Mathematics

ALLEN
Polynomials
When doctors prescribe medication,
they give patients instructions as to
how much to take and how often it
should be taken. The amount of
medication in your body varies with
time. "Polynomials are used in the
Suppos e th e equati on real world, people in all sorts of
M(t) = 3.5t3 – 100t2 + 350t models professions use polynomials
the number of milligrams of a certain everyday. Although polynomials
medication in the bloodstream t hours offer limited information, they
after it has been taken. Clearly, M(t) can beused in more sophisticated
represents a polynomial (cubic) in way to retrieve more data."
variable t. The doctor can use the
roots of this equation to determine
how often the patient should take the

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medication to maintain a certain
concentration in the body.

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1. Polynomial in one variable
An algebraic expression of the form

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p(x) = anxn + an–1xn–1 + an–2xn–2 +....+ a1x1 + a0x0, where
(i) an ¹ 0
(ii) a0, a1, a2,...,an are real numbers

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(iii) power of x is a positive integer, is called a polynomial in one variable.
Hence, a n, an–1 , a n–2 ,....., a0 are coefficients of x n, xn–1 , ............,x0
respectively and anxn, an–1xn–1, an–2xn–2,... are terms of the polynomial.

A
Here, the term anxn is called the leading term and its coefficient an, the
leading coefficient.

Variable
Coefficients Coefficients

1 3 THE
p(u) = —
2
u – 3u2 + 2u – 4
SPOT P
LIGHT
Terms Are all algeb raic expressions
polynomials ?
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Theory.

1. Complete the following table :

Algebraic Polynomial
S.No. Reason
expression (Yes/No)
(i) 6x –2 No Variable has a negative exponent
1
(ii)
x2
(iii) x
(iv) 4x 2

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CBSE : Class IX
ALLEN
Zero polynomial
3 3
Constants 2, – 2, and a can be written as 2x0, –2x0, 2 x0, x0
2,
2 2
and ax0 respectively as we no that x0 = 1. Therefore, these constants are
expressed as polynomials which contain single term in variable x and the
exponent of the variable is 0. Thus, we can define a constant as a constant
polynomial.
In particular, the constant number 0 as the zero polynomial.

2. Degree of polynomials
Degree of the polynomial in one variable is the largest exponent of the
variable. For example, the degree of the polynomial 3x7 – 4x6 + x + 9 is
7 and the degree of the polynomial 5x6 – 4x2 – 6 is 6.
Polynomials classified by degree

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Degree Name General form Example
– ¥ (undefined) Zero polynomial 0 0
0 (Non-zero) constant a; (a ¹ 0) 1

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polynomial
1 Linear polynomial ax + b; (a ¹ 0) x+1
2 Quadratic polynomial ax + bx + c; (a ¹ 0)
2

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2
x +1
ax + bx + cx + d; (a ¹ 0)
3 2
3 Cubic polynomial 3
x +1

THE Usually, a polynomial of degree n, for n greater than 3, is called a polynomial

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SPOT P of degree n, although the phrases quartic polynomial and quintic polynomial
LIGHT are sometimes used.
A non-zero constant is a polynomial Some special types of polynomials

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of degree zero, but the degree of zero Monomials : Polynomials having only one term are called monomials.
polynomial is not defined.
E.g. 2, 2x, 7y5, 12t7 etc.
Binomials : Polynomials having exactly two terms are called
binomials.
E.g. p(x) = 2x + 1, r(y) = 2y7 + 5y6. etc.
Trinomials : Polynomials having exactly three terms are called
trinomials.
E.g. p(x) = 2x2 + x + 6, q(y) = 9y6 + 4y2 + 1 etc.
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Theory.

Write whether the following statements are True or False. Justify your
answer.

1
(i) x1/2 + 1 is a polynomial
5
6 x + x3 / 2
(ii) is a polynomial, x ¹ 0
x
Explanation
(i) False, because the exponent of the variable is not a whole number.

6 x + x3 / 2
(ii) True, because = 6 + x, which is a polynomial.
x
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 Mathematics
ALLEN

x3 + 2x + 1 7 2
For the polynomial – x - x 6 , write
5 2
(i) The degree of the polynomial THE
(ii) The coefficient of x3 SPOT P
(iii) The coefficient of x6 LIGHT
(iv) The constant term If the sum of the co-efficients of a
Explanation polynomial is zero, then (x – 1) is a
x3 + 2x + 1 7 2 factor of the polynomial.
Polynomial – x - x6 can be written as
5 2
x3 2 1 7 2 6
+ x+ – x – x
5 5 5 2
x3 7 2 2 1
or – x6 + – x + x+
5 2 5 5

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æ1ö æ -7 ö 2 æ2ö 1
or (–1) x6 + (0) x5 + (0) x4 + ç ÷ x3 + ç ÷x + ç5÷ x + 5
è5ø è 2 ø è ø
So, (i) The degree of the polynomial = 6

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æ1ö
(ii) The coefficient of x3 = ç ÷
è5ø
6
(iii) The coefficient of x = – 1

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1
(iv) The constant term =
5

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Which of the following expressions are polynomials? Justify your answer.
1
(i) 8 (ii) 3x2 - 2x (iii) 1 – 5x (iv) + 5x + 7

A
5x –2
(x - 2) (x - 4) 1 1 2 2 1
(v) (vi) (vii) a3 - a + 4a - 7 (viii)
x x +1 7 3 2x
Explanation
(i), (ii), (iv), (vii) are polynomials because the exponent of the variable after
simplification in each of these is a whole number.

Classify the following as linear, quadratic & cubic polynomials.

3
(i) y + y3 + 4 (ii) 5x – (iii) x2 – 2x + 3 (iv) 3xyz
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Theory.

2
Explanation
(i) It is a cubic polynomial because its degree is 3. THE
(ii) It is a linear polynomial because its degree is 1.
(iii) It is quadratic polynomial because its degree is 2.
SPOT P
LIGHT
(iv) It is a cubic polynomial because its degree is 3.
A polynomial in x is said to be a
polynomial in standard form, if the
powers of x are either in ascending
order or in descending order.
1. (ii) No, variable has negative exponent in numerals.
(iii) No, variable has 1/2 exponent which is not a whole number.
(iv) Yes, variable has a whole number. exponent.

31
CBSE : Class IX
ALLEN

1. Write 3 algebraic expressions which are not polynomials. Justify your

answer.
THE 2. Write the degree of the following polynomials :
SPOT P 7 3 3
LIGHT (i) (2a + 1) (5a – 7) (ii)
3
(b) +
7
(b)7
A polynomial of degree n ³ 1 can
have atmost n real zeros. 3. Give an example each of
(i) a monomial of degree 0
(ii) a binomial of degree 3
(iii) a trinomial of degree 10

3. Zeros / Roots of a polynomial / equation

Consider a polynomial f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2. If we replace x by 3 everywhere
in the above expression, we get
f(3) = 3 × (3)2 – 4 × 3 + 2 = 27 – 12 + 2 = 17

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We can say that the value of the polynomial f(x) at x = 3 is 17
Similarly, the value of polynomial f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2

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at x = – 2 is f(–2) = 3(–2)2 – 4 × (–2) + 2 = 12 + 8 + 2 = 22
at x = 0 is f(0) = 3(0)2 – 4(0) + 2 = 0 – 0 + 2 = 2

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2
1 æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö 3 3
at x = is fç ÷ = 3 × ç ÷ – 4 × ç ÷ + 2 = –2+2=
2 2
è ø 2
è ø 2
è ø 4 4

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In general, we can say f(a) is the value of the polynomial f(x) at x = a,
where a is a real number.
A real number a is zero of a polynomial f(x) if the value of the polynomial
f(x) is zero at x = a i.e. f(a) = 0.

A
OR
The value of the variable x, for which the polynomial f(x) becomes zero
is called zero of the polynomial.
E.g. : consider a polynomial p(x) = x2 – 5x + 6; replace x by 2 and 3.
p(2) = (2)2 – 5 × 2 + 6 = 4 – 10 + 6 = 0,
p(3) = (3)2 – 5 × 3 + 6 = 9 – 15 + 6 = 0
\ 2 and 3 are the zeros of the polynomial p(x).
Roots of a polynomial equation
An expression f(x) = 0 is called a polynomial equation if f(x) is a polynomial
of degree n ³ 1.
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Theory.

A real number a is a root of a polynomial f(x) = 0 if f(a) = 0 i.e. a is a

zero of the polynomial f(x).
E.g. consider the polynomial f(x) = 3x – 2, then 3x – 2 = 0 is the
corresponding polynomial equation.
THE
SPOT P æ2ö æ2ö
Here, f ç ÷ = 3 ç ÷ – 2 = 0
è3ø è3ø
LIGHT
2
A non-zero constant polynomial has i.e. is a zero of the polynomial f(x) = 3x – 2
no zero. 3
2
or is a root of the polynomial equation 3x – 2 = 0
3

32
 Mathematics
ALLEN

Find q(0), q(1) and q(2) for each of the following polynomials.
(i) q(x) = x2 + 3x (ii) q(y) = 2 + y + 2y2 – 5y3
Solution
(i) q(x) = x2 + 3x
\ q(0) = (0)2 + 3 × 0 = 0
q(1) = (1)2 + 3 × 1 = 4
q(2) = (2)2 + 3 × 2 = 4 + 6 = 10
(ii) q(y) = 2 + y + 2y2 – 5y3
\ q(0) = 2 + 0 + 2(0)2 – 5(0)3 = 2
q(1) = 2 + 1 + 2(1)2 – 5(1)3 = 2 + 1 + 2 – 5 = 0
q(2) = 2 + 2 + 2(2)2 – 5(2)3 = 2 + 2 + 8 – 40 = – 28

Find q(a + 1) – 2q(a) if q(x) = x2 + 3x + 4.

