East West University

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

INTERNSHIP (Industrial Training)

Report On

Transmission and Data Communication System of VOICETEL Ltd.

as a partial fulfillment of Bachelor of science in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering at East West University.

Prepared By: Supervised By:

Fatema Tuj Juhra Dr. M. Ruhul Amin

ID:2012-1-55-035 Professor

Dept. of ECE

East West University.

Date of Submission: 24th DECEMBER,2015

1
 East West University
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

INTERNSHIP(Industrial Training) REPORT ON

Transmission and Data Communication System of VOICETEL Ltd. as a partial

fulfillment of Bachelor of science in Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering at East West University.

Prepared By:

Fatema Tuj Juhra

ID:2012-1-55-035

Company Supervisor: Academic Supervisor:

Muztahid Alam Dr. M. Ruhul Amin

Sr. Engineer Professor

Transmission & Data Communication Department of ECE .

System . East West University.

VOICETEL Ltd.

2
 Disclaimer

This is to declare that this internship is based on the transmission and

data communication system of ICX in Bangladesh. It has not been
submitted elsewhere as an Internship or a project report purpose.

Signature of Supervisor Signature of Author

………..…………………… ……………………………….
Dr. M. Ruhul Amin Fatema Tuj Juhra
Professor ID:2012-1-55-035
Department of Electronics
& Communications Engineering
East West University

3
 Acceptance of Report

This internship report has been presented to the department of Electronics

and Communications Engineering, East West University and submitted for
partial fulfillment of the course ETE 498 (Industrial Training) as well as for
the Bachelor of Science Degree in Electronics and Telecommunications
Engineering (ETE),under complete supervision of the undersigned.

………..…………………… ……………………………..
Dr. M. Ruhul Amin Muztahid Alam

Professor Sr.Engineer
Department of Electronics (Transmission& Data
& Communications Engineering. Communication System)
East West University. VOICETEL LTD.

4
 Acknowledgement
First of all I wish to convey my heartfelt thanks and gratitude to Almighty Allah
to complete the internship successfully and also those who all rendered their
cooperation in making this report.

I am personally in debt to a number of persons who helped me very politely

and gently whose advice, direction and co-operation incorporate me to earn
experiences and give opportunities to learn about the report formatting and
VOICETEL LTD. That’s why every person of VOICETEL LTD deserves thanks for
their kind accommodating attitude.

I would like to express my best regard, indebtedness and gratitude to my

company supervisor Muztahid Alam, Engineer of VOICETEL Ltd. For his cordial
guidance and active help throughout the entire period of my internship.

I want to convey my gratefulness to my company supervisor who gave me the

opportunity to work under his department & helped me significantly by providing
important suggestions in my internship period.

Finally I am forever grateful to my parents for their patience and love.

……………………………….

Fatema Tuj Juhra

ID:2012-1-55-035

Department of ECE

5
 Abstract
The main purpose of the internship program was to perceive the real life
situation. The academic knowledge is not well enough to compete with real
world. This internship program was helpful to face the real working
environment.

This internship report contains all the information about my work experience
with VOICETEL Ltd, which started its work in Bangladesh from 2011. In
VOICETEL Ltd. I have spent a good time in learning and was rewarded for my
best efforts, learnt to deal with different situations, had experience of
corporate working environment which affects an employee performance and
attitude towards work, had good time in learning and performing. I have also
gathered experience. Confidence, on time decision making, consistency, hard
work, team work, seeking success out of dark, innovation, creativity,
organizational survival are the key learning’s out of my job and and I would like
to say that it will be one of my best skill that would remain with me and help
me in future which will offer many challenges. I would like to highlight this,that
my experience with Voicetel was very memorable and full of learning’s, where I
found a lot of positive changes in my attitude, learning and behavior.

6
CONTENTS Page
numbers
Chapter 1: Introduction
- Introduction and Company Profile 10
Chapter 2: ICX (Interconnection Exchange)
- What is ICX? 11
- VOICETEL ICX Diagram 11-12
Chapter 3: Transmission System
- Definition of transmission and Types of transmission. 13-14

-Capacity of transmission 15-16

- Bandwidth of GSM,3G,4g,LTE. 17

- Parameters of TDM transmission and Data transmission. 17-18

- Technologies used in Transmission. 19-20

- Theory of transmission. 21-23

- Transmission Medium. 24-26
- Transmission Architecture. 27-28

- Topology of Transmission. 29-31

- Transmission Medium and Capacity permitted by BTRC. 32-33

- Transmission in ICX. 34-36
- Transmission in IGW. 37
- Protocols used in data communication of ICX. 37-39
- Devices used in data communication of ICX 40-41
- Data Communication system of VOICETEL . 42-44
- Various types of alarms occurred in transmission . 44-45
Chapter 4: Conclusion 46
References 47

