200 mm, measured vertically above the ground,
or positioned level with the top of the saw blade whichever is the greater (see Figure 5.2).
5.10.2.2 Twin Canadian breakdown saws
The height of the zone shall be not less than 2200 mm, measured vertically above the
ground, or positioned level with the centre-line of the top saw, whichever is the greater (see
Figure 5.3).

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 AS 1473.1—2000 26

5.10.3 Width of zone

5.10.3.1 Single and twin saws
The zone shall extend laterally from the centre of the saw at an angle of 7.5° on both sides
of the saw blade, in the direction that chips, sawdust and other debris will be propelled from
the saw (see Figure 5.4).
In the case of multiple saw blades mounted on the same spindle, the zone shall extend
laterally outwards from the centre of both outermost saw blades at an angle of 7.5° in the
direction that chips, saw dust and other debris will be propelled from the saw. The space
between the saw blades forms a part of the zone (see Figure 5.5).
5.10.3.2 Twin Canadian breakdown saws
The zone shall be as set out in Clause 5.10.3.1 except that where the saw blades rotate in
opposite directions to each other, the zone shall extend in both directions from the centre of
the saw blades (see Figure 5.4).
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FIGURE 5.2 HAZARDOUS ZONE HEIGHT FOR SINGLE BREAKDOWN SAWS

FIGURE 5.3 HAZARDOUS ZONE HEIGHT FOR TWIN CANADIAN BREAKDOWN SAWS

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 27 AS 1473.1—2000

5.10.4 Length of zone

Where required, the zone shall extend in the direction that chips, sawdust and other debris
will be propelled from the saw, to a barrier having sufficient strength to prevent penetration
by projectiles propelled by the saw blade, and of the same height as the zone.
5.10.5 Operator location
Where operator consoles or cabins are located adjacent to the hazardous zone, they shall be
designed to prevent penetration by chips, sawdust and debris propelled by the saw blade.

5.11 CONTROL MEASURES FOR EMISSION OF SAWDUST OR CHIPS

Control measures shall be one of the following:
(a) Designing the machine so that dust and chips can be removed by a mechanical
removal system.
(b) Designing the machine, where it is designed for installation over a pit, to accept a
mechanical removal system.
The design of the machine shall ensure that the chippings are transferred to a mechanical
removal system.
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5.12 MANUFACTURER’S INSTRUCTIONS

The instructions shall contain the following information:
(a) The relevant information given in Appendix B along with any other information
concerning the safe use of the machine.
(b) The range of sawblade diameters and thicknesses for which the machine is designed,
and guidance to the user on the selection of the correct riving knife for particular
sawblade dimensions.

FIGURE 5.4 HAZARDOUS ZONE WIDTH AND LENGTH FOR SINGLE AND TWIN
BREAKDOWN SAWS

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 AS 1473.1—2000 28
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FIGURE 5.5 HAZARDOUS ZONE WIDTH AND LENGTH FOR TWIN BREAKDOWN
SAWS MOUNTED ON THE SAME SPINDLE

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 29 AS 1473.1—2000

S E CT I ON 6 S PE CI FI C RE QUI RE ME NT S FOR
BANDS AWI NG M ACHI NE S

6.1 CONTROLS
Where a log bandsaw is under manual control, the controls (excluding the emergency stop)
for table, carriage, conveyor and headrig movement shall be of the ‘hold-to-run’ type unless
the machine is located within an interlocked perimeter fence.
In addition, controls which operate log turning devices shall be of the hold-to-run type
unless the log turning device is enclosed in an interlocked perimeter fence.

6.2 EMERGENCY STOP

An emergency stop control shall be located—
(a) within 1.2 m of all operator positions;
(b) at any infeed and outfeed position; and
(c) on any fixed or moveable control panel.
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If the machine is fitted with a mechanical brake, the emergency stop shall be a Category 0
stop (see Clause 5.2).
In all other cases, the emergency stop control shall be a Category 1 stop (see Clause 5.2).
Where a Category 1 stop control is fitted, the stopping sequence shall be—
(i) cut power to all machine actuators except workpiece clamping (if fitted) and actuate
the brake; and
(ii) cut power to brake and workpiece clamping (if fitted) after braking sequence is
complete.

6.3 MODE SELECTION

Where a machine has a brake which is held on while the power is off and the pulleys
require rotating by hand for tracking, provision shall be made for releasing the brake. It
shall not be possible to start the machine when the brake is in the ‘off’ position.
Where unbraked run down is required during tracking, a mode selector shall be provided.

6.4 CONTROL DUPLICATION

Where duplicate controls are provided for operation of the integrated feed or the saw drive
motor, the control circuit shall only allow one control to be active at a given time.
Emergency stop controls shall be active at all times.

6.5 AUTOMATIC CLEANING

All machines shall be fitted with a device which ensures that the blade and pulleys are
cleaned, e.g. brushes or scrapers.
Where the cleaning devices are manually adjusted this shall be achieved without the aid of a
tool.
Band resaws and log saws shall be fitted with a system which applies anti-adherent fluid to
the blade or pulleys during the machine operation.

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 AS 1473.1—2000 30

6.6 BLADE STRAINING AND TRACKING

Means shall be provided to adjust the strain of the blade. The strain applied to the blade
shall be indicated. A compensation device shall be provided to maintain the strain in the
sawblade during normal operation.
The strain required for a given width and thickness of sawblade fitted, shall be indicated on
the machine.
Where the machine is designed to be tracked under power with all guards closed, then
provision shall be made for establishing the position of the blade, e.g. by means of marks
on the machine table or by sighting slots in the pulley guard. In the latter case, internal
lighting shall be provided to assist sighting. The position and size of openings shall comply
with the requirements of AS 4024.1.

6.7 SAW GUIDES

Bandsawing machines shall be equipped with sawblade guides, for example cheek guides or
pressure guides, above and below the workpiece on vertical bandsawing machines and on
either side of the workpiece on horizontal bandsawing machines.
Where cheek guides are fitted, one set shall be adjustable so that it can be moved towards
the workpiece or work support level and be secured in that position. (See Figure 6.1.)
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6.8 BRAKING SYSTEMS

An automatic brake shall be provided where required by the test in Appendix E.