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Solution
To evaluate q(a + 1), replace x in q(x) with a + 1
q(x) = x2 + 3x + 4

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q(a + 1) = (a + 1)2 + 3 (a + 1) + 4
= a2 + 2a + 1 + 3a + 3 + 4 = a2 + 5a + 8
To evaluate 2q(a), replace x with a in q(x), then multiply the expression

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by 2.
q(x) = x2 + 3x + 4
2q(a) = 2(a2 + 3a + 4) = 2a2 + 6a + 8

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Now, evaluate q(a + 1) – 2q(a)
q(a + 1) – 2q(a) = a2 + 5a + 8 – (2a2 + 6a + 8)
= a2 + 5a + 8 – 2a2 – 6a – 8 = – a2 – a

A
BOATING A motor boat travelling against waves accelerates from a resting
position. Suppose the speed of the boat in metres per second is given
by the function f(t) = – 0.04t4 + 0.8t3 + 0.5t2 – t, where t is the time
in seconds.
(i) Find the speed of the boat at 1, 2 and 3 seconds.
(ii) It takes 6 seconds for the boat to travel between two buoys while it
is accelerating. Find f(6) and explain what it means.
Explanation
(i) Speed of the boat at 1 second
= f(1) = – 0.04 (1)4 + 0.8 (1)3 + 0.5 (1)2 – 1
= – 0.04 + 0.8 + 0.5 – 1 = – 1.04 + 1.3 = 0.26 m/sec.
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Theory.

Speed of the boat at 2 second

= f(2) = – 0.04 (2)4 + 0.8 (2)3 + 0.5 (2)2 – 2
= – 0.04(16) + 0.8(8) + 0.5(4) – 2
= – 0.64 + 6.4 + 2.0 – 2 = 5.76 m/sec.
Speed of the boat at 3 second
= f(3) = – 0.04 (3)4 + 0.8 (3)3 + 0.5 (3)2 – 3 Fig.1
= – 0.04(81) + 0.8(27) + 0.5(9) – 3
= – 3.24 + 21.6 + 4.5 – 3
= – 6.24 + 26.1 = 19.86 m/sec.
(ii) f(6) = – 0.04 (6)4 + 0.8 (6)3 + 0.5 (6)2 – 6
= – 51.84 + 172.8 + 18 – 6
= – 57.84 + 190.8 = 132.96 m/sec.
This means, the speed of the boat at 6th second = 132.96 m/sec.

33
CBSE : Class IX
ALLEN

Verify whether the indicated values of variables are zeros of the polynomials
corresponding to them.
(i) p(y) = 4y – 4p, y = 4, p
THE
SPOT P (ii) q(u) = (u + 1) (u + 2), u = – 1, 2
Solution
LIGHT
(i) p(y) = 4y – 4p
Every linear polynomial has one and
only one real zero p(4) = 4(4) – 4p = 16 – 4p ¹ 0
p(p) = 4p – 4p = 0
Þ p is a zero and 4 is not a zero of the polynomial.
(ii) q(u) = (u + 1) (u + 2)
q(–1) = (–1 + 1) (–1 + 2) = (0) (1) = 0
q(2) = (2 + 1) (2 + 2) = (3) (4) = 12 ¹ 0

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Þ – 1 is a zero and 2 is not a zero of the polynomial.

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1 2 1 1
1. x+ , x + 2 , 5x +
x2 x 5x

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2. (i) 2 (ii) 7
3. (i) 5 (ii) 3x3 + 1 (iii) x10 + x2 + 1

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Find the zero of the polynomials given below

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(i) p(x) = 3x + p (ii) q(u) = (u + 3) (u – 4)
Solution
(i) p(x) = 3x + p
It's corresponding polynomial equation is 3x + p = 0
p
Þ 3x = – p or x = –
3
p
\ – is a zero of the polynomial.
3
(ii) q(u) = (u + 3) (u – 4)
It's corresponding polynomial equation is (u + 3) (u – 4) = 0
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Theory.

Þ either u + 3 = 0 or u – 4 = 0
Þ u= –3 or u = 4
\ – 3 and 4 are the zeros of the polynomial.
THE
SPOT P
LIGHT Show that p(x) = x2 + 4x + 7 has no zero.
Can you tell how many zeros the
Explanation
zero polynomial have?
p(x) = x2 + 4x + 7 = x2 + 4x + 4 + 3 = (x + 2)2 + 3 ³ 3
Hence, p(x) ¹ 0 for any x
\ p(x) has no zero.

34
 Mathematics
ALLEN
4. Factorisation of polynomials
Factorisation of a quadratic polynomial by splitting the middle term
Let (px + q) and (rx + s) be the 2 linear factors of the quadratic polynomial
ax2 + bx + c, (a ¹ 0). x
2

x
Then, ax2 + bx + c = (px + q) (rx + s) = prx2 + (ps + qr) x + qs
On comparing the coefficients, we get a = pr; b = ps + qr and c = qs
Clearly, b is the sum of two numbers ps and qr, whose product (ps × qr) is x
equal to ac.
This means, for factorising a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c into two Fig.2
linear factors, we need to write b as sum of two numbers whose product is ac.

NUMERICAL ABILITY 5 1 x
x
Factorise the quadratic polynomial 3x2 + 7x + 2 by splitting the middle term.
Solution 1 x 3x
p(x) = 3x2 + 7x + 2 x

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The coefficient of the middle term is 7. Now, we find two numbers u and 1 x
v such that u + v = 7 and u × v = 3 × 2 = 6. By inspection, we find x
u = 1 and v = 6. Then, we have
3x2 + 7x + 2 = 3x2 + (1 + 6) x + 2 Fig.3

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{By splitting the middle term}
2
= 3x + x + 6x + 2
= (3x2 + x) + (6x + 2)

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= x (3x + 1) + 2 (3x + 1)
= (3x + 1) (x + 2) 1 x
x 2x

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1 x
How to represent the factorisation of the quadratic polynomial
x
geometrically?
Exploring the concept

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Consider the quadratic polynomial x2 + 5x + 6. Fig.4
1. The polynomial x2 + 5x + 6 Þ x2 + 3x + 2x + 6 can be factorised as
(x + 3) (x + 2).
2. To present x2, draw a square of x units [Fig.2].
3. To represent 3x, draw three rectangular strips of dimension (1 × x) [Fig. 3]. 1 1 1 1 1 1
4. To represent 2x, draw two rectangular strips of dimensions (1 × x) [Fig. 4] 1 1 1
6
5. To represent 6, draw 6 unit squares [Fig. 5]. 1 1 1 1 1 1
6. Cut all the strips. 1 1 1
7. Now, paste all the strips together on the white sheet of paper as shown in
[Fig 6].
Fig.5
Drawing conclusions
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Theory.

x2 + 5x + 6
area of 5 rectangular strips = 5x = 2x + 3x 2 x
area of square = x2
area of 6 unit squares =6 x x x x
2
x
total area of rectangle obtained = x2 + 3x + 2x + 6
= x2 + 5x + 6 = (x + 3) (x + 2) 1 1 x
Thus, we verified the factors of a quadratic polynomial geometrically by 3 1 1 x 3
paper cutting and pasting. 1 1 x
By using paper cuting and pasting method, represent the factors of following
quadratic expressions :
Fig.6
(i) x2 – x – 6 (ii) 2x2 + 5x + 2

35
CBSE : Class IX
ALLEN
Factorisation of quadratic and cubic polynomials by factor theorem
In this method for factorising a polynomial into linear factors, obtain the
constant term by making the coefficient of x2 unity.
E.g. consider a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c (a ¹ 0)
æ b cö
ax2 + bx + c = a ç x2 + x + ÷
è a aø
æ b cö
Let (x + p) and (x + q) be the two linear factors of ç x2 + x + ÷ .
è a aø
THE
SPOT P æ
è
b
a
cö
Then, a ç x2 + x + ÷ = a (x + p) (x + q) = a [x2 + (p + q) x + pq]
a ø
LIGHT c
Descartes' Rule of signs On comparing the coefficients, we get = pq
a
If p(x) is a polynomial with real
coefficients, the terms of which are Clearly, the two zeros (–p) and (–q) of the quadratic polynomial
arranged in descending powers of

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the variable æ b cö c
a ç x2 + x + ÷ are factors of the constant term
· the number of positive real zeros of è a aø a
y = p(x) is the same as the number of
changes in sign of the coefficients of This is the concept behind using the factor theorem for factorisation.