7
 Figures
Figures Page No.

Fig (1.1 & 1.2) : Voicetel ICX diagram(part 1) and (part 2)………………(11-12)

Fig 2.1&( 2.2-2.5): Transmission system…………………………………………(13-14)

Fig(3.1-3.4):Capacity of transmission…………………………………………….(15-16)

Fig 4: Data link layer………………………………………………………………………(18)

Fig 5: Multiplexing Method of transmission……………………………………(22-23)

Fig(6.1-6.6 ): Types of transmission media……………………………………..(24-26)

Fig 7: GSM Architecture…………………………………………………………………(27)

Fig(8.1-8.3):Topology used in transmission……………………………………..(29-31)

Fig (9.1-9.6) and 10: Transmission in ICX & IGW……………………………...(34-36)

Fig (11.1-11.6): Devices used in Data communication……………………..(40-41)

Fig(12.1-12.2): Data Communication of Voicetel(part 1 &2)…..............(42-44)

8
Chapter 1: Introduction

9
 Introduction
Telecommunication in Bangladesh:

The liberalizations of Bangladesh telecommunications sector began with small steps

in 1989 with the issuance of a license to a private operator for the provision of inter
alia cellular mobile services to compete with the previous monopoly provider of
telecommunications services the Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone
Board(BTTB).The telecom sector in Bangladesh is rapidly emerging.Bangladesh
Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC)is the regulatory authority for
this sector,overseeing licensing,policy etc.It is now one of the biggest sector of
Bangladesh.

An Interconnection Exchange is a company which routes the Domestic

International voice traffic to and from ANS and IGW.

Company Profile

Voicetel Ltd is an Interconnection Exchange(ICX) operator. Voicetel Ltd. has

world class network,equipment,best team and international technology
partners. Voicetel Ltd. was formed in the year 2011 by a dedicated team of
professionals having wide experience in the fields of Business and Product
Development.In April ,2012 Voicetel ltd has been awarded with Interconnection
Exchange Operator license by BTRC to connect all Telecom operators in
Dhaka,Chittagong and Khulna. Voicetel’s goal is to create a nationwide network
aiming at creating strong equity through affordable,reliable,efficient services to
our strategic partners through continuous technological innovation.

10
Chapter 2: ICX (Interconnection
Exchange)

11
What is ICX?

Interconnection Exchange (ICX) is the switching center

where many networks interconnect in order for offering easy access to
other telecom operators.It enables the user of one network to communicate
with those of other network.It allows monitoring and transparency.

VOICETEL ICX DIAGRAM

IGW(Common MUX)

ANS Operators MUX

POI(NRB)OSN3500
STM16 STM 16 All Available IGWs
ROBI (BanglaTrac, MIR, Novo
STM16 STM 16 Tel, Unique etc.)
BL
Soft Switch
STM16
GP
STM 1U STM 16
Citycell
STM16
Airtel
STM 1
Teletalk

STM1
STM 64
STM1
MUX STM 64 STM 1
POI(Coloasia)OSN2500 12 U1
STM 14 U
18 U STM 1
STM 1
STM16
UMG 8900 Layer 3 Switch
ANS 18 U STM S9303(1+1)
16(MSP(1+1)) VoiceTel(MUX)
OSN3500

IGW
STM16

Fig 1.1: VOICETEL ICX Diagram Part (1)

12
 Layer 3 Switch
S9303(1+1)

IGW B0
12 U
Switch (S2300)
IGW B1
3U

FIREWALL
EUDEMON200E 7U BILLING SERVER

NOC
CISCO Switch
(2960)

NTP
Router
8U
(NE40E)
LI
Switch(S2300) 2Mb p

2Mb p
s

BTRC

s
POP1(Khulna)

STM-1
ALL AVAILABLE
ANS OPERATORS STM-1
(GP, ROBI, BL,
15 U 10 U
STM-1 6U POP2(Chittagong)
TELETALK,
CITYCELL, STM-1
AIRTEL)
S9303
STM-1
ALL AVAILABLE
UMG 8900 ANS OPERATORS STM-1
OSN 1500
(GP, ROBI, BL,
TELETALK,
15 U 10 U
STM-1 6U
CITYCELL, STM-1
AIRTEL)
S9303
UMG 8900
OSN 2500

Fig 1.2: VOICETEL ICX Diagram Part (2)

13
Chapter 3: Transmission System

14
Transmission:

In telecommunications, transmission is the process of sending

or propagating an analogue or digital information signal over a physical point-
to-point or point-to-multipoint transmission medium (wired, optical fiber or
wireless).