6.9 WORKPIECE SUPPORTS AND GUIDES

Firewood table bandsaws intended for cross-cutting logs (for firewood) shall be provided
with workpiece support and guide (feeding device) which is used to support the round log
during cutting, e.g. a moving table equipped with a fence to locate the log, or an attachment
equipped with a fence and located on the normal table.
The feeding device shall be locked in the loading position.
The design of the feeding device shall be such that the workpiece is capable of being fixed
or clamped during cross-cutting, e.g. by spikes, overhead clamp, jig or holder.
The manufacturer shall provide workpiece support for the maximum length of log for which
the machine is designed. The minimum workpiece support on the free side of the blade shall
be at least half the length of the workpiece.
A stroke limiting device shall be fitted to the feeding device, so that its movement is only
20 mm greater than the maximum exposed part of the blade for which the machine is
designed.
After cutting, the feeding device shall automatically return to the loading position without
the workpiece or feeding device touching the back of the sawblade, e.g. by means of an
offset return stroke.
The feeding device shall be designed so that at the end of each cutting operation the offcut
is removed e.g. by a chute or other automatic means; and does not remain on the machine
table.
The movement of the cross-cutting table shall not expose the blade below the table.

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 31 AS 1473.1—2000

6.10 GUARDING OF SAWS ON HAND-FEED MACHINES

6.10.1 Guarding of the non-cutting area on hand-feed machines
For bandsaws the non-cutting area of the band, the top and bottom pulleys of the machine
and the whole of the blade in the non-cutting area shall be enclosed by fixed or interlocked
moveable guards or both. Where the stopping time of the blade exceeds 10 s when tested in
accordance with Appendix E and the pulley is enclosed by a moveable interlocked guard,
then guard locking is required.
6.10.2 Guarding the cutting area on hand-feed machines
For table bandsaws and bandsaws for cross-cutting logs, the cutting area of the blade shall
be provided with an adjustable guard(s) which shall be designed in such a way that it does
not have to be removed from the machine during blade change.
The adjustable guard shall be so designed that it fulfils the following requirements:
(a) When unlocked the guard shall be capable of movement if a load of 20 N is applied in
the direction of movement.
(b) When the guard is held in position, it shall not move when a load of 100 N is applied
in the direction of movement.
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In all cases the guard(s) shall be capable of adjustment down to the table.
The adjustable guard(s) shall be attached to and move with the top sawblade guide and shall
be designed so the sawblade is enclosed on all four sides. The adjustable guard control shall
be capable of being held in position or provided with a self-locking adjustment.
In addition, on machines designed for cross-cutting logs, the exposed part of the blade shall
be protected during loading by a deterring/impeding device which is capable of vertical
adjustment, e.g. a device fixed to the edge of the frame or moving table. The deterring/
impeding device shall be designed so that it permits operation of the adjustable guard.

6.11 SAFEGUARDING ON INTEGRATED FEED MACHINES (see also AS 4024.1)

6.11.1 General
The requirements of Clause 6.11 need not apply where access by a person is prevented.
6.11.2 Powered horizontal rollers
Where powered horizontal rollers are fitted to a bandsaw table to assist feeding of heavy
timbers, there is a risk of ‘drawing in’ at the in-running nip(s) formed. Guarding shall be
provided to minimize the risk from such nip points.
6.11.3 Roller tables
Traps between the workpiece and the table rollers shall be eliminated, for example by a
fixed guard or access prevented by a pressure-sensitive device or optoelectronic safety
system.
Traps shall be prevented at the outfeed side of the table roller by, e.g. infilling the in-
running nip.
6.11.4 Band resaws
The means of transmitting drive to the feed rollers, shall be totally enclosed by means of a
fixed guard.
The feed rollers shall be enclosed by a guard. The extent of enclosure shall be as shown in
Figure 6.2.

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 AS 1473.1—2000 32

6.11.5 Log saws

For machines under manual control, the path of the carriage or head rig shall be
safeguarded by a deterring or impeding device of minimum height 1.2 m, sited at least
1.4 m from the danger zone, or by a fixed distance guard or a combination of both.
A limited movement control device or mechanical restraint device to prevent the table or
carriage going beyond its extreme limit shall be provided.
The carriage, reciprocating table or moving head rig shall be automatically locked in the
loading position, e.g. by a braked motor or other means.
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FIGURE 6.1 SAW BLADES — TENSIONED BLADES

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 33 AS 1473.1—2000
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FIGURE 6.2 FEED ROLLER GUARD — BAND RE-SAWS

6.11.6 Guarding the cutting area of integrated feed machines

6.11.6.1 Band resaw
Access to the cutting area of the band shall be prevented by fixed or moveable guard(s) or
by fencing.
Whenever the carriage, table or head rig is stationary in the cutting position, the exposed
part of the blade shall be enclosed.
When the carriage, table or head rig has started moving, the guard shall be open before the
cutting operation commences.
Perimeter fencing or other suitable guarding may be used to provide guarding for all log
bandsaws except travelling table logsaws.

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 AS 1473.1—2000 34

6.11.6.2 Guarding of drives (bandsaw pulleys, feed and the like)

The drive mechanism for the blade and integrated feed shall be guarded either by a fixed
guard or a movable interlocked guard. If it is possible to gain access to the moving
sawblade with the guard open, the movable interlocked guard shall be fitted with guard
locking.
The following requirements apply:
(a) The control circuit shall be designed to provide interlocking to the pit cover so that
the machine will not operate unless the pit cover is closed.
(b) The interlocking device and electrical connection points shall be provided.
(c) The instruction manual shall provide information to enable the installer to fit the
interlocking device.
6.11.6.3 Automation and mechanization
For all machines where movement of the headrig or log carriage is not under manual
control, access to dangerous moving parts shall be prevented so that access cannot be
gained until all dangerous parts have come to rest, e.g. by means of perimeter fencing in
accordance with AS 4024.1. Where a danger from saw run-down exists, access gates within
this fencing shall be interlocked with guard locking. The standard of interlocking shall be
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appropriate to a high risk situation and shall be as a minimum a Category 2 safety related
control system. See AS 4024.1. All other openings in the perimeter fence, e.g. infeed and
outfeed, shall comply with AS 4024.1.