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the terms, or is less than this by an
even numbers, and
Algorithm to factorise a quadratic or cubic polynomial
· the number of negative real zeros Step-1 : Obtain the constant term by making the coefficient of x2 unity.
of y = p(x) is the same as the number

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Step-2 : Take one of the factors of the constant term say a and replace x
of changes in sign of the coefficients
of the terms of p(–x), or is less than by it in the given example. If the polynomial reduces to zero,
this number by an even number. then (x – a) is a factor of polynomial.

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Step-3 : Similarly, obtain the other factors
or
In case of quadratic polynomial, divide the given polynomial by
(x – a) to get the other linear factor.

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In case of cubic polynomial, divide the given polynomial by
(x – a), to get the other factor (quadratic). Factorise the quadratic
factor so obtained by the appropriate method to get the 2 linear
factors.
NUMERICAL ABILITY 6
Factorise x2 – 5x – 24 by using the factor theorem.
THE Solution
SPOT P p(x) = x2 – 5x – 24
LIGHT Here, coefficient of the leading term is 1 and the constant term is – 24.
A zero of the polynomial p(x) will be a factor of the number – 24. By
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Theory.

If the sum of the co-efficients of a

polynomial is zero, then (x – 1) is a inspection, we find that the number 8 is a divisor of – 24 and also we have
factor of the polynomial. p(8) = (8)2 – 5(8) – 24
= 64 – 40 – 24 = 0
i.e. 8 is a zero of the polynomial p(x).
Then (x – 8) is a factor of the polynomial. We can express
x2 – 5x – 24 = (x2 – 8x) + (3x – 24)
= x (x – 8) + 3 (x – 8)
= (x – 8) (x + 3)
We can also find the second factor of the polynomial by dividing
x2 – 5x – 24 by (x – 8).

36
 Mathematics
ALLEN
NUMERICAL ABILITY 7

Factorise x3 – 23x2 + 142x – 120.

Solution
p(x) = x3 – 23x2 + 142x – 120
The coefficient of the leading term is 1 and the constant term is – 120.
Factors of – 120 are many but we find a suitable factor of – 120 which
is a zero of the polynomial.
By inspection, we find that
p(1) = (1)3 – 23 (1)2 + 142 (1) – 120
= 1 – 23 + 142 – 120 = 0
Þ (x – 1) is a factor of the polynomial.
Now, we can express the given polynomial as below :

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x3 – 23x2 + 142 x – 120 = (x3 – x2) + (– 22x2 + 22x) + (120 x – 120)
= x2 (x – 1) – 22x (x – 1) + 120 (x – 1)

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THE
= (x – 1) (x2 – 22x + 120)
= (x – 1) {x2 + (– 12 – 10) x + 120}
SPOT P
LIGHT

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= (x – 1) {(x2 – 12x) + (– 10 x + 120)}
If the sum of the coefficients of odd
= (x – 1) {x (x – 12) – 10 (x – 12)} powers in a polynomial is equal to sum

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of coefficients of even powers, then
= (x – 1) {(x – 12) (x – 10)}
(x + 1) is a factor of the polynomial.
= (x – 1) (x – 10) (x – 12)

A
The volume of the rectangular prism is given by v (x) = x3 + 3x2 – 36x + 32.
Find the missing measures, if one measure is x – 4.
Explanation
The volume of a rectangular prism is l × b × h. One measure is x – 4,
so, x – 4 is a factor of v(x). ?

) 3 2
x – 4 x + 3x – 36x + 32 (x 2
+ 7x – 8
?
x3 – 4x2
– + x–4
7x2 – 36x + 32 Fig.7
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Theory.

7x2 – 28x
– +
–8x + 32
–8x + 32
+ –
0

So, x3 + 3x2 – 36x + 32 = (x – 4) (x2 + 7x – 8)

= (x – 4) (x2 + 8x – x – 8)
= (x – 4) {x (x + 8) – 1 (x + 8)}

= (x – 4) (x + 8) (x – 1)

So, the missing measures are (x + 8) and (x – 1)

37
CBSE : Class IX
ALLEN
5. Algebraic identities
An algebraic identity is an algebraic equation that is true for all values of
the variables present in the equation.
I. (i) (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2

(ii) (x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2

II. x2 – y2 = (x + y) (x – y)
III. (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
IV. (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
V. (i) (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y)
(ii) (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy (x – y)

VI. (i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)

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(ii) x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2)

NUMERICAL ABILITY 8

E
Find the product using appropriate identities

(i) (x + 8)(x + 8) (ii) (3x – 2y)(3x – 2y) (iii) (x + 0.1)(x – 0.1)

L
Solution

(i) (x + 8)(x + 8) = (x + 8)2 = x2 + 2(x)(8) + (8)2 = x2 + 16x + 64.

L
(ii) (3x – 2y)(3x – 2y) = (3x – 2y)2

= (3x)2 – 2(3x)(2y) + (2y)2 = 9x2 – 12xy + 4y2

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(iii) (x + 0.1)(x – 0.1) = (x)2 – (0.1)2

= x2 – 0.01

NUMERICAL ABILITY 9
Expand each of the following using suitable identities
(i) (3x – 4y)2 (ii) (3x – y)3 (iii) (3x + 4y + 5z)2

Solution

(i) (3x – 4y)2 = (3x)2 – 2(3x)(4y) + (4y)2

CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Theory.

= 9x2 – 24xy + 16y2

(ii) (3x – y)3 = (3x)3 – (y)3 – 3(3x)(y)(3x – y)

= 27x3 – y3 – 9xy(3x – y)
= 27x3 – y3 – (9xy)(3x) + (9xy)(y)

= 27x3 – y3 – 27x2y + 9xy2

(iii) (3x + 4y + 5z)2 = (3x)2 + (4y)2 + (5z)2 + 2 (3x)(4y)
+ 2(4y)(5z) + 2 (5z)(3x)

= 9x2 + 16y2 + 25z2 + 24xy + 40yz + 30zx

38
 Mathematics
ALLEN
NUMERICAL ABILITY 10
Evaluate the following without directly multiplying

(i) 101 × 103 (ii) 185 × 185 – 15 × 15

(iii) (103)3 (iv) (198)3

Solution

(i) 101 × 103 = (100 + 1) × (100 + 3)

= (100)2 + (1 + 3)(100) + (1)(3)

= 10000 + 400 + 3 = 10403

(ii) 185 × 185 – 15 × 15 = (185)2 – (15)2 = (185 + 15)(185 – 15)

= (200)(170) = 34000

(iii) (103)3 = (100 + 3)3 = (100)3 + (3)3 + 3 (100)(3)(100 + 3)

N
= 1000000 + 27 + (900)(103) = 1000027 + 92700

= 1092727

E
(iv) (198)3 = (200 – 2)3 = (200)3 – (2)3 – 3 (200)(2)(200 – 2)

= 8000000 – 8 + 1200(200 – 2)

L
= 8000000 – 8 + 240000 – 2400

L
= 7762392

NUMERICAL ABILITY 11
Factorise the following :

A
(i) 4x2 + 20xy + 25y2 (ii) 25x2y2z2 – 36u2

(iii) 125x3y3 + 27z3 (iv) 125x3 + 225x2y + 135xy2 + 27y3

(v) 2x2 + y2 + 9z2 + 2 2 xy – 6yz – 6 2 xz

Solution

(i) 4x2 + 20xy + 25y2 = (2x)2 + 2(2x)(5y) + (5y)2

= (2x + 5y)2

(ii) 25x2y2z2 – 36u2 = (5xyz)2 – (6u)2

CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Theory.

= (5xyz + 6u) (5xyz – 6u)

(iii) 125x3y3 + 27z3 = (5xy)3 + (3z)3

= (5xy + 3z) {(5xy)2 – (5xy)(3z) + (3z)2}

= (5xy + 3z) (25x2y2 – 15xyz + 9z2)

(iv) 125x3 + 225x2y + 135xy2 + 27y3

= (5x)3 + 45xy (5x + 3y) + (3y)3

= (5x)3 + 3(5x) (3y)(5x + 3y) + (3y)3

= (5x + 3y)3

39
CBSE : Class IX
ALLEN
(v) 2x2 + y2 + 9z2 + 2 2 xy – 6yz – 6 2 xz

= ( 2 x)2 + (y)2 + (3z)2 + 2( 2 x)(y) – 2(y)(3z) – 2( 2 x)(3z)

= ( 2 x + y – 3z)2

E N
L L
A CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Theory.