∑ One example of transmission is the sending of a signal with limited

duration, for example a block or packet of data, a phone call, or an email
[1].

Fig 2.1:Transmission System

In Electrical Engineering, transmission is two types:

1.Data transmission
2.Power transmission
Data transmission:
Data transmission is the physical transfer
of data (a digital bit stream or a digitized analog signal) over a point-to-
point or point-to-multipoint communication channel.

The data are represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical

voltage, radiowave, microwave, or infrared signal[2].
15
 Power transmission:

Power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical

energy, from generating power plants to electrical substations located near
demand centers.

Fig 2.3: Power transmission

Generally data transmission is also two types:

1.Packet data transmission

2.TDM data transmission

Packet data transmission:

Packet data transmission is one kind of transmission

where data, images, and even sound files are divided and reformatted into
small units, transmitted over the network, and reassembled for use by the
receiving computer.

16
 PWE3 Ethernet

Packet Switch

Ethernet Ethernet

Fig 2.4: Packet Data Transmission

TDM data transmission:

Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a communications

process that transmits two or more streaming digital signals over a common
channel.
Time division multiplexing (TDM) is also known as a digital circuit switched.

Fig 2.5:TDM data transmission

Capacity of Transmission:
. In telecommunications and computer
networking, a communication channel or channel, refers either to a
physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over
a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel.

17
STM-1:
The STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module level-1) frame is the basic
transmission format for SDH ( Synchronous Digital Hierarchy).

∑ It has a bit rate of 155.52 Mbit/s.

∑ A STM-1 frame has a byte-oriented structure with 9 rows and 270

columns of bytes, for a total of 2,430 bytes.

Fig 3.1: STM-1

STM-4:

The STM-4 (Synchronous Transport Module) is a SDH ITU-T fiber optic

network transmission standard.

∑ It has a bit rate of 622.080 Mbit/s.

Fig 3.2: STM-4 Ring

18
 STM-16:

The STM-16 (Synchronous Transport Module) is a SDH ITU-T fiber

optic network transmission standard.

∑ It has the bit rate of 2,488.320 Mbit/s

Fig 3.3: STM-16

STM-64:

The STM-64 (Synchronous Transport Module) is a SDH ITU-T fiber

optic network transmission standard.

∑ It has a bit rate of 9953.280 Mbit/s(~10Gbit/s) [3].

Fig 3.4: STM 64

E 1:

E1 (or E-1) is a European digital transmission format devised by the ITU-TS and
given the name by the Conference of European Postal and Telecommunication
Administration (CEPT).
19
Bandwidth :

GSM: GSM networks operating in the 900MHz and 1800MHz.

2G bandwidth: With GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), theoretical transfer

speed of max. 50kbit/s (40 kbit/s in practical).With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates
for GSM Evolution), theoretical transfer speed of max. 1 Mbit/s (500 kbit/s in
practice).

3G: The bandwidth of 3G is 21 Mbps.

4G : The bandwidth of 4G is 42 Mbps.

LTE (Long Term Evolution): The bandwidth of LTE is 160 Mbps-5 Gbps.

Parameters of data transmission and TDM transmission:

Data transmission:
Data transmission typically deal with the following OSI model protocol
layers :
(1)Layer 1, the physical layer:

∑ Channel coding including

- Digital modulation schemes

- Line coding schemes
- Forward error correction (FEC) codes

∑ Bit synchronization
∑ Multiplexing
∑ Equalization
∑ Channel models

(2) Layer 2, the data link layer:

∑ Channel access schemes, media access control (MAC)

∑ Packet mode communication and Frame synchronization
20
 ∑ Error detection and automatic repeat request (ARQ)
∑ Flow control

(3)Layer 6, the presentation layer:

∑ Source coding (digitization and data compression), and

information theory.
∑ Cryptography (may occur at any layer)

TDM transmission:
TDM transmission typically deal with the
following OSI model protocol layers :
(1)Layer 1,the Physical Layer:
∑ Physical Link: Transmitted data bits propagates across link.
∑ Guided Media:Signals propagate in solidmedia:copper,fiber.
∑ Unguided Media: Signals propagate freely, e.g. radio.
(2)Layer 2,the Data Link Layer:
∑ Error detection,correction.

∑ Sharing a broadcast channel: multiple access protocols and

LANs.

∑ Link layer addressing.