6.12 CLAMPING DEVICES

6.12.1 Dogging
For log bandsaws dogging shall be provided which shall not be in line with or cross the saw
line.
6.12.2 Hook dogging
When hook dogs are fitted in their rest position (when not in use), they shall not protrude
beyond the vertical plane of the table on the operator’s side.
6.12.3 Manually operated powered dogging
Head rig movement shall not operate unless the dogging system has been initiated when the
carriage is loaded.

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 35 AS 1473.1—2000

S E CT I ON 7 S PE CI FI C RE QUI RE ME NT S FOR
MULT I BL ADE RI P - S AWI NG M ACHI NE S

7.1 STARTING
For the purposes of this Standard, safeguards in place and functional are achieved by the
interlocking arrangements required in AS 4024.1.
Starting the feed motor in the infeed direction shall be possible only where the saw spindle
motors are running at full speed, e.g. by a time delay.
Where a time delay is used it shall be at least the maximum start-up time and it shall have
either a fixed time delay or the time delay device shall be sealed.

7.2 EMERGENCY STOP

Emergency stop shall be fitted at the in-feed and out-feed of the machine. The emergency
stop shall be a Category 1 stop (see Clause 5.2).
When initiated the emergency stop sequence shall be as follows:
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(a) Stop the feed.

(b) Stop axial adjustment or vertical movements of the saw spindle.
(c) Stop the saw spindle(s) motor(s) and actuate the brake (if provided).
(d) Maintain guard locking until the blade is stationary.

7.3 PROTECTION AGAINST MECHANICAL HAZARDS

7.3.1 Stability
Machines shall be provided with the facility, e.g. holes, for fixing them to the floor or other
structure.
7.3.2 Risk of break-up during operation
To contain blade tips ejected in the direction of the guards, the guards shall be made of steel
with a breaking strength of not less than 350 N/mm and a wall thickness of not less than
2 mm.
On machines where the saw blades are capable of axial adjustment, this adjustment shall
only be possible if no workpiece is in the area of the saw blades.
For machines with more than one saw spindle, contact between the saw blade or part of the
machine during the vertical powered adjustment shall be prevented, e.g. by a manually
adjustable mechanical restraint device.
NOTE: This requirement is not intended to prevent the use of optimizers.
7.3.3 Tool holder and tool design
When it is necessary to hold the spindle stationary for saw blade changing, a spindle-
holding device shall be provided so that the saw spindle can be held stationary whilst
locking/unlocking the saw spindle locking device.
Precautions shall be taken to ensure that the sawblade does not come loose during start up,
running, during rundown or during braking.

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 AS 1473.1—2000 36

7.3.4 Braking systems

The tests given in Appendix E shall be used to determine—
(a) whether or not an automatic brake is required; and
(b) the characteristics of the automatic brake.
Where an automatic brake is provided, the following aspects of the braking systems shall be
monitored:
(i) On electrical braking, that electric current is present when required for braking.
(ii) On mechanical braking, that the air gap is within the required limits and the brake is
held off when running.
A fault in these monitored aspects shall be indicated at the stop control, e.g. by a red
indicator light.
7.3.5 Devices to minimize the possibility of, or the effect of ejection
7.3.5.1 Infeed end of machine
On machines designed for cutting against the feed, anti-kickback fingers shall be fitted at
the infeed opening. These anti-kickback fingers shall be either—
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(a) mounted on a shaft which remains fixed in position regardless of the position of the
top-feed rollers (see Clause 7.3.5.2); or
(b) mounted on a shaft which moves together with support for the top-feed roller (see
Clause 7.3.5.2).
7.3.5.2 Machines with anti-kickback fingers mounted on a fixed shaft
The anti-kickback fingers shall comply with the following requirements:
(a) They shall be designed in accordance with Figure 7.1.
(b) They shall extend across the full width of the infeed opening.
(c) They shall be effective for the full height capacity of the machine.
(d) They shall be manufactured from steel with a minimum breaking strength of
350 N/mm2.
(e) One row of anti-kickback fingers shall extend down to the table, or to within 1 mm of
the workpiece feeding system.
(f) The maximum width of each finger shall be 10 mm.
(g) The maximum space between anti-kickback fingers shall be 2 mm. The minimum
space shall be 0.4 mm.
(h) The anti-kickback fingers shall return automatically to their lowest position when not
in contact with a workpiece.
(i) The anti-kickback fingers shall be provided with a stop device to prevent the fingers
moving backwards beyond the 90° point from the table (Figure 7.1(b)).
7.3.5.3 Infeed opening
The infeed opening shall be guarded against splinter ejection. This shall be either—
(a) by a further row of anti-kickback fingers which also conform to the requirements of
Clause 7.3.5.2(e), and which is offset from the row required by Clause 7.3.5.2(e)
above (see Figure 7.1(c)); or
(b) by a row of splinter deflectors, offset from the row of anti-kickback fingers required
by Clause 7.3.5.2(e) (see Figure 7.2).