40
 Mathematics
ALLEN
NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
3. Give one example each of a binomial of degree
EXERCISE : 2.1 35 and of a monomial of degree 100.
1. Which of the following expressions are polynomials Sol. One example of a binomial of degree 35 is
in one variable and which are not? State reason 3x 35 – 4.
for your answer. One example of monomial of degree 100 is 5x100.
(i) 4x2 – 3x + 7 (ii) y2 + 2 (iii) 3 t + t 2 4. Write the degree of each of the following
polynomials :
2
(iv) y + (v) x10 + y3 + t50 (i) 5x3 + 4x2 + 7x (ii) 4 – y2
y
(iii) 5t –7 (iv) 3
Sol. (i) 4x2 – 3x + 7
Sol. (i) 5x3 2
+ 4x + 7x
This expression is a polynomial in one variable
x because there is only one variable (x) in the Term with the highest power of x = 5x3
expression. Exponent of x in this term = 3
\ Degree of this polynomial = 3.
(ii) y2 + 2 (ii) 4 – y2
This expression is a polynomial in one variable Term with the highest power of y = –y2

N
y because there is only one variable (y) in the
Exponent of y in this term = 2
expression.
\ Degree of this polynomial = 2
(iii) 3 t + t 2

E
(iii) 5t – 7
The expression is not a polynomial because in
Term with highest power of t = 5t.
1
the term 3 t , the exponent of t is , which Exponent of t in this term = 1

L
2
\ Degree of this polynomial = 1
is not a whole number.
(iv) 3
2 This is a constant which is non-zero

L
(iv) y + = y + 2y–1 \ Degree of this polynomial = 0
y
The expression is not a polynomial because 5. Classify the following as linear, quadratic and cubic
polynomials :
2 (i) x2 + x (ii) x – x3 (iii) y + y2 + 4

A
exponent of y is (–1) in term which in not (iv) 1 + x (v) 3t (vi) r2 (vii) 7x2
y
Sol. (i) Quadratic (ii) Cubic (iii) Quadratic
a whole number.
(iv) Linear (v) Linear (vi) Quadratic
(v) x10 + y3 + t50
(vii) Quadratic
The expression is not a polynomial in one
variable, it is a polynomial in 3 variables x, y EXERCISE : 2.2
and t.
1. Find the value of the polynomial 5x – 4x2 + 3 at
2. Write the coefficient of x 2 in each of the
following : (i) x = 0 (ii) x = –1 (iii) x = 2
(i) 2 + x2 + x (ii) 2 – x2 + x3 Sol. Let f(x) = 5x – 4x2 + 3
p 2 (i) Value of f(x) at x = 0 = f(0)
(iii) x + x (iv) 2 – 1
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

2 = 5(0) – 4(0)2 + 3 = 3
Sol. (i) 2 + x + x2
(ii) Value of f(x) at x = –1 = f(–1)
Coefficient of x2 = 1
(ii) 2 – x2 + x3 = 5(–1) – 4(–1)2 + 3 = – 5 – 4 + 3 = – 6
Coefficient of x2 = –1 (iii) Value of f(x) at x = 2 = f(2)
= 5(2) – 4(2)2 + 3
p 2 = 10 – 16 + 3 = –3
(iii) x + x
2 2. Find p(0), p(1), p(2), for each of the following
p polynomials :
Coefficient of x = 2
2 (i) p(y) = y2 – y + 1
(iv) 2 – 1 (ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t2 – t3
Coefficient of x2 = 0 (iii) p(x) = x3
(iv) p(x) = (x – 1) (x + 1)

41
CBSE : Class IX
ALLEN
Sol. (i) p(y) = y2 – y + 1 -m
\ p(0) = (0)2 – (0) + 1 = 1, (vi) p(x) = lx = m, x =
l
p(1) = (1)2 – (1) + 1 = 1,
æ -m ö æ -m ö
p(2) = (2)2 – (2) + 1 = 4 – 2 + 1 = 3. pç ÷ = l ç l ÷ + m = –m + m = 0
è l ø è ø
(ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t2 – t3
p(0) = 2 + 0 + 2(0)2 – (0)3 = 2 -m
\ is a zero of p(x).
p(1) = 2 + 1 + 2(1)2 – (1)3 = 2 + 1 + 2 – 1 = 4 l
p(2) = 2 + 2 + 2(2)2 – (2)3 = 2 + 2 + 8 – 8 = 4 1 2
(vii) p(x) = 3x2 – 1, x = - ,
(iii) p(x) = x3 3 3
p(0) = (0)3 = 0 2
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ1ö
p(1) = (1)3 = 1 pç- ÷ = 3ç- ÷ –1 = 3 ç 3 ÷ –1
p(2) = (2)3 = 8 è 3ø è 3ø è ø
(iv) p(x) = (x – 1) (x + 1) = 1–1 = 0
p(0) = (0 – 1) (0 + 1) = (–1)(1) = –1 æ 2 ö
2
æ 4ö
æ 2 ö
p(1) = (1 – 1) (1 + 1) = 0(2) = 0 pç ÷ = 3ç ÷ – 1 = 3ç ÷ – 1
è 3 ø è 3ø è 3ø
p(2) = (2 – 1) (2 + 1) = (1)(3) = 3
=4–1=3¹ 0
3. Verify whether the following are zeroes of the

N
polynomial, indicated against them, 1 2
1 So, – is a zero of p(x) and is not a
(i) p(x) = 3x + 1, x = – 3 3
3

E
4 zero of p(x).
(ii) p(x) = 5x – p, x =
5 1
(iii) p(x) = x2 –1, x = 1, –1 (viii) p(x) = 2x + 1, x =
2

L
(iv) p(x) = (x + 1) (x – 2), x = – 1, 2
(v) p(x) = x2, x = 0 æ1ö æ1ö
pç ÷ = 2ç ÷ + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 ¹ 0
m è2ø è2ø
(vi) p(x) = lx + m, x = –

L
l 1
\ is not a zero of p(x).
1 2 2
(vii) p(x) = 3x2 – 1, x = – ,
3 3 4. Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the
1

A
following cases :
(viii) p(x) = 2x + 1, x =
2 (i) p(x) = x + 5 (ii) p(x) = x – 5
1
Sol. (i) p(x) = 3x + 1, x = – (iii) p(x) = 2x + 5 (iv) p(x) = 3x – 2
3

( ) ( )
1 1 (v) p(x) = 3x (vi) p(x) = ax, a ¹ 0
p - =3 - + 1 = -1 + 1 = 0 (vii) p(x) = cx + d, c ¹ 0, c, d are real numbers.
3 3
1 Sol. (i) p(x) = x + 5
\ – is a zero of p(x).
3 p(x) = 0
4
(ii) p(x) = 5x – p, x = Þ x + 5 = 0 Þ x = – 5
5
\ –5 is zero of the polynomial p(x).
æ4ö æ4ö (ii) p(x) = x – 5
pç ÷ = 5ç ÷ – p = 4 – p ¹ 0
è5ø è5ø
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

p(x) = 0
4 x– 5= 0
\ is not a zero of p(x)
5 or x = 5
(iii) p(x) = x2 – 1, x = 1, –1 \ 5 is zero of polynomial p(x).
p(1) = (1)2 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0 (iii) p(x) = 2x + 5
p(–1) = (–1)2 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
p(x) = 0
\ 1, –1 are zero's of p(x)
2x + 5 = 0
(iv) p(x) = (x + 1)(x – 2), x = –1, 2
p(–1) = (–1 + 1)(–1 – 2) = (0)(–3) = 0 5
p(2) = (2 + 1)(2 – 2) = (3)(0) = 0 2x = –5 Þ x= –
2
\ –1, 2 are zero's of p(x)
(v) p(x) = x2, x = 0 5
\– is zero of polynomial p(x).
p(0) = 0 2
\ 0 is a zero of p(x)
42
 Mathematics
ALLEN
(iv) p(x) = 3x – 2 (ii) x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5
p(x) = 0 Þ 3x – 2 = 0 Let p(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5
2 By trial, we find that
or x =
3 p(–1) = (–1)3 –3 (–1)2 –9(–1) – 5
2 = –1 – 3 + 9 – 5 = 0
\ is zero of polynomial p(x).
3
\ By Factor Theorem, x = –1 or x + 1 is factor
(v) p(x) = 3x
p(x) = 0 Þ 3x = 0 of p(x).
or x = 0 Now, x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5
\ 0 is zero of polynomial p(x). = x2 (x + 1) – 4x (x + 1) – 5 (x + 1)
(vi) p(x) = ax, a¹0
= (x + 1) (x2 – 4x – 5)
Þ ax = 0 or x = 0
\ 0 is zero of p(x) = (x + 1) (x2 – 5x + x – 5)
(vii) p(x) = cx + d, c ¹ 0, c, d are real numbers = (x + 1) {x (x – 5) + 1 (x – 5)}
cx + d = 0 Þ cx = –d = (x + 1)2 (x – 5)
-d (iii) x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
x=

N
c
Let p(x) = x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
-d
\ is zero of polynomial p(x). By trial, we find that
c

E
p(–1) = (–1)3 + 13(–1)2 + 32 (–1) + 20
EXERCISE : 2.4
= –1 + 13 – 32 + 20 = 0
4. Factorise :
(i) 12x2 – 7x + 1 (ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3 \ By Factor Theorem, x = –1 or x + 1 is a factor

L
2
(iii) 6x + 5x – 6 (iv) 3x2 – x – 4 of p(x)
2
Sol. (i) 12x – 7x + 1 x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
= 12x2 – 4x – 3x + 1