Fig 4: Data link layer

21
Technologies used in Transmission:

PDH:

The plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) is a technology used

in telecommunications networks to transport large quantities of data over
digital transport equipment such as fibre optic and microwave radio systems.
SDH:

The Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) is an international technology

standard that utilizes light-emitting diodes (LED) or lasers for synchronous
optical fiber communication[4].
VPN ( Virtual Private Network):
A VPN or Virtual Private Network is a method
used to add security and privacy to private and public networks, like WiFi
Hotspots and the Internet.
∑ VPNs are most often used by corporations to protect sensitive data.
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Swithing):
MPLS provides a mechanism for forwarding packets for any network .
∑ MPLS can encapsulate packets of various network protocols.

VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service):

VPLS is a technology that provides Ethernet based multi-point to multi-

point communication over IP/MPLS networks.

∑ It allows geographically dispersed sites to share an Ethernet broadcast

domain by connecting sites through pseudo-wires.

DW DM(De ns e Wave l e ngth Di vi s i on Mul ti pl e x i ng:

In digital signal processing, DWDM is a technique for increasing
the bandwidth of optical network communication.

22
WCDMA (Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access):

WCDMA is a 3G technology that increases data transmission rates in GSM

systems by using the CDMA air interface instead of TDMA.

LTE(Long Term Evolution):

LTE is a wireless broadband technology designed to

support roaming Internet access via cell phones and handheld devices.

∑ LTE offers significant improvements over older cellular communication

standards, some refer to it as a 4G (fourth generation) technology along
with WiMax.

Theory of Transmission:
Multiplexing Method:
In the present PDH system, only 1.5Mb/s and 2Mb/s rate
signals are synchronous. All other signals are asynchronous.Since PDH adopts
asynchronous multiplexing method, low rate signals can not be directly
added/dropped from PDH high rate signals. For example,2Mb/s signals can not
be directly added/dropped from 140Mb/s signals.Here arises two problems:
1.Adding/dropping low rate signals from high-rate signals must be conducted
level by level.For example,to add/drop 2Mb/s low rate signals from 140Mb/s
signals,the following procedures must be conducted.(Fig:1-2)

Fig:1-2

23
2.Since adding/dropping low rate signals to high rate ones must go through
many stages of multiplexing and demultiplexing,. This is unbearable in large
capacity transmission.That’s the reason why the transmission rate of PDH
system has not be improved further.

Advantages of SDH over PDH:

SDH has unparalleled advantages over PDH.
1.SDH is a new transmission system that has made radical revolution in
technical system.
2.It uses universal interfaces to achieve compatibility with different
equipment from different vendors.
3.It greatly enhances the utilization ratio of network resources and reduces
the OAM costs due to the enhanced maintenance function.

Electrical Interface:
SDH system provides a set of standard information structure level,i.e a set
standard level.The basic signal transmission structure level is a synchronous
transfer module –STM 1 at a rate of 155Mb/s.Digital signal hierarchies of higher
levels such as 622Mb/s (STM 4) and 2.5 Gb/s(STM 16) can be formed by low
rate information modules via byte interleaved multiplexing.The number of
modules to be multiplexed is a multiple of 4.For example,STM -4=4×STM 1 and
STM-16=4×STM-4.

Technical Details:
What is byte interleaved multiplexing method?
We can explain it by the following example.There are three signals with the
frame structure of three bytes in each frame.
A B C

A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3

If signal D is formed by byte interleaved

multiplexing method,it will have a frame structure of 9 bytes in each frame and
these 9 bytes are arranged in the order as shown in the following fig:
D
A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3
24
This multiplexing method is called byte interleaved multiplexing method.

STM-N Frame Structure:

STM-N frame structure makes SDH signal easier to
implement synchronous multiplexing,cross-connection,add/drop and switching
of tributaries.
Therefore ITUT defines the frame of STM-N as rectangle block frames
structures in unit of byte(8 bit).

Transmission Media:
Transmission media is a pathway that carries the information from sender to
receiver.

∑ We use different types of cables or waves to transmit data.

Types of Transmission Media:

Fig(6.1):Types of Transmission Media

Transmission media is broadly classified into two groups.

1. Wired or Guided Media or Bound Transmission Media

2. Wireless or Unguided Media or Unbound Transmission Media
Wired or Guided Media or Bound Transmission Media:
Bound
transmission media are the cables that are tangible or have physical existence
and are limited by the physical geography.

25
 ∑ Popular bound transmission media in use are twisted
pair cable, co-axial cable and fiber optical cable.
(1)Coaxial Cable:
Coaxial cable is a type of cable that has an inner conductor
surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular
conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer
sheath Or jacket.

Fig(6.2): Coaxial Cable

(2)Optical fiber cable:

An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent
fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than
that of a human hair.
∑ Single-mode fibers are used for most communication links longer than
1,000 meters (3,300 ft).
∑ Multi-mode fibers are used for short-distance communication links [5].