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 37 AS 1473.1—2000

7.3.5.4 Machines with anti-kickback fingers mounted on a shaft which moves with the
support for the upper feed roller
Anti-kickback fingers shall comply with the following requirements:
(a) They shall be designed in accordance with Figures 7.1 and 7.2.
(b) They shall comply with the requirements of Items (b), (c), (d), (f), (g) and (h) of
Clause 7.3.5.2.
The infeed opening shall be guarded against splinter ejection. This shall be achieved by
providing the following:
(i) A row of splinter-catching fingers with the following design requirements:
(A) They shall comply with the requirements of Items (b), (c), (d), (f), (g) and (h)
of Clause 7.3.5.2.
(B) The splinter-catching fingers shall extend down to the table or to within 1 mm
of the workpiece feeding system.
(ii) A row of splinter deflectors, offset from the row of splinter-catching fingers required
above.
7.3.5.5 Splinter deflectors
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Where splinter deflectors are provided, the following requirements shall be met:
(a) Splinter deflectors shall be effective for the full capacity of the machine
(see Figure 7.2).
(b) Splinter deflectors shall be manufactured from a material strong enough to prevent
them from being damaged or deflected by splinters.
(c) All the splinter deflectors in a single row shall be the same length.
(d) Splinter deflectors shall in their fully guarded condition extend downward to within
1 mm of the workpiece guiding system.
(e) The maximum width of an individual splinter deflector shall be 15 mm, the minimum
width shall be 6 mm.
(f) The maximum space between splinter deflectors shall be 2 mm, the minimum space
shall be 0.4 mm.
(g) The spaces between the splinter deflectors shall be guarded against splinter ejection
either by a second row of anti-kickback fingers offset from the first, or by a row of
splinter deflectors offset from the first row of anti-kickback fingers.
(h) The splinter deflectors shall return automatically to the fully guarded condition when
not in contact with the workpiece.
Where a device is provided for lifting the splinter deflectors in order to gain access inside
the machine, splinter deflectors shall not be capable of being lifted by this device until the
sawblades have stopped rotating. The sawblade shall not start if the splinter defectors are
lifted with this device. The maximum distance between splinter deflectors shall be 0.5 mm.
On machines with chain conveyor feed, a further set of splinter catching devices shall be
fitted in the machine table across the full width of the infeed opening, to protect against
kickback of splinters at table level.
These devices shall comply with the requirements of Items (a), (c), (d), (f), (g) and (h) set
out above.

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 AS 1473.1—2000 38

The diameter of the shaft upon which the anti-kickback devices are mounted shall be
determined from Equation 7.3.
d = 0.03 (L − 200) + 10 . . . 7.3
where
d = minimum shaft diameter, in millimetres
= not less than 10 mm
L = unsupported length of the mounting shaft, in millimetres
7.3.5.6 Outfeed end of machine (e.g. where the sawblade or the last sawblades are climb
cutting)
These machines shall be fitted with a tunnel guard (see AS 4024.1) at the outfeed with end
stops and side off unloading. This guard shall be long enough to accommodate the longest
workpiece for which the machine is designed. Access to the danger zone whilst the
sawblades are rotating shall be prevented. Access to the tunnel for maintenance shall be
provided and shall be via a movable guard which is interlocked with guard locking (see also
Clause 7.3.7).
7.3.6 Workpiece supports and guides
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Where machines are supplied with a loose ‘filling in’ piece to fill the gaps between the
blades, or a pressure pad for holding down the workpiece between the saw blades, this shall
be oblong in shape and shall be made of wood so that it can be easily replaced.
7.3.7 Prevention of access to moving parts
7.3.7.1 Guarding of the saw
The sawblade shall be guarded with a fixed enclosing guard. Where access to the sawblade
is required for maintenance or sawblade changing, this shall be via a movable guard
interlocked with guard locking.
7.3.7.2 Safeguarding of the feed mechanism
The feed mechanism except in loading and unloading areas shall be guarded by either a
fixed guard or a movable guard interlocked with guard locking.
Where powered rollers are fitted at the outfeed end, or at the infeed end in front of the anti-
kickback fingers, then the following safeguards shall be fitted.
(a) Fixed guards shall be fitted to prevent the risk of entanglement. Safety distances are
provided in AS 4024.1.
(b) Fixed guards or a trip device shall be fitted to guard against drawing in hazards
created by the feed rollers. Where a trip device is used it shall meet the following
requirements:
(i) The width of the trip device shall be at least equal to the infeed opening.
(ii) It shall be a mechanically actuated device.
(iii) When actuated, the device shall stop the feed.
(iv) The trip device shall remain a maximum of 25 mm above the height of the
surface of the workpiece.
(v) The trip device shall not in itself create a trapping hazard.

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 39 AS 1473.1—2000

7.3.7.3 Machines fitted with chain conveyor feed

The requirements of Clause 7.3.7.2 apply and in addition, crushing hazards caused by the
closing links of the conveyor chain at the infeed end shall be eliminated. An example of
how this can be achieved is shown in Figure 7.3.
Where accessible the space between the exposed edges of the chain conveyor and other
fixed parts of the machine shall not exceed 8 mm.
At the outfeed end of the machine, where the chain conveyor returns into the machine
frame, the design of the frame shall be such that crushing or drawing in hazards are
eliminated (see AS 4024.1).
7.3.7.4 Guarding of drive (to tool spindles, feed and the like)
The drive mechanism for the tools and integrated feed and the like, shall be guarded with a
fixed enclosing guard. Where access to the drives is provided for maintenance or
adjustment purposes, access shall be via a movable guard. Where access to the tools or feed
mechanism is also possible, the movable guard shall be interlocked with guard locking.
7.3.8 Direction of rotation
Each machine shall be clearly marked to show the direction of rotation of the sawblade
spindle(s).
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FIGURE 7.1 (in part) ANTI-KICKBACK DEVICES

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AS 1473.1—2000

© Standards Australia
40

FIGURE 7.1 (in part) ANTI-KICKBACK DEVICES

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 41 AS 1473.1—2000
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DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 7.2 SECTION THROUGH ANTI-KICKBACK DEVICE

FIGURE 7.3 AVOIDING CRUSHING HAZARD ON CONVEYOR CHAINS

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 AS 1473.1—2000 42

APPENDIX A
LIST OF HAZARDS
(Normative)
This Appendix sets out the hazards relevant to primary timber milling machines and gives
reference to the Clause where the hazard is specifically addressed.
Where the hazard is dealt with within another Standard, the number of that Standard is
given. These hazards are listed in Table A1.