L
= 4x(3x – 1) – 1(3x – 1) = x2(x + 1) +12(x) (x +1) + 20 (x + 1)
= (3x – 1) (4x – 1) = (x + 1) (x2 + 12x + 20)
(ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3
= (x + 1) (x2 + 2x + 10x + 20)
= 2x2 + 6x + x + 3

A
= 2x (x + 3) + 1 (x + 3) = (x + 1) {x (x + 2) + 10 (x + 2)}
= (x + 3) (2x + 1) = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 10)
(iii) 6x2 + 5x – 6 = 6x2 + 9x – 4x –6 (iv) 2y3 + y2 – 2y – 1
= 3x (2x + 3) –2(2x +3) p(y) = 2y3 + y2 – 2y – 1
= (3x –2) (2x + 3)
By trial, we find that
(iv) 3x2 – x – 4 = 3x2 – 4x + 3x – 4
= x (3x – 4) + 1 (3x – 4) p(1) = 2 (1)3 + (1)2 – 2(1) – 1 = 0
= (x + 1) (3x – 4) \ By Factor Theorem, (y – 1) is a factor of p(y)
5. Factorise : 2y3 + y2 – 2y – 1
(i) x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
= 2y2 (y – 1) + 3y (y – 1) + 1(y – 1)
(ii) x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

(iii) x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20 = (y – 1) (2y2 + 3y + 1)

(iv) 2y3 + y2 – 2y – 1 = (y – 1) (2y2 + 2y + y + 1)
Sol. (i) x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
= (y – 1) {2y (y + 1) + 1 (y + 1)}
Let p(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
By trial, we find that = (y – 1) (2y + 1) (y + 1)
p(1) = (1)3 – 2(1)2 – (1) + 2
= 1 – 2 – 1 + 2 = 0 EXERCISE : 2.5
\ By Factor Theorem, (x – 1) is a factor of p(x). 1. Use suitable identities to find the following
Now, x3 – 2x2 – x + 2 products :
= x2(x – 1) – x (x – 1) – 2(x – 1)
(i) (x + 4) (x + 10) (ii) (x + 8) (x – 10)
= (x – 1) (x2 – x – 2)
= (x – 1) (x2 – 2x + x – 2) æ 3 öæ 3ö
= (x – 1) {x (x – 2) + 1 (x – 2)} (iii) (3x + 4) (3x – 5) (iv) ç y2 + ÷ ç y2 - ÷
è 2 øè 2ø
= (x – 1) (x – 2) (x + 1) (v) (3 – 2x) (3 + 2x)

43
CBSE : Class IX
ALLEN
Sol. (i) (x + 4) (x + 10) 3. Factorise the following using appropriate identities :
= x2 + (4 + 10) x + (4) (10) (i) 9x2 + 6xy + y2
= x2 + 14x + 40 (ii) 4y2 – 4y + 1
(ii) (x + 8) (x – 10)
y2
= (x + 8) {x + (–10)} (iii) x2 –
100
= x2 + {8 + (–10)}x + 8(–10)
= x2 – 2x – 80 Sol. (i) 9x2 + 6xy + y2 = (3x)2 + 2(3x)(y) + (y)2
= (3x + y)2
(iii) (3x + 4) (3x – 5)
= (3x + y) (3x + y)
= (3x + 4) (3x – 5) = (3x + 4) (3x + (–5))
(ii) 4y – 4y + 1
2
= (3x)2 + {4 + (–5)} (3x) + 4 (–5)
= (2y)2 – 2 (2y)(1) + (1)2
= 9x2 – 3x – 20
= (2y – 1)2 = (2y – 1)(2y – 1)
æ 2 3 öæ 2 3 ö
(iv) ç y + 2 ÷ç y - 2 ÷ y2
è øè ø (iii) x2 –
100
Let, y2 = x
[using identity (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2]

N
æ 2 3 öæ 2 3 ö æ 3 öæ 3ö
Þ ç y + ÷ç y - ÷ = ç x + ÷ç x - ÷ 2
è 2 øè 2ø è 2 øè 2ø æ yö æ y öæ yö
x2 – ç ÷ = ç x + ÷ ç x - ÷
è 10 ø è 10 ø è 10 ø
9

E
= x2 –
4 4. Expand each of the following using suitable
[using identity (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2] identities :
Substituting x = y2, we get (i) (x + 2y + 4z)2 (ii) (2x – y + z)2

L
(iii) (– 2x + 3y + 2z) 2 (iv) (3a – 7b – c)2
9
= (y2)2 –
4 2
æ1 1 ö

L
9 (v) (– 2x + 5y – 3z)2 (vi) ç a - b + 1 ÷
= y4 – è4 2 ø
4
(v) (3 – 2x) (3 + 2x) Sol. (i) (x + 2y + 4z)2 = (x)2 + (2y)2 + (4z)2 + 2(x)(2y)
+ 2(2y)(4z) + 2(4z)(x)

A
(3)2 – (2x)2 = 9 – 4x2
[using identity (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2] = x2 + 4y2 + 16z2 + 4xy + 16yz + 8zx
2. Evaluate the following product without multiplying (ii) (2x – y + z)2
directly :
= (2x – y + z)(2x – y + z)
(i) 103 × 107 (ii) 95 × 96 (iii) 104 × 96
Sol. (i) 103 × 107= (100 + 3) × (100 + 7) = (2x)2 + (–y)2 + (z)2 + 2 (2x)(–y) + 2(–y)(z) + 2(z)(2x)
= (100)2 + (3 + 7) (100) + (3) (7) = 4x2 + y2 + z2 – 4xy – 2yz + 4zx
= 10000 + 1000 + 21 = 11021 (iii) (–2x + 3y + 2z)2
Alternate solution :
= (–2x)2 + (3y)2 + (2z)2 + 2(–2x)(3y) + 2(–2x)
103 × 107 = (105 – 2) × (105 + 2)
(2z) + 2(3y)(2z)
= (105)2 – (2)2 = (100 + 5)2 – 4
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

= (100)2 + 2(100) (5) + (5)2 – 4 = 4x2 + 9y2 + 4z2 –12xy – 8xz + 12yz
= 10000 + 1000 + 25 – 4 (iv) (3a – 7b – c)2 = (3a – 7b – c)(3a – 7b – c)
= 11021. = (3a) 2 + (–7b) 2 + (–c) 2 + 2(3a)(–7b) +
(ii) 95 × 96 2(3a)(–c) +2(–7b)(–c)
= (90 + 5) × (90 + 6)
= 9a2 + 49b2 + c2 – 42ab – 6ac + 14bc
= (90)2 + (5 + 6) 90 + (5) (6)
= 8100 + 990 + 30 = 9120 (v) (–2x + 5y – 3z)2
(iii) 104 × 96 = (–2x + 5y – 3z)(–2x + 5y – 3z)
= (100 + 4) × (100 – 4) = (–2x) 2 + (5y) 2 + (–3z) 2 + 2(–2x)(5y) +
[using identity (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2] 2(–2x)(–3z) + 2(–3z)(5y)
= (100)2 – (4)2 = 10000 – 16 = 4x2 + 25y2 + 9z2 – 20xy + 12xz – 30yz
= 9984

44
 Mathematics
ALLEN
2
æ1 1 ö æ 2 ö
3
æ2 ö
3
æ2 öæ 2 ö
(vi) ç a - b + 1÷ 3
(iv) ç x - y÷ = x - ç y÷ - 3x ç y÷ ç x - y÷
è 4 2 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø
æ1 1 öæ1 1 ö
= ç a - b + 1÷ ç a - b + 1÷
è4 2 øè4 2 ø 8 3 æ 2 ö
= x3 – y - 2xy ç x - y ÷
2 2 27 è 3 ø
æ1 ö æ 1 ö 2 æ 1 öæ 1 ö
= ç a ÷ + ç - b ÷ + (1) + 2 ç a ÷ç - b ÷
è4 ø è 2 ø è 4 øè 2 ø
8 3 4
= x3 – y - 2x 2 y + xy 2
æ1 ö 2 æ 1 ö 27 3
+ 2 ç a ÷ (1) + 2 ç - b ÷ (1)
è4 ø è 2 ø
7. Evaluate the following using suitable identities :
1 2 1 2 1 1
= a + b + 1 - ab - b + a (i) (99)3 (ii) (102)3 (iii) (998)3
16 4 4 2
Sol. (i) (99)3 = (100 – 1)3
5. Factorise :
(i) 4x2 + 9y2 + 16z2 + 12xy – 24yz – 16xz = (100)3 – (1)3 – 3(100)(1)(100 – 1)
= 1000000 – 1 – 300(100 – 1)
(ii) 2x2 + y2 + 8z2 – 2 2 xy + 4 2 yz – 8zx

N
= 1000000 – 1 – 30000 + 300
Sol. (i) 4x2 + 9y2 + 16z2 + 12xy – 24yz – 16xz
= (2x)2 + (3y)2 + (–4z)2 + 2(2x)(3y) = 970299
+ 2(3y)(–4z) + 2(–4z)(2x) (ii) (102)3 = (100 + 2)3

E
= {2x + 3y + (–4z)}2 = (2x + 3y – 4z)2 = (100)3 + (2)3 + 3(100) (2) (100 + 2)
= (2x + 3y –4z) (2x + 3y – 4z) = 1000000 + 8 + 600 (100 + 2)