Fig( 6.3):optical fiber cable

26
(3)UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair):
UTP cable is a cable used in computer networking
that consists of two shielded wires twisted around each other.
∑ Due to its low cost, UTP cabling is used extensively for local-area
networks (LANs) and telephone connections.

Fig 6.4: UTP cable

Advantages of optical fiber cabling compared to Unshielded

Twisted Pair ( UTP):

ÿ Using Fiber over UTP is normally done for distance due to the extremely
high costs.

ÿ Fiber is used inside a building (for instance server to server connections,

where the highest levels of security are needed, or for storage area
networks).

ÿ In some areas where noise is an issue, fiber is not affected by

electromagnetic or RF noise.

ÿ Distance is the main factor, especially with emerging standards for newer
UTP standards, because standard cat5 cable can only go 100 meters, (328
feet).

27
Wireless or Unguided Media or Unbound Transmission Media:
Unbound transmission
media are the ways of transmitting data without using any cables.
∑ Wireless LANs are being installed in office and college campuses.
∑ This transmission uses Microwave, Radio wave, Infrared are some of
popular unbound transmission media.
(1)Microwave:
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with
wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies
between 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm).
∑ Microwave include both UHF and EHF (millimeter waves), and various
sources.
∑ It is used in communication,navigation,radar,radio astronomy,
spectroscopy,heating and power application purposes.

Fig 6.5: Microwave

(2)Laser:
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical
amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes
Laboratories.

28
 Fig 6.6: Laser wave
Transmission Architecture:

AUC
HLR
MS A
BSC
BTS

VMS EIR

Pre Paid
Node
MSC SMSC
VLR
IN INTERNET NIX

B IIG
Node

PSTN PSTN PABX MSC BSC

Fixed Network International
BSCCL
ITC
GMSC
IIN
ABis

ICX

IGW
BTS
BSCCL Um
(IPLC)

MS B
Int. carrier

Fig 7: GSM Architecture

29
Mobile Phone to Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN)
When a mobile subscriber makes a call to a PSTN telephone subscriber, the
following sequence of events takes place:

∑ The MSC/VLR receives the message of a call request.

∑ The MSC/VLR checks if the mobile station is authorized to access the
network. If so, the mobile station is activated. If the mobile station is not
authorized, then the service will be denied.
∑ MSC/VLR analyzes the number and initiates a call setup with the PSTN.
∑ MSC/VLR asks the corresponding BSC to allocate a traffic channel (a radio
channel and a time slot).
∑ The BSC allocates the traffic channel and passes the information to the
mobile station.
∑ The called party answers the call and the conversation takes place.
∑ The mobile station keeps on taking measurements of the radio channels
in the present cell and the neighbouring cells and passes the information
to the BSC. The BSC decides if a handover is required.

PSTN to Mobile Phone

When a PSTN subscriber calls a mobile station, the following sequence of
events takes place:

∑ The Gateway MSC receives the call and queries the HLR for the
information needed to route the call to the serving MSC/VLR.
∑ The GMSC routes the call to the MSC/VLR.
∑ The MSC checks the VLR for the location area of the MS.
∑ The MSC contacts the MS via the BSC through a broadcast message, that
is, through a paging request.
∑ The MS responds to the page request.
∑ The BSC allocates a traffic channel and sends a message to the MS to
tune to the channel. The MS generates a ringing signal and, after the
subscriber answers, the speech connection is established.

30
Topology of Transmission:
Ring Topology:
Ring topology is a computer network configuration
where the devices are connected to each other in a circular shape.
Features of Ring Topology:
Each packet is sent around the ring until it reaches its final destination.
A number of repeaters are used and the transmission is unidirectional.

Fig 8.1:Ring topology

Uses of Ring topology:

The ring topology was most commonly used in schools, offices, and smaller
buildings where networks were smaller.
However, today, the ring topology is seldom used, having been switched to
another type of network topology for improved performance, stability[6] .
MSP:

MSP means (Multiplexer section protection ) 1+1.In this protection schemes

an entire( including all timeslots travelling on that span) is protected. For SDH
that span is defined as a multiplexer section.

31
 Fig 8.2: MSP protection in SDH

SNCP:
In telecommunications, subnetwork connection protection (SNCP), is a
type of protection mechanism associated with synchronous optical networks
such as synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH).
v SNCP is a dedicated (1+1) protection mechanism for SDH network spans
which may be deployed in ring, point to point or mesh topologies.