TABLE A1
LIST OF HAZARDS
Measures—see the relevant
Clause(s) or Standard where
Hazard number Hazard
the hazard is particularly
addressed
1 Mechanical hazards caused, for example, by—
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(a) shape;
(b) relative location;
(c) mass stability (potential energy of
elements);
(d) mass and velocity (kinetic energy of
elements);
(e) inadequacy of the mechanical strength;
(f) accumulation of potential energy by—
(i) elastic elements (springs);
(ii) liquids or gases under pressure;
or
(iii) vacuum
of the machine parts or work-
pieces
1.1 Crushing hazard 4.9
1.2 Shearing hazard AS 4024.1
1.3 Cutting or severing hazard 5.6, 6.10
1.4 Entanglement hazard AS 4024.1
1.5 Drawing-in or trapping hazard 6.11
1.6 Impact hazard AS 4024.1
1.7 Stabbing or puncture hazard AS 4024.1
1.8 Friction or abrasion hazard Not relevant
1.9 High-pressure fluid injection hazard AS 4024.1
1.10 Ejection of parts (of machinery and processed 5.8, 7.3.5
materials/workpieces)
1.11 Loss of stability of machinery and machine parts 7.3.1
(continued)

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 43 AS 1473.1—2000

TABLE A1 (continued)

Measures—see the relevant

Clause(s) or Standard where
Hazard number Hazard
the hazard is particularly
addressed
1.12 Slip, trip and fall hazards in relationship with Not relevant
machinery (because of their mechanical nature)

2 Electrical hazards caused for example, by:

2.1 (a) Electrical contact (direct or indirect) 4.12
2.2 (b) Electrostatic phenomena Not relevant
2.3 (c) Thermal radiation or other phenomena such Not relevant
as ejection of molten particles and chemical
effects from short-circuits overloads and
similar
2.4 (d) External influences on electrical equipment
3 Thermal hazards resulting in:
3.1 (a) Burns and scalds by a possible contact of
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persons, by flames or explosions and also

by the radiation of heat sources.
3.2 (b) Health-damaging effects by hot or cold Not relevant
work environment
4 Hazards generated by noise, resulting in:
4.1 (a) Hearing losses (deafness), other 4.10
physiological disorders (e.g. loss of
balance, loss of awareness)
4.2 (b) Interference with speech communication, Not relevant
acoustic signals and similar
5 Hazards generated by vibration (resulting in a Not relevant
variety of neurological and vascular disorders)
6 Hazards generated by radiation, by:
6.1 (a) Electrical arcs Not relevant
6.2 (b) Lasers Not relevant
6.3 (c) Ionizing radiation disorders Not relevant
6.4 (d) Machines making use of high frequency Not relevant
electromagnetic fields
7 Hazards generated by materials and substances
processed, used or exhausted by machinery:
7.1 (a) Hazards resulting from contact with or
inhalation of harmful fluids, gases, mists,
fumes and dusts
7.2 (b) Fire or explosive hazard
7.3 (c) Biological and microbiological (viral or Not relevant
bacterial) hazards
(continued)

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 AS 1473.1—2000 44

Measures—see the relevant

Clause(s) or Standard where
Hazard number Hazard
the hazard is particularly
addressed
8 Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic
principles in machine design (mismatch of
machinery with human characteristics and
abilities) caused, by:
8.1 (a) Unhealthy postures or excessive efforts 4.11
8.2 (b) Inadequate consideration of human hand-
arm or foot-leg anatomy
8.3 (c) Neglected use of personal protection Not relevant
equipment
8.4 (d) Inadequate area lighting
8.5 (e) Mental overload or insufficient stimulus, Not relevant
stress and the like
8.6 (f) Human error Not relevant
9 Hazard combinations Not relevant
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10 Hazards caused by failure of energy supply,

breaking down of machinery parts and other
functional disorders, as follows:
10.1 (a) Failure of energy supply (of energy or
control circuits)
10.2 (b) Unexpected ejection of machine parts or 5.5, 5.6, 7.3.2, 7.3.5
fluids
10.3 (c) Failure, malfunction of control system
(unexpected start up, unexpected overrun)
10.4 (d) Errors of fitting Not relevant
10.5 (e) Overturn, unexpected loss of machine 7.3.1
stability
11 Hazards caused by (temporary) missing or
incorrectly positioned safety related
measures/means, as follows:
11.1 (a) All kinds of guards 4.1, 4.2.6, 4.4.4, 5.6, 7.3.7
11.2 (b) All kinds of safety related protection Not relevant
devices
11.3 (c) Starting and stopping devices 4.8, 5.1, 5.2, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6,8
11.4 (d) Safety signs and signals
11.5 (e) All kinds of information or warning devices
11.6 (f) Energy supply disconnecting devices 4.8.2
11.7 (g) Emergency devices 5.2, 6.2
11.8 (h) Feeding/removal means of workpieces 4.2.3, 4.2.4, 4.2.7
11.9 (i) Essential equipment and accessories for
safe adjusting or maintaining
11.10 (j) Equipment evacuating gases, dust and chips 5.11

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 45 AS 1473.1—2000

APPENDIX B
SAFE WORKING PRACTICES
(Normative)

B1 GENERAL
The safe working practices which follow are recognized as contributing to safety but may
not be adequate, complete or entirely applicable for every situation. They may not cover all
possible hazardous situations and should be interpreted judiciously.
The information given in this Appendix shall be included in the instruction handbook. The
manufacturer should also include any other information specific to the machine which
concerns its safe use.

B2 MACHINE SETTING
B2.1 Essential requirements
For a bandsawing machine to cut in an accurate and efficient manner it is essential that—
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(a) the type of blade is suitable for the material being cut;
(b) the machine is fitted with a blade of the correct width for the operation being
performed;
(c) the blade teeth are sharp and properly set or swaged;
(d) the straining and tracking of the blade are correct; and
(e) the maximum thickness of the blade is suitable for the wheel diameter.
B2.2 Storage
For recommendations on selecting, setting, sharpening, maintenance, handling and storage
of bandsaw blades, see Paragraph B7 below.
B2.3 Straining
When the machine is not in use, for example at the end of a shift, the blade strain should be
released and a notice placed on the machine to indicate this and to remind the next user to
adjust the strain before starting up.
B2.4 Tracking
Tracking will ensure that the blade runs correctly on the pulleys by tilting one pulley.
When tracking, the thrust wheel on a table bandsaw shall be clear of the blade to allow for
its free movement. With the machine isolated, the top pulley shall be rotated and the
movement of the blade noted. If the blade is not tracking correctly, the top pulley should be
tilted until the blade runs in the correct position. If the blade proves not to run correctly
when under power, this procedure should be repeated. After tracking, the blade strain
should be rechecked.
On resaws and logsaws, the blade is designed to overhang the edge of the pulley. Tracking
can be done either with the machine isolated from the power supply and the wheel guards
open or with the wheel guards closed and the power supply on. In the latter case, the
working part of the blade (the down run on a vertical machine) should be guarded. On
machines with tables, the adjustable guard should be adjusted down to the table. On
logsaws without tables, the adjustable guard should cover the blade.