L
= 1000000 + 8 + 60000 + 1200
(ii) 2x2 + y2 + 8z2 –2 2 xy + 4 2 yz – 8zx
= 1061208
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
= - 2x + y 2 + 2 2z + 2 - 2x y + 2y 2 2z (iii) (998)3 = (1000–2)3

L
= (1000) – (2) – 3 (1000)(2)(1000–2)
3 3

(
+2 2 2z - 2x )( ) = 1000000000 – 8 – 6000 (1000–2)
= 994011992

A
( )
2
= - 2x + y + 2 2z 8. Factorise each of the following :
(i) 8a3 + b3 + 12a2b + 6ab2
6. Write the following cubes in expanded form :
(ii) 8a3 – b3 – 12a2b + 6ab2
(i) (2x + 1)3 (ii) (2a – 3b)3
3 3
(iii) 27 – 125a3 – 135 a + 225 a2
æ3 ö æ 2 ö
(iii) ç x + 1 ÷ (iv) ç x - y ÷ (iv) 64a3 – 27b3 – 144a2b + 108ab2
è2 ø è 3 ø
1 9 1
Sol. (i) (2x + 1)3 = (2x)3 + (1)3 + 3(2x)(1)(2x + 1) (v) 27p3 – – p2 + p
216 2 4
= 8x3 + 1 + 6x(2x + 1) Sol. (i) 8a3 + b3 + 12a2b + 6ab2
= 8x3 + 1 + 12x2 + 6x = (2a)3 + (b)3 + 3(2a)(b)(2a + b)
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

= + + 6x + 1 8x3 12x2 = (2a + b)3 = (2a + b)(2a + b)(2a + b)

(ii) (2a – 3b) = (2a) – (3b) – 3(2a)(3b) (2a–3b)
3 3 3
(ii) 8a3 – b3 –12a2b + 6ab2
= 8a3 – 27b3 – 18ab (2a – 3b) = (2a)3 + (–b)3 + 3(2a)2 (–b) + 3(2a)(–b)2
= 8a3 – 27b3 – 36a2b + 54ab2 = (2a – b)3
3 3
æ3 ö æ3 ö æ3 ö æ3 ö (iii) 27 – 125a3 – 135a + 225a2
ç 2 x + 1 ÷ = ç 2 x ÷ + (1) + 3 ç 2 x ÷ (1) ç 2 x + 1 ÷
3
(iii)
è ø è ø è ø è ø = 33 – (5a)3 – 3 (3)(5a)(3–5a)
27 3 27 2 9 = (3 – 5a)3
= x +1 + x + x
8 4 2 (iv) 64a3 – 27b3 – 144a2b + 180ab2
27 3 27 2 9 = (4a)3 – (3b)3 – 3(4a) (3b)(4a – 3b)
= x + x + x +1
8 4 2 = (4a – 3b)3

45
CBSE : Class IX
ALLEN
1 9 1 15. Give possible expressions for the length and breadth
(v) 27p3 – – p2 +
216 2 4p of each of the following rectangles, in which their
3 areas are given :
æ1ö æ 1 öæ 1ö
= (3p)3 – ç ÷ - 3(3p) ç ÷ç 3p - ÷ (i) Area : 25a2 – 35a + 12
è6ø è 6 øè 6ø
(ii) Area : 35y2 + 13y – 12
3
æ 1ö æ 1 öæ 1 öæ 1ö Sol. (i) Area = 25a2 – 35a + 12
= ç 3p - ÷ = ç 3p - ÷ç 3p - ÷ç 3p - ÷
è 6ø è 6 øè 6 øè 6ø = 25a2 – 20a – 15a + 12
9. Verify : (i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2) = 5a(5a – 4) – 3(5a – 4)
(ii) x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2) = (5a – 3)(5a – 4)
Sol. (i) (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y) Here, Length = 5a – 3, Breadth = 5a – 4
Þ + x3
= (x + y3 – 3xy(x + y) y)3 (ii) 35y2 + 13y – 12
Þ x + y = (x + y) {(x + y)2 – 3xy}
3 3
= 35y2 + 28y – 15y – 12
Þ x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 + 2xy + y2 – 3xy) = 7y(5y + 4) – 3(5y + 4)
Þ x3
+ y3
= (x + y) – xy + (x2 y2) = (5y + 4)(7y – 3)

N
(ii) (x – y) = x – y – 3xy (x – y)
3 3 3
Here, Length = 5y + 4, Breadth = 7y – 3.
Þ x3 – y3 = (x – y)3 + 3xy (x – y) 16. What are the possible expressions for the
Þ x3 – y3 = (x – y) [(x – y)2 + 3xy] dimensions of the cuboids whose volumes are given

E
Þ x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + y2 – 2xy + 3xy) below?
Þ x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + y2 + xy) (i) Volume : 3x2 – 12x

L
10. Factorise each of the following : (ii) Volume : 12ky2 + 8ky – 20k
(i) 27y3 + 125z3 Sol. (i) Volume = 3x2 – 12x
(ii) 64m3 – 343n3

L
= 3x(x – 4) = 3 × x × (x – 4)
Sol. (i) 27y3 + 125z3 = (3y)3 + (5z)3 \ Dimensions are 3 units, x-units and (x – 4) units
= (3y + 5z) {(3y)2 – (3y)(5z) + (5z)2} (ii) 12ky2 + 8ky – 20k
= (3y + 5z) (9y2 – 15yz + 25z2)

A
= 4k(3y2 + 2y – 5) = 4k(3y2 + 5y – 3y – 5)
(ii) 64m3 – 343n3
= 4k{y(3y + 5) –1(3y + 5)}
= (4m)3 – (7n)3
= 4k(3y + 5)(y – 1)
= (4m – 7n) {16m2 + 4m.7n + (7n)2}
\ Dimensions of cuboid are 4k, 3y + 5, y –1
= (4m – 7n) (16m2 + 28mn + 49n2)

CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

46
 Mathematics
ALLEN
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Which of the number 1, –1, and –3 are zeroes of Sol. (i) (4x – 5y)2 = (4x)2 + 2.4x.5y + (5y)2
the polynomial 2x4 + 9x3 + 11x2 + 4x – 6. = 16x2 – 40xy + 25y2
Sol. Let f(x) = 2x4 + 9x3 + 11x2 + 4x – 6 (ii) (x – 3) (x – 5) = {x + (–3)} {x + (–5)}
= x2 + {(–3) + (–5)}x + (–3).(–5)
f(1) = 2(1)4 + 9(1)3 + 11(1)2 + 4(1) – 6
= x2 + (–3 – 5)x + 15 = x2 – 8x + 15
= 2 + 9 + 11 + 4 – 6 = 20 ¹ 0 4. Find the product
\ 1 is not a zero of the polynomial f(x) (x + 2y + 3z) (x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 – 2xy – 6yz – 3zx)
Again f(–1) = 2(–1)4 + 9(–1)3 + 11(–1)2 + 4(–1) – 6 Sol. (x + 2y + 3z) (x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 – 2xy – 6yz – 3zx)
= 2 – 9 + 11 – 4 – 6 = – 6 ¹ 0 = (x + 2y + 3z){x2 + (2y)2 + (3z)2

\ –1 is not a zero the polynomial f(x) – x × 2y – 2y × 3z – 3z × x}

= x3 + (2y)3 + (3z)2 – 3 × x × 2y × 3z
Also, f(–3) = 2(–3)4 + 9(–3)3 + 11(–3)2 + 4(–3) – 6
= x3 + 8y3 + 27z3 – 18xyz

N
= 162 – 243 + 99 – 12 – 6 = 0
5. Evaluate each of the following by using identities
\ –3 is a zero of the polynomial f(x).
(i) 103 × 97 (ii) (97)2

E
Thus, 1 and –1 are not zeroes of f(x) whereas –3 is Sol. (i) 103 × 97 = (100 + 3) (100 – 3)
a zero of f(x). = (100)2 – (3)2 = 10000 – 9 = 9991
(ii) (97)2 = (100 – 3)2

L
2. Factorise the polynomial x2 + 3 3 x + 6 by spliting
= (100)2 – 2 × 100 × 3 + (3)2
the middle term.
= 10000 – 600 + 9 = 9409

L
Sol. p(x) = x2 + 3 3 x + 6 6. If a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 20 and a + b + c = 0,
find ab + bc + ca.
The coefficient of the middle term is 3 3 . Now, Sol. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

A
we find two numbers l and m such that Þ (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
Þ (0)2 = 20 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
l + m = 3 3 and l × m = 1 × 6 = 6
Þ –20 = 2(ab + bc + ca)

By inspection, we find l = 3 and m = 2 3 . Þ ab + bc + ca = – 10

Then we have 1 1
7. If x2 + = 27, find the value of x –
x2 x
x2 + 3 3 x + 6 = x2 + ( 3 + 2 3 ) x + 6
( x - 1x ) = x – 2 × x × 1x + x1
2
Sol. 2
[By splitting the middle term] 2