STM 1

UMG STM16

MUX
MUX

STM 1
STM n (Ring) STM 16

STM 64

MUX STM 1
MUX

UMG

Fig 8.3: SNCP protection in SDH

Transmission medium and capacity permitted by BTRC:

3G:
In the 3G spectrum auction,on Sunday ,8th sep 2013, at Ruposhi Bangla Hotel in
the capital Dhaka.The operator Grameenphone/GP bought 10 MHz and other
operators Robi, Banglalink and Airtel bought 5 MHz each. The auction was

32
concluded with just four calls, selling a total of 25 MHz on the 2100 band. A big
chunk of 15 MHz spectrum remained unsold.
∑ The first phase of the auction for 10 MHz blocks started at 11:15 am and
the operator Grameenphone bid for $21m for each MHz within 439
milliseconds. The operator won the bidding as there was no other player
for this block. Grameenphone got the chance to choose 10 MHz
spectrum in 2125-2135 band for downlink and 1925-1935 band for
uplink.
∑ In the second phase, Robi bid for 5 MHz block within 410 milliseconds.
Robi was given the opportunity to choose spectrum band and it took
2140-2145 band for downlink and 1950-1955 band for uplink.
∑ Airtel bid after 44.792 seconds. Airtel took 2135-2140 band for downlink
and 1945-1950 band for uplink.
∑ Just before the end of the 5 minute period for bidding, Banglalink joined
the race. Banglalink got the rest of the block 2145-2150 band for
downlink and 1955-1960 band for uplink.

∑ The state-owned mobile operator Teletalk will get the 3G license by

default on 2150-2160 band and it will have to pay $21m,the price fixed
by the auction.
LTE:
Long Term Evolution, LTE is a 4G wireless communications standard
developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) .It is designed to
provide up to 10x the speeds of 3G networks for mobile devices such as
smartphones, tablets, netbooks, notebooks and wireless hotspots.

1)The 4G technologies are designed to provide IP- based voice, data and
multimedia streaming at speeds of at least 100 Mbit per second and up to as
fast as 1 GBit per second.

2)4G LTE is one of several competing 4G standards along with Ultra Mobile
Broadband (UMB) and WiMax.

33
 On February 12, the Ministry of Post and Telecommunication finalised the
licensing policy for the 3G services by fixing the value of spectrum US$ 20
million per MHz.

Transmission in ICX:

Call Flow Diagram (1)

PSTN ANS IPTSP

ICX

IGW

Fig 9.1: Call Flow Diagram (1)

Generally we know, calls are transmitted from ANS
(Acces Network Services to ICX (Interconnection Exchange).Then calls are
transmitted from ICX (Interconnection Exchange) to IGW (International
Gateway).Calls are also transmitted from PSTN (Public Swiched Telephone
Network) and IPTSP (Internet Protocol Telephony Service Provider) to
ICX.Then calls are transmitted from IPTSP (Internet Protocol
TelephonyService Provider) to IGW.

34
 Call Flow Diagram(2)

Call Flow Diagram 2

(BTRC Approved)

ANS Ooperators
IGW Ooperators

POI 1
POI 2
(NRB Telecomm, Khawaza
(COLO ASIA)
Tower)

ICX
(VOICETEL)

POP 1 POP 2
(Chittagong) (Khulna)

DGFI
BTRC
(LI)

Fig 9.2: Call flow diagram (2)

In this diagram, two types of calls are transmitted. These are:
1.Domestic Incoming & Outgoing
2.International Incoming & Outgoing
Domestic Incoming & Outgoing call:
ANS is connected with ICX (Voicetel) through POI (Point of
Interconnection).When a call is originated from Dhaka and terminated to
Dhaka, ICX routed that call to the operator through the switch & UMG (Media
Gateway)of ICX .There are two POPs ,POP Khulna and POP Chittagong. These
are connected with ICX (Voicetel) by 2Mbps signaling links. That’s why call of
these two POPs don’t go to ICX. ICX routed the calls from Dhaka.The domestic
outgoing call is routed by vice versa process.
Call Details Record (CDR) of everyday is send to the Bangladesh
Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) .Directorate General of
Forces Intelligence (DGFI) can access anytime to the Switch, Billing of ICX
(Voicetel) for any kind of security purposes.
International Incoming & Outgoing call:
In case of International call, when
anyone call from Dhaka to other country, that call go from ANS to ICX. Then
35
from ICX to POI 2 and then POI 2 to IGW. Normally the call is routed to that
IGW, which IGW’s performance is better.
When anyone call from any POP, at first call is routed from that POP to ANS.
Then , that call go from ANS to ICX. Then from ICX to POI 2 and then POI 2 to
IGW. The International incoming call is routed by vice versa process.
Point of Interconnection (POI) :

Point of InterConnection
(POI 1 & 2)

