SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN ISLAMIC LAW
13th MEETING
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OUTLINE
1. Abu Hanifah (Al-Nukman ibn Tsabit, 700-767 M)
2. Malik bin Anas (713-795 M)
3. Muhammad Idris As-Syafi’i (767-820 M)
4. Ahmad bin Hambal (781-855 M)
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Abu Hanifah (Al-Nukman ibn Tsabit, 700-767 M)
Abu Hanifah is from Persia
He was born in Kufah, Irak in 80 H/699 M, died 150 H/676 M
He made ijtihad adhering to:
• Al-Qur’an
• Al-Hadits
• Al-Ijma’
• Al-Qiyas
• Al-Istihsan (as a specific dalil)
• Urf
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Abu Hanifah (Al-Nukman ibn Tsabit, 700-767 M)
a. Not many people hear and know the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad.
b. The situation of the people of Kufa is different from the people of Medina.
Kufa is located far from Medina (homogenous and agricultural)
• Heterogeneous society, (city) there are various ethnic groups.
• Different problem arise, the solutions are also different.
• Different uses of legal sources ----------- use a lot of thought (ra’yu)
c. The intensity of use of legal sources is different.
in Medina, many know the Prophet’s Sunna (personal records), many
preach it orally.
If there is a problem, they use the Sunna of the Prophet to solve it.
in Kufa, if there is a problem, they use their own opinion/thoughts with
qiyas/analogies
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Abu Hanifah (Al-Nukman ibn Tsabit, 700-767 M)
• This difference in intensity In using legal sources causes differences of
opinion which ultimately give rise to schools of thought in Islamic fiqh.
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Abu Hanifah (Al-Nukman ibn Tsabit, 700-767 M)
This school of thought is adhered to in:
• Turkiye, Syria, Irak, Afganistan, Pakistan, India, China, Libanon, Mesir
and Soviet Union
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Malik bin Anas (713-795 M)
• Malik bin Anas was born in Hijaz, Madinah (95-179 H/713-795 M)
He made ijtihad adhering to:
• Al-Qur’an
• Al-Hadits
• Al-Ijma’
• Al-Qiyas
• Al-Maslahatul-Mursalah (emergency) and also
• Qaul
• Shahabi
• Adat di Madinah
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Malik bin Anas (713-795 M)
• In Medina, many people know the Sunnah of the Prophet.
• Malik, collector of the Prophet’s Sunnah ------ kitab Al-Muwatta’:
footsteps, pioneers.
• Because of the content of the book Al-Muwatta’ Caliph Harun Al Rasyid
once expressed his desire that the book, a collection of legal Hadiths
arranged by Malik bin Anas, be made the official source book for Islamic
jurisprudence.
• Malik bin Anas objected on the grounds that in every place there were legal
experts who had their own views on the sources of Islamic fiqh, apart from
the Al Qur’an.
• This rejection means that Malik bin Anas appreciates the diversity of legal
sources in solving problems in different situations and conditions.
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Malik bin Anas (713-795 M)
• However, Al-Muwatta’ is also used by judges in resolving cases.
example:
• Jakarta Religious Court judge used Al-Muwatta’ as a source of
identification of Islamic law in deciding Megawati-Hasan Gamal’s
marriage on July, 17th , 1972.
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Malik bin Anas (713-795 M)
This school of thought is adhered to in:
• Marocco, Aljazair, Libya, South Egypt, Sudan, Bahrain, and Kuwait
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REFERENSI
• Mohd. Idris Ramulyo, S.H., M.H., Asas-Asas Hukum Islam Sejarah Timbul
dan Berkembangnya Kedudukan Hukum Islam dalam Sistem Hukum di
Indonesia, Sinar Grafika, 1995.
• Prof. Dr. H. Zainuddin Ali, M.A., Hukum Islam Pengantar Ilmu Hukum
Islam di Indonesia, Sinar Grafika, 2015, HAL. 70-71.
• Prof. H. Mohammad Daud Ali, S.H., Hukum Islam Pengantar Ilmu Hukum
dan Tata Hukum Islam di Indonesia, PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2014, hal.
181- 194.
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