Þ ( ) = x – 2 + x1
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

2
= x2 + 3 x + 2 3 x + ( 3 ) (2 3 ) 1 2
x- 2
x
= {x2 + 3 x} + {2 3 x + ( 3 ) (2 3 )}
Þ (x - ) = x +
2
1 1 2
–2 2
x x
= x {x + 3 } + 2 3 {x + 3}

( x - 1x )
2
é 1 ù
= 27 – 2 êQ x + 2 = 27(given) ú
2
Þ
= {x + 3 } {x + 2 3 } ë x û

( x - 1x )
2
\ x2 + 3 3 x + 6 = (x + 3 ) (x + 2 3 ) Þ = 25
3. Expand each of the following
( x - 1x )
2
1
(i) (4x – 5y)2 (ii) (x – 3) (x – 5) Þ = (±5)2 Þ x – = ±5
x

47
CBSE : Class IX
ALLEN
9. Factorise each of the following expressions
1
8. If x + = 3, find the value of (i) x3 – 0.027
x
(ii) ab(a2 + b2 – c2) + bc (a2 + b2 – c2) – ca(a2 + b2 – c2)
1 1 1 (iii) (x2 + 3x)2 – 5(x2 + 3x) – y(x2 + 3x) +5y
(i) x2 + 3
2 (ii) x + (iii) x4 +
x x3 x4 (iv) a2 + b2 – 2(ab – ac + bc)
(v) x8 – y8
( x + 1x ) = 3 Þ ( x + 1x )
2
2
Sol. (i) = (3) (vi) x2 + 3 3 x – 30
Sol. (i) x3 – 0.027 = (x)3 – (0.3)3
[On squaring both side]
= (x – 0.3) [x2 + x × 0.3 + (0.3)2]
æ1ö 1 = (x – 0.3) (x2 + 0.3x + 0.09)
Þ x2 + 2(x) ç ÷ + 2 = 9
x
è ø x (ii) We have
ab(a2 + b2 – c2) + bc (a2 + b2 – c2)
1 – ca(a2 + b2 – c2)
Þ x2 + 2 + =9 2 2 2
x2 = (a + b – c ) (ab + bc – ca)
(iii) We have
1 (x2 + 3x)2 – 5(x2 + 3x) – y(x2 + 3x) +5y

N
Þ x2 + =9–2=7
x2 = (x2 + 3x) {(x2 + 3x) –5} – y{(x2 + 3x) –5}
= (x2 + 3x – 5) (x2 + 3x – y)
1
Thus, x 2 + (iv) We have

E
=7 ... (1)
x2 a2 + b2 – 2(ab – ac + bc)
= a2 + b2 – 2ab + 2ac – 2bc
( )
3
1 1 3
= (a – b)2 + 2c (a – b)
= ( 3)

L
(ii) x + =3Þ x+
x x = (a – b){(a – b) + 2c} = (a – b) (a – b + 2c)
[On cubing both sides] (v) We have

L
x8 – y8 = {(x4)2 – (y4)2} = (x4 – y4) (x4 + y4)
() ( )
3
1 1 1
x3 + + 3.x. x+ = 27 = {(x2)2 – (y2)2} (x4 + y4)
x x x
= (x2 – y2) (x2 + y2) (x4 + y4)
1 é 1 ù = (x – y)(x + y)(x2 + y2) (x4 + y4)

A
Þ x3 + + 3.3 = 27 Q x + = 3ú
x3 ëê x û = (x – y)(x + y)(x2 + y2){(x2)2
+ (y2)2 + 2x2y2 – 2x2y2)
1
Þ x3 + = 27 – 9 = 18 = (x – y)(x + y)(x2 + y2){(x2+ y2)2 – ( 2 xy)2}
x3
= (x – y)(x + y)(x2 + y2)(x2+ y2 – 2 xy)
1
Thus, x3 + 3 = 18
x (x2 + y2 + 2 xy)

1 (vi) In order to factorise x2 + 3 3 x – 30, we have

(iii) From (1), we have x2 + =7
x2 to find two numbers p and q such that
p + q = 3 3 and pq = – 30
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

2
æ 1ö
Þ è x2 + 2 ø = (7)2 [On squaring both sides] Clearly, 5 3 + (–2 3) = 3 3
x

1 1 and 5 3 ´ –2 3 = –30
Þ x4 + 2
4 + 2.x . 2 = 49
x x
So, we write the middle term 3 3x as 5 3x – 2 3x
1
Þ x4 + + 2 = 49 \ x2 + 3 3x – 30
x4
= x 2 + 5 3x - 2 3x - 30
1
Þ x4 + 4 = 49 – 2 = 47
x = x(x + 5 3) - 2 3(x + 5 3)
1
Thux, x4 + = 47 = (x + 5 3) (x - 2 3)
x4

48
 Mathematics
ALLEN
10. If x + y = 12 and xy = 32, find the value of x 2 + y2. 12. If a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = 0, prove that
Sol. (x + y)2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy a = b = c.
Þ 144 = x2 + y2 + 2 × 32 Sol. a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = 0
[Putting x + y = 12 and xy = 32] Þ 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca = 2 × 0
Þ 144 – 64 = x2 + y2 [Multiplying both sides by 2]
Þ x2 + y2 = 80 Þ (a2 – 2ab + b2) + (b2 – 2ab + c2)
11. Prove that : 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca + (c2 – 2ac + a2) = 0
= [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] Þ (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 = 0
Sol. L.H.S. = 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca Þ a – b = 0, b – c = 0, c – a = 0
= (a2 – 2ab + b2) + (b2 – 2bc + c2) + (c2 – 2ca + a2) [Q Sum of positive quantities is zero if and only
[Re-arranging the terms] if each quantity is zero]
= (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 = R.H.S. Þ a = b, b = c and c = a
Hence, 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca Þ a=b=c
= [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]

E N
L L
A
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

49
CBSE : Class IX
ALLEN
EXERCISE # 1
Multiple choice questions 12. The coefficient of the highest power of x in the
1. A linear polynomial polynomial 2x3 – 4x4 + 5x2 – x5 + 3
(1) 2 (2) –4 (3) –1 (4) 3
(1) may have no zero
13. Zero of the polynomial p(x) = 2 – 5x is
(2) may have one zero
5 2 5 2
(3) has one and only one zero always (1) - (2) - (3) (4)
2 5 2 5
(4) may have more than one zero
14. 3 is a polynomial of degree
2. The coefficient of x 3 in th e polynomial
5 + 2x + 3x2 – 7x3 is 1
(1) (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 0
2
(1) 5 (2) 2 (3) 7 (4) –7
15. The factors of 2x2 – 3x – 2 are
3. The value of P(x) = x2 – 7x + 12 at x = 3 is

N
(1) (2x – 1)(x + 2) (2) (2x + 1)(x – 2)
(1) 42 (2) 0 (3) 8 (4) –6
(3) (x + 1)(x – 2) (4) (x – 1)(x + 2)
4. A polynomial of degree 5 in x has at most
16. The factors of x3 – 2x2 – 13x – 10 are

E
(1) 5 terms (2) 4 terms (1) (x – 1)(x + 2)(x + 5)
(3) 6 terms (4) 10 terms (2) (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 5)

L
5. Degree of the polynomial (3) (x + 1)(x – 2)(x + 5)
4x4 + 0x3 + 0x5 + 5x + 7 is (4) (x + 1)(x + 2)(x – 5)

L
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 3 (4) 7 17. The factors of 4x2 + 4x – 3 are

6. Degree of the zero polynomial is (1) (2x – 1)(2x – 3)

A
(1) 0 (2) 1 (2) (2x + 1)(2x – 3)
(3) (2x + 3)(2x – 1)
(3) Any natural number (4) Not defined
(4) None of these
7. Zero of the zero polynomial is

(1) 0 (2) 1 0.83 ´ 0.83 ´ 0.83 + 0.17 ´ 0.17 ´ 0.17

18.
0.83 ´ 0.83 - 0.83 ´ 0.17 + 0.17 ´ 0.17
(3) Any real number (4) Not defined
is equal to
8. On e of the zeroes of the polynomial
2x2 + 7x – 4 is (1) 1 (2) (0.83)3 + (0.17)3

1 1 (3) 0 (4) None of these

CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

(1) 2 (2) (3) – (4) – 2

2 2 19. One of the factors of (25x2 – 1) + (1 + 5x)2 is
9. The zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x(x – 1) (x – 2) are (1) 5 + x (2) 5 – x (3) 5x – 1 (4) 10x
(1) 0 (2) 0, –1, –2 20. Which o f th e fo llowing is a factor of
(3) 0, 1, –2 (4) 0, 1, 2 (x + y)3 – (x3 + y3)?
(1) x2 + y2 + 2xy (2) x2 + y2 – xy
10. If p(x) = x2 – 2 2 x + 1, then p(2 2 ) is equal to
(3) xy2 (4) 3xy
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 4 2 (4) 8 2 + 1
x y
21. If + = – 1 (x, y ¹ 0), the value of x3 – y3 is
11. If p(x) = x + 3, then p(x) + p(–x) is equal to y x
(1) 3 (2) 2x (3) 0 (4) 6 (1) 1 (2) – 1 (3) 0 (4) 1/2