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B2.5 Sawblade guides and thrust wheel

The sawblade guides, which can be fixed pads, pegs or rotating rollers, shall support the
blade behind the gullets during cutting. They should not grip the blade during cutting.
The purpose of the thrust wheel on a table bandsaw is to give support to the blade when
cutting. It should be positioned just clear of the back of the blade when the blade is running
free after being strained and tracked. Lack of clearance will cause grooving of the thrust
wheel and lead to blade failure.

B3 MACHINE OPERATION
B3.1 General
The adjustable guard shall be adjusted to the minimum clearance from the workpiece.
The blade or pulley of a bandsawing machine should never be cleaned by a hand-held brush
or scraper whilst the blade is in motion. Careful adjustment and regular maintenance of the
blade and pulley cleaning equipment and of the lubricating system on resaws and log saws
will ensure that the residues do not build up.
B3.2 Cutting without a fence
On a table bandsaw the workpiece shall be fed forward evenly and held firmly on the table
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to ensure effective control during cutting, whilst keeping the hands in a safe position.
NOTE: Resaws should not be used for this type of work where the operator’s hands are required
to support the workpiece close to the blade.
B3.3 Cross cutting round stock
The workpiece shall be secured against rotation, caused by the cutting pressure, and shall be
held in a jig or holder suitable for the purpose. The blade used shall be of a type suitable for
cross cutting.

B4 RECOMMENDATIONS RELATING TO THE WORKPIECE

For automated sawmills, logs should be inspected and sorted before being fed to the logsaw.
Sorting for size and straightness at this stage will reduce the need for operator intervention
in the hazard zone.
Logs should be inspected in order to reveal inclusions such as stones, staples or nails.
Cleaning or debarking may assist this inspection. Where deep inclusions are foreseeable,
e.g. in hedgerow timber, then the use of metal detectors is advisable.
The manufacturer’s specification for the maximum dimensions of log that can be handled
shall not be exceeded.
Special holding equipment shall be provided and used if round timber is ripped on a table
bandsaw or resaw to prevent rolling or slipping, e.g. hook dogs, wedges or v-blocks. Where
hook dogs are used, they should be regularly sharpened to maintain their effectiveness.
Additional workpiece support such as table extensions or roller trestles shall always be used
for long work pieces as tipping of the workpiece is a common cause of accidents.

B5 NOISE REDUCTION
B5.1 General
Working practices affect noise levels emitted by bandsawing machines. The provisions of
Clause 4.10 shall be followed.

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 47 AS 1473.1—2000

B5.2 Blade selection

The manufacturer's information on the noise levels associated with different tool forms and
set should be considered when selecting blades.
B5.3 Blade condition
The condition of the blade is important in minimizing noise levels during cutting. The blade
should be properly maintained, paying attention to the following:
(a) The brazed or welded joint should be dressed flush with the blade.
(b) The teeth should be correctly set or swaged for the operation being performed.
(c) The sharpness of the teeth should be checked at regular intervals.
(d) The cleaning equipment should be checked regularly to ensure that it is preventing
accumulation of resin on the sawblade.
(e) Selection of optimum feed speed.
(f) Selection of the lowest blade speed consistent with effective cutting, if blade speed
adjustment is provided.
B5.4 Idling noise
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Idling noise is due to sawblade vibration and some simple maintenance procedures are
known to reduce this substantially. For example, a bandsaw with poorly adjusted wheel
scrapers produces a slow decay from maximum cutting noise to minimum idling noise level.
The maintenance procedures include the following:
(a) Proper adjustment of wheel scrapers and sawdust deflectors.
(b) Maintenance of the sawdust extraction systems within their design parameters.
(c) Maintenance of blade lubrication systems on resaws and logsaws.
(d) Accurate blade tracking.
(e) Sawblade doctoring of tensioned blades.

B6 DUST EXTRACTION
A system of routine maintenance for the extraction system and pulley guard seals should be
introduced so as to maintain the efficiency of the extraction system at a satisfactory level.

B7 TOOLING
B7.1 Selection
On a table bandsawing machine, the width of the blade should be chosen to suit the radius
of the cut, the tooth pitch should be chosen to suit the material thickness and the tooth form
to suit the material being sawn.
B7.2 Handling
Care should be taken to avoid damaging the sawblade. When not in use, untensioned
bandsaw blades should be coiled and secured. They should be stored in a safe, dry place.
Before use they should be checked for damaged teeth and cracks.
To avoid cracking, tensioned blades should be stored in a suitable carrier.
NOTE: At least two operators will be needed to change a wide bandsaw blade.
Care should be taken when transporting tensioned wide blades and suitable carrier
equipment should be provided for this.
Suitable gloves (or other handling device) should be worn whenever blades are handled.
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 AS 1473.1—2000 48

Sawblades should be properly set or swaged and sharpened; setting should always be
carried out before sharpening.
Setting presents teeth which are wider than the thickness of the ribbon and prevents the
ribbon from rubbing in the workpiece and overheating. Excessive set is likely to lead to
sawblade breakage.
Procedures for on setting/sharpening, tensioning, tracking and inspection of blades
contained in information or advice supplied by the manufacturer should be incorporated
into the user’s system of work.
B7.3 Tensioning of wide bandsaw blades
Tension is applied to the blade in order to—
(a) stiffen the cutting edge;
(b) ensure that the saw does not 'wander' on the pulley; and
(c) to compensate for the expansion of the blade, mainly at the cutting edge, due to the
rise in temperature when working.
It is important that the correct tension is applied to wide bandsaw blades by the operator (as
recommended by the blade manufacturer). Excessive or inadequate tension will result in
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reduced contact of the blade with the wheel rim.

The blade manufacturer's advice should be sought on the procedures to be adopted for
‘running in’ new blades before load is applied.
B7.4 Blade breakages
The risk of a sawblade breakage is increased by—
(a) the use of incorrect blades, or blades which are badly brazed or butt welded;
(b) cracked sawblades;
(c) sharp corners in the gullets of the teeth causing cracks to form;
(d) bending of the blade in the cut, caused by the use of too wide a blade;
(e) the incorrect setting of the guides or thrust wheel, causing the guides to bind on the
sawblade;
(f) failure of the thrust wheel to rotate under sawblade pressure;
(g) offcuts becoming wedged between the blade and a worn table insert;
(h) incorrect feeding of the workpiece (forcing the workpiece against the blade too
quickly);
(i) twisting of the workpiece when cutting;
(j) build-up of resin on the blade;
(k) poor condition of tyres;
(l) sticking of the blade straining mechanism;
(m) blade teeth which are blunt or incorrectly set;
(n) incorrect tensioning of wide bandsaw blades;
(o) burning and cracking as a consequence of incorrect grinding; and
(p) long regrinding intervals.

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 49 AS 1473.1—2000

If gullet cracks appear, there is a danger of blades breaking. Blades should be examined
regularly for signs of cracking when they should be either repaired by a competent person
or scrapped.
The failure of a blade to track correctly may indicate that cracks are developing.

B8 DEMOUNTABLE POWER FEED

A demountable power feed should be fitted wherever it is reasonably practicable as this will
reduce the risk of contact with the sawblade.
A demountable power feed unit is not a substitute for a riving knife, and the riving knife
should be kept in position when using a demountable power feed.

B9 SELECTION OF SAWBLADE AND RIVING KNIFE

The operator shall only select sawblades of a diameter and thickness suitable for the
machine, as specified in the manufacturers instructions (see Clause 5.9).
Selection of the riving knife is dependent on the sawblade thickness and sawblade diameter.
The operator shall ensure that the riving knife selected is suitable for the sawblade being
used.
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B10 SELECTION OF RIVING KNIFE

The riving knife guiding slot shall be no more than 0.5 mm wider than the riving knife
guiding elements.

B11 SAFE OPERATION AND OPERATOR TRAINING

B11.1 General
To maintain a safe working environment in a woodworking machine shop it is necessary to
ensure that not only are the requirements of this Standard met in respect of the machines
themselves, i.e. design, maintenance, provision of ancillary equipment, etc., but that
operators are properly trained (which includes the provision of both information and
instruction) in the safe and healthy use of their machines and related safe working practices.
Typical of the most commonly encountered safety issues in a woodworking machine shop
are the following:
(a) Incorrect use of guards jigs and other safety devices such as push sticks and blocks.
(b) Lack of properly established safe working practices where there are, of necessity,
exposed cutting tools and edges.
(c) Lack of hearing protection in the vicinity of machines emitting noise at high levels.
In addition to the recommendations given in this Section, reference should also be made
to—
(i) AS 1470, which outlines aspects of management, supervision, and selection and
training of personnel; and
(ii) AS/NZS 1269, which deals with hearing conservation.
B11.2 Training and supervision
The training of woodworking machine operators should include full instruction on the
machines to be used, the class of work to be done, and the relevant safety regulations and
other operating and safety requirements including the ability to recognize faults.
NOTE: There may be statutory restrictions on the employment of young persons on certain
machines unless statutory obligations have been fulfilled.

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 AS 1473.1—2000 50

As an adjunct to the training of operators in fault recognition, it is essential that there be

well-defined arrangements for reporting such matters and that operators can be confident
that fault reporting will be followed up promptly.
Training should also be given to any person assisting at the machine.
Each operator should be closely supervised by a person with thorough knowledge of the
machine until it is demonstrated that the operator is fully conversant with the machine and
associated duties. On-going supervision at an appropriate level should also be maintained to
ensure that safe practices are continuing to be followed, and machines are working in a safe
and proper manner.
B11.3 Education and training
B11.3.1 Initial training
Initial training and retraining at appropriate intervals should be provided. The training
specified should be provided as close as practicable, in time, prior to commencing work on
the machine and be relevant to the specific task and procedure.
B11.3.2 Trainer skills
Training should be conducted by persons knowledgeable in all relevant aspects of the
machine, hazard recognition and the use of safety equipment.
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B11.3.3 Level of competence

Training should be continued until the employer is satisfied that each person has been
trained to an acceptable standard of competence. Details of such training should be suitably
recorded, for example, in a personnel file.
B11.3.4 Content of training for employees
While the emphasis placed on different aspects will depend on the target group, training for
all target groups should include the following content:
(a) The provisions of the relevant regulations.
(b) The provisions of this Standard which are directly relevant to their work.
(c) Physical, chemical and biological hazards relating to work in or near the machines.
(d) Established healthy and safe work practices in the workplace, including lockout and
isolation procedures.
(e) Emergency procedures in the workplace and relating to the machine.
(f) Selection distribution, use, fit and maintenance of personal protective equipment.
B11.3.5 Review of training
Training should be evaluated and reviewed in consultation with relevant employees or their
representative, on order to ensure that the content of the training programs is clearly
understood by all employees and the overall objectives of the training programs have been
achieved, as well as to identify when further training is required.
B11.3.6 Records of training
Records of training should include—
(a) the names of employees receiving training and dates of attendance;
(b) the title of the training course and an outline of its contents;
(c) the duration of training; and
(d) whether the training program is registered or accredited by any statutory body,
government department, educational institution or other association or organization.

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 51 AS 1473.1—2000

APPENDIX C
RIVING KNIVES AND ROLLER SPLITTERS
(Normative)

C1 SCOPE
This Appendix sets out the requirements for riving knives and roller splitters when fitted to
saws.