50
 Mathematics
ALLEN
10. The zero of the polynomial p(x) = 3x + 2 is
æ 1 öæ 1ö
22. If 49 x2 – b = ç 7x + ÷ ç 7x – ÷ , then the value 3
è 2 øè 2ø x= – .
2
of b is
Match the column

1 1 1 1. Column-I Column-II
(1) 0 (2) (3) (4)
2 4 2
(1) Degree of x5 – x4 + 3 (a) 0
23. If x2 + kx + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3) for all x, then the
(2) Degree of 2 – y2 – y3 + 2y8 (b) 1
value of k is
(3) Degree of 2 (c) 8
(1) 1 (2) – 1 (3) 5 (4) 3
(4) Degree of x + 2 (d) 5
24. Factors of (42 – x – x2) are
Crossword puzzle

N
(1) (x – 7)(x – 6) (2) (x + 7)(x – 6)
Across
(3) (x + 7)(6 – x) (4) (x + 7)(x + 6)

E
1. An expression of the form anxn + an–1 xn–1
æ 2 x 1ö + an–2xn–2 +... + a0 where a0, a1, a2...an–1,an
25. Factors of ç x + - ÷ are are all constant, an ¹ 0 and 'n' is a non-negative

L
è 6 6ø
integer is called a ____
1 1
(1) , (2x + 1), (3x + 1) (2) , (2x + 1), (3x – 1)

L
6 6 2. A polynomial of degree two is called a ____
polynomial.
1 1
(3) , (2x – 1), (3x – 1) (4) , (2x – 1), (3x + 1) 3. A polynomial of one term is called a ____
6 6

A
Down
True or false
4. If x = a makes p(x) = 0 then 'a' is called ___ of
1. A binomial can have atmost two terms. p(x).

2. Every polynomial is a binomial. 5. A polynomial having two terms is called a ____

3. A binomial may have degree 5. 6. A polynomial o f degree one is called

a____polynomial.
4. Zero of a polynomial is always 0.
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

5. A polynomial cannot have more than one zero. 5

6. The degree of the sum of two polynomials each of

degree 5 is always 5. 1

7. x2 – 5x + 6 can not be written as a product of two 3 6

linear factors.
2
8. (2a + b)2 – (2b + a)2 = 3(a2 – b2) is an identity.

9. The number of zeroes of a polynomial is the degree

of the polynomial.

51
CBSE : Class IX
ALLEN
EXERCISE # 1 ANSWER KEY
Multiple choice questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 3 4 2 3 1 4 3 2 4 2 4 3 4 4 2
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. 4 3 1 4 4 3 3 3 3 2
True or false :
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. False 7. False 8. True 9. True 10. False
Match the column
1. (1) ® (d) ; (2) ® (c) ; (3) ® (a) ; (4) ® (b)
Crossword puzzle
4
Z
5
E B
R I
1
P O L Y N O M I A L
O

N
3 6
M O N O M I A L
I I
2
Q U A D R A T I C N

E
L E
A
R

L L
A CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

52
 Mathematics
ALLEN
EXERCISE # 2
Short answer type questions 5. Find the value of the following polynomial at the
indicate value of variables
1. Which of the following expressions are polynomial?
(i) p(x) = 5x2 – 3x + 7 at x = 1
(i) 11x + 1
(ii) q(y) = 3y2 – 4y + 11 at y = 2
(ii) 7x2 – 5x + 5
(iii) p(t) = 4t4 + 5t3 – t2 + 6 at t = a
(iii) t3 – 2t + 1
6. Find the zeroes of each of the following polyno-
mials
1
(iv) x2 –
x2 (i) p(x) = x – 4

(ii) g(x) = 2x + 1
(v) y + 5y – 1

N
(iii) p(x) = (x + 1)(x + 2)

(iv) p(x) = (x –1)(x – 2)(x – 3)

1
(vi) z11 – 5z7 +
4 (v) p(x) = 7x2

E
2. Write the coefficient of x3 in each of the following (vi) p(x) = rx + s, r ¹ 0

L
7. Verify whether the following are zeroes of the
(i) 3x3 – 3x + 2
polynomial indicated against them
(ii) 14x3 – 2x3 + 5x – 7x2

L
1
(iii) 2
2x + 1 (i) p(x) = 5x – 1, x =
5

(ii) p(x) = (x – 2) (x – 5), x = 2, 5

A
3 3
(iv) x + 2x – 3
4 (iii) s(x) = x2, x = 0, 1

3. Write the degree of each of the following polyno- 1 2

mials (iv) p(x) = 3x2 – 1, x = – ,
3 3
(i) 3x2 – 4x + 2
7
(ii) 7x3 + 2x2 + x (v) g(x) = 5x2 + 7x, x = 0, –
5
(iii) 5 – x2
8. Factorise each of the following expressions
(iv) 1 + 2x + 3x2 – 11x4
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

(i) 1 + 2x + x2
4. Classify the following as linear, quadratic and cubic
(ii) x2 – 9ax + 18a2
polynomials
(iii) 2xy – x + z – 2zy
(i) x3 – 4
(iv) p4 – 81q4
(ii) x2 + 1
(v) 7 2 x2 – 10x – 4 2
(iii) 5x2 – 3x + 7
(vi) x4 – (2y – 3z)2
(iv) 1 + 5x
(vii) 24 3 x3 – 125y3
(v) 4r3
(viii) a6x4 – a4x6

53
CBSE : Class IX
ALLEN
9. If one of the factors of x2 + x – 20 is (x + 5), find 13. Write the expansion of the following
other factor. (i) (9x + 2y + z)2 (ii) (3x – 2y – z)2
10. Simplify : 14. Find the product of following
(i) (x + 3) (x2 – 3x + 9)
(i) 2a2 + 2 6ab + 3b2
(ii) (5a – 3b) (25a2 + 15ab + 9b2)
(ii) 2 x2 + 3x + 2 Long answer type questions
15. Find the value of a3 – 27b3 if a – 3b = – 6 and
(iii) 2
36x + 60x + 25 ab = – 10.
16. Factorize : (2x + 3y)3 – (2x – 3y)3
11. Evaluate the following (using identities)
17. Simplify
(i) 103 × 105 (ii) 98 × 99 (i) (a + b)3 + (a – b)3 + 6a(a2 – b2)
(iii) 104 × 95 (iv) (101)3 (ii) (2a + b + c)2 + (2a – b – c)2
18. Find the value of x3 + y3 when x + y = – 4 and

N
(v) (399)3
xy = 5
12. Write in expanded form 19. Factorize : x6 – 7x3 – 8

E
( ) ( )
3
3
3
2 20. Factorize : 8a3 – b3 – 4ax + 2bx
(i) x -1 (ii) x + y
2 3

L
EXERCISE # 2 ANSWER KEY
Short answer type questions

L
3
1. (i), (ii), (iii), (vi) 2. (i) 3, (ii) 12, (iii) 0, (iv)
4
3. (i) 2, (ii) 3, (iii), 2, (iv) 4 4. (i) Cubic, (ii) Quadratic, (iii) Quadratic, (iv) Linear, (v) Cubic

A
5. (i) 9, (ii) 4 + 11 , (iii) 4a4 + 5a3 – a2 + 6 6. (i) 4, (ii) –1/2, (iii) –1, –2, (iv) 1, 2, 3, (v) 0, (vi) –s/r

1 2
7. (i) Yes, (ii) Yes, both, (iii) x = 0 is zero, x = 1 is not zero, (iv) x = – is zero, x = is not zero, (v) Yes, both
3 3
8. (i) (x + 1)2 , (ii) (x – 6a) (x – 3a), (iii) (x – z) (2y – 1) , (iv) (p + 3q) (p – 3q) (p2 + 9q2),

(v) (x – 2 ) (7 2 x + 4), (vi) (x – 2y + 3z) (x + 2y – 3z), (vii) (2 3 x – 5y) (12x + 10 3 xy + 25y ),

2 2 2 2

(viii) a4x4 (a – x) (a + x)

9. (x – 4) 10. (i) 2 a + 3 b , (ii) ( 2 x + 1) (x + 2) , (iii) (6x + 5)

11. (i) 10815, (ii) 9702, (iii) 9880, (iv) 1030301, (v) 63521199
CBSE-2022\Module\Foundation\SET-1\9th\Maths-1\02-Polynomials\Exe.p65

27 3 27 2 9 4xy2 8 3
12. (i) x – x + x –1, 3
(ii) x + 2x y +
2
+ y
8 4 2 3 27

13. (i) 81x2 + 4y2 + z2 + 36xy + 4yz + 18zx, (ii) 9x2 + 4y2 + z2 – 12xy + 4yz – 6xz
14. (i) x3 + 27, (ii) 125a3 – 27b3
Long answer type questions
15. 324 16. 18y(4x2 + 3y2)
17. (i) 8a3, (ii) 8a + 2b + 2c + 4bc
2 2 2
18. –4
19. (x – 2)(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 4)(x2 – x + 1)
20. (2a – b) (4a2 + 2ab + b2 – 2x)

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