C2 RIVING KNIVES
The riving knife and its mounting shall have characteristics as follows:
(a) Riving knives shall be manufactured from steel or of a comparable material having a
minimum tensile strength of 580 N/mm2.
(b) The riving knife shall be one gauge thicker than the saw blade body, but not thicker
than the saw kerf.
(c) The riving knife shall be of constant thickness throughout its worked length.
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(d) The leading edge of the riving knife shall be chamfered to provide a lead in to the saw
kerf.
(e) The riving knife shall be capable of both horizontal and vertical adjustment.
(f) The riving knife shall be maintained at a maximum clearance from the trailing edge
of the saw blade specified in Table C1.
(g) The front and rear contours of the riving knife shall have continuous curves designed
to follow the shape of the saw blade (see Figure C1).
(h) The riving knife shall be kept in line with the saw blade.
(i) The riving knife shall be securely fixed in position to prevent movement, and
consideration shall be given to the need for means to prevent slippage, e.g. the use of
mounting holes instead of slots.
(j) Slots or holes provided for adjustment shall be not more than 0.5 mm greater in
diameter than the mounting bolts.
(k) Adjustment slots and bolt holes in the riving knife or support mechanism shall have a
minimum clearance from the edge of the riving knife or support mechanism to the
hole or slot centres not less than the dimensions provided in Table C2.

TABLE C1
RIVING KNIFE ADJUSTMENT AND PROFILE

Sawblade Minimum riving Maximum riving Riving knife Riving knife

diameter knife height (H) knife clearance width at base width at tip (W2)
(A) (W1)
mm
<600 13 mm from top of 13 mm — —
blade
>600 <1070 0.85 blade radius Saw diameter/50 max. dia./9 max. dia./12
>1070 0.75 blade radius Saw diameter/50 max. dia./6 max. dia./10

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 AS 1473.1—2000 52
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FIGURE C1 RIVING KNIFE DIMENSIONS

TABLE C2
MINIMUM EDGE DISTANCES TO CENTRE OF FASTENERS
millimetres

Bolt dia. Sheared or hand flame cut Machine flame cut, sawn or milled edge
16 28 24
20 35 30
24 42 36

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 53 AS 1473.1—2000

C3 ROLLER SPLITTERS
Powered roller splitters should only be used on log break down operations where the saw
blade diameter is greater than 600 mm. The minimum entry depth for the splitter shall be
not less than one-sixth of the saw blade diameter (see Figure C2).
Powered roller shutters shall only be used on equipment where the safeguarding complies
with the requirements of AS 4024.1, e.g. total segregation of operators from the saw and
isolation systems in place.
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FIGURE C2 ROLLER SPLITTER DIMENISONS

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 AS 1473.1—2000 54

APPENDIX D
DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES OF SAW SPINDLES
(Normative)

Diagram Object Permissible Measuring

deviation, mm instruments

Measuring run-out of
0.03 Dial gauge
saw spindle

Measurement made as close to

flange as possible
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Measuring camming 0.03 for M < 100

Dial gauge
of the saw flange 0.04 for M > 100

Apply axial pressure F as

recommended by manufacturer

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 55 AS 1473.1—2000

APPENDIX E
REQUIREMENTS FOR SAWBLADE BRAKING
(Normative)

E1 GENERAL
This Appendix sets out the method for determining whether braking is necessary during
rundown of new saws.

E2 REQUIREMENT
When it is possible to gain access to any part of the tool during rundown, the machine shall
comply with the procedure set out in Figure E1.
When it is not possible to gain access to any part of the tool during rundown, (i.e. the tool is
enclosed with either fixed guards or interlocked guards with guard locking) the machine
shall comply with the procedure set out in Figure E2.
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E3 CONDITIONS FOR ALL TESTS

The machine shall be set according to the manufacturer's instructions (e.g. belt tension and
the like).
When selecting speed and the saw, conditions shall be chosen which create the greatest
kinetic energy of the saw for which the machine is designed.
Warm up the saw by idle running for 15 min. Verify that the actual spindle speed is within
10% of the intended speed. The speed measuring equipment shall have an accuracy of at
least ±1% of full scale.
Time measuring equipment shall have an accuracy of ±0.1 s. When testing machines with a
manual start delta switch, the manufacturer's instructions shall be followed.

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 AS 1473.1—2000 56
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FIGURE E1 TOOL ACCESSIBLE DURING RUN-DOWN

FIGURE E2 TOOL NOT ACCESSIBLE DURING RUN-DOWN

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 57 AS 1473.1—2000

E4 PROCEDURE
E4.1 Test No. 1—Preliminary unbraked rundown time
One machine shall be tested and the unbraked rundown time shall be the average of three
measurements.
E4.2 Test No. 2—Ultimate unbraked rundown time
The procedure shall be as follows:
(a) For machines manufactured in small numbers per year (e.g. two per year), each
machine shall be measured. The ultimate unbraked rundown time shall be the average
of three measurements.
(b) For machines manufactured in series, five machines shall be measured three times
each, under the same conditions.
The ultimate unbraked rundown time shall be determined as follows:
(i) Determine the average unbraked rundown time from the following equation:

j =5
i=3

∑t
1
t rd =
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rdij . . . E4.2(1)
15 j =1
i =1

where
t rd = average unbraked rundown time, in seconds
j = number of machines
i = number of tests on each machine
trdij = i th measured rundown time for j th machine
(ii) Determine the standard deviation from the following equation:
j=5
i =3
(t − t rd )
2

σ trd = ∑
rdij
. . . E4.2(2)
j =1 14
i =1

(iii) Then determine actual unbraked rundown time from the following equation
Actual unbraked rundown time = t rd + 1.96σ trd . . . .E4.2(3)
E4.3 Test No. 3—Run-up time
Test one machine only.
The run-up time shall be the average of three measurements.
E4.4 Test No. 4—Braking time
Test one machine only.
The procedure shall be as follows:
(a) Run the machine for 1 min under the specified conditions.
(b) Measure the braking time.
(c) Restart the machine after 10 s.
(d) Repeat the cycle 10 times in total.

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 AS 1473.1—2000 58

The braking time shall be calculated as follows:

(i) Determine the average braking time from the following equation:
1 i = 10
t brd = ∑ t brdi . . . E4.4(1)
10 i = 1
where
t brd = average braking time
i = number of tests on each machine
tbrdj = i th measured braking time
(ii) Determine the standard deviation from the following equation:
i = 10
(t brdi − t brd )2
σ tbrd = ∑
i =1 9
. . . E4.4(2)

(iii) Then determine actual unbraked rundown time

Actual unbraked rundown time = t brd + 1.96σ tbrd . . . .E4.4(3)
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© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 Standards Australia
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