VOICETEL Switch Room

STM 64 (1+1)

IGWs

STM 64
STM 16
STM 16

COMMON MUX (IGW)

VOICETEL MUX

STM 16
STM 16 STM 1 STM 16 STM 1
STM 16

GP ROBI Bangla Link City Cell Airtel TeleTalk

Fig 9.3: Point of Interconnection (POI 1 & 2)

Here,All IGWs are connected with common MUX.Common MUX is connected
with Voicetel MUX by STM 16.Voicetel MUX is connected with
Voicetel Switch Room MUX by redundant STM 64.Voicetel MUX is connected
with all ANS by different STM links.
Voicetel Switch Room:
VOICETEL
SWITCH ROOM

STM 1

13 U MUX 12 U UMG
STM 1
STM 1

STM64

POI
STM64
NOC

4 U Router
8 U Layer 3 Switch

Soft Switch
2 Mb
bps
2M

ps

POP (KHL)
POP (CTG)

2 U 2 U

7 U Billing Server

13 U 13 U

Fig 9.4: Voicetel switch room

From the fig, we can see that, POI is connected with Voicetel Swich Room
MUX by two STM 64 links. Then the MUX is connected with UMG (Media
Gateway) by many STM 1 links. UMG is connected with Layer 3 Switch.
36
Layer 3 Switch is also connected with NOC , Router and Soft Switch. Soft
Switch is connected with Billing Server. The router is connected with two
POPs Switch and MUX by 2Mbps signaling links.
Point of Presence (POP) Khulna :

POP
(KHULNA)

VOICETEL
SWITCHROOM
(DHAKA)
Switch

6U

STM-1 ALL AVAILABLE ANS

STM-1 OPERATORS
10 U 15 U (GP, ROBI, BL, TELETALK,
STM-1 CITYCELL, AIRTEL)

UMG MUX

Fig 9.5: POP Khulna

From the fig, we can see that, at first from Voicetel Switch Room (Dhaka)
connected with Switch (S9303) .The Switch is connected with MUX (OSN
1500)and UMG (8900).The UMG (8900) is connected with MUX by many STM 1
links. The MUX is connected with all available operators (GP, ROBI, BL,
TELETALK, CIYCELL, AIRTEL )
Point of Presence (POP) Chittagong:

POP (CTG)

VOICETEL SWITCHROOM
(DHAKA)

7U Switch

STM-1

STM-1
ALL AVAILABLE ANS
14 U STM-1 18 U OPERATORS
(GP, ROBI, BL, TELETALK,
CITYCELL, AIRTEL)

STM-1

UMG
MUX

Fig9.6: POP CTG

From the fig, we can see that, at first from Voicetel Switch Room (Dhaka)
connected with Switch (S9303) .The Switch is connected with MUX (OSN
2500)and UMG (8900).The UMG (8900) is connected with MUX by many STM 1

37
links. The MUX is connected with all available operators (GP, ROBI, BL,
TELETALK, CIYCELL, AIRTEL )

Transmission in IGW:

Fig 10: Transmission in IGW

Protocols used in Data Communication of ICX:

In data communication ,various types of protocols are used. And these are-
v OSPF Routing protocol
v EIGRP Routing protocol
v BGP Routing protocol
OSPF Routing Protocol:
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing
protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
∑ It uses a link state routing algorithm and falls into the group of interior
routing protocols, operating within a single autonomous system.
EIGRP Routing Protocol:
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(EIGRP) is an advanced distance-vector routing protocol that is used on
a computer network to help automate routing decisions and configuration.
∑ The protocol was designed by Cisco Systems as a proprietary protocol,
available only on Cisco .

38
BGP Routing Protocol:
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standardized exterior gateway
protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information
between autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet.
∑ The protocol is often classified as a path vector protocol but is sometimes
also classed as a distance-vector routing protocol [7].

Signaling System 7 (SS7):

Signaling System 7 (SS7) is an international
telecommunications standard that defines how network elements in a public
switched telephone network (PSTN) exchange information over a digital
signaling network. Nodes in an SS7 network are called signaling points.

ÿ SS7 consists of a set of reserved or dedicated channels known as

signaling links.There are three kinds of network points signaling points:

1)Service Switching Points (SSPs)

2) Signal Transfer Points (STPs)

3)Service Control Points (SCPs).

VLAN: A virtual LAN (VLAN) is any broadcast domain that is partitioned and
isolated in a computer network at the data link layer (OSI layer 2). LAN is an
abbreviation of local area network .

Fig 11.1: VLAN

39
Devices used in Data Communication System:

Firewall:
A firewall is a system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or
from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both
hardware and software,or a combination of both.

All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall .

Fig 11.2: Firewall

Layer 2 Switch: Layer 2 switching uses the media access control address (MAC
address) from the host's network interface cards (NICs) to decide where to
forward frames.

Fig 11.3: Layer 2 Switch

Layer 3 Switch:
A Layer 3 switch is a specialized hardware device used in
network routing. Layer 3 switches technically share much in common with
traditional routers[8].
40
 Fig11.4: Layer 3 Switch

FTP Server:

An FTP server is a software.html application running the File Transfer

Protocol (FTP), which is the protocol for exchanging files over the Internet.
ÿ FTP is built on a client-server architecture and uses separate control and
data connections between the client and the server.

Fig 11.5: FTP server

Mirror Server:
A mirror is a Web site or set of files on a computer server that has
been copied to another computer server so that the site or files are available
from more than one place.

41
 Fig 11.6: Mirror Server

Data Communication System of Voicetel:

LI

NTP BTRC

External Switch
Firewall
EUDEMON

Internal Switch

NOC
Billing

4U Layer 3 Switch

Core

4U Router

8U Layer 3 Switch
6U Layer 3 Switch

Fig 12.1: Data Communication system of VOICETEL( part 1)

In the Data Communication system of Voicetel(part 1),External switch(S2300)

give the permission to get in/out of the network.NTP Server,LI,BTRC is
connected with external switch.This switch is connected with the firewall that
has only one port.That permissions are stored individually in the Softx,Billing.

The firewall and NOC is connected with the internal switch.The internal switch
is also connected with redundant Layer 3 switch.Layer 3 switch is connected
with Billing and Core.Layer 3 switch is connected with router.That router is
connected with two POPs redundantly.
42
 OSN 3500 OSN 2500

Router
CTG CTG S9303
GP Network 18 U
9U 18 U 9U

KHL
EFS4
VT Switch
EFS4 KHL
OSN 1500
10 U
18 U

S9303
MC

EFS4

CTG
MC
Fiber @ Home KHL
MC Network
KHL MC

CTG

Fig 12.2: Data Communication System of Voicetel(part 2)

From the fig we can say that,router is connected with MUX(OSN3500) of

Voicetel Switch room.In the MUX,EFS4 card is used which has 4 ports.As
MUX(OSN3500) is already connected with the network of GP,this MUX is
connected with MUX(OSN 2500) of CTG and MUX(OSN 1500) of KHL through
GP network.These two MUX of CTG and KHL are connected with
Switch(S9303).Two Connection of media converter of CTG and KHL from router
connected with the two connection of media converter of switches(S9303)
through the Fiber @ Home network.
Various Types of Alarms occurring in Transmission and Data
Communication in ICX:

Normally there are 4 types of alarms.Such as-

∑ Critical alarm

∑ Major alarm

∑ Minor alarm

∑ Warning alarm

R_LOS alarm:

R_LOS is a critical type of alarm.The possible causes of this alarm

are as following:
43
#A fiber cut occurs or the performance of the lines declines.

#The receive board at the local station is faulty.

#The transmit board at the opposite station is faulty.

R_LOF alarm:

R_LOF is a critical type of alarm.The possible causes of this alarm are as

following:

#Two boards at different rates are interconnected.

#The transmit cable is faulty.

#The receive board at the local station is faulty.

#The transmit board at the opposite station is faulty.

IN_PWR_LOW alarm:

In_PWR_LOW is a critical type of alarm.The possible causes of this alarm are

as following:

# The threshold of the optical power is not set properly.

# The fiber connector is loose or dirty.

# The transmit power of the opposite station is very low.

#The model of the selected optical module is incorrect.

AU_AIS alarm:

AU_AIS is a critical type of alarm.The possible causes of this alarm are as

following:
#The local NE inserts the AIS alarm to the lower level circuit

#The upstream NE inserts the AIS alarm to the downstream NE.

#The transmit boards (including the cross-connect and timing board).

44
Chapter 4: Conclusion

45
Conclusion:

This paper has taken a detailed look at the transmission and

data communication system of ICX in Telecommunication network in the
context of Bangladesh’s unique geographical,social,economic needs.The
current ICX based interconnection arrangement offers certain advantages of
simplified network architecture, creation of new revenue opportunity,
enhanced capacity,redundant data connectivity.The creation of an
interconnect clearing house is expected to replace the current traditional
interconnection regime.

46
References:
[1]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications).

[2]. ccm.net › Encyclopedia › Networking › Data transmission.

[3] & [4]. www.oriontelecom.com/products/stm-sdh-mux.htm.

[5].Book:OPTICAL FIBER TELECOMMUNICATION , By KAMINOW(1997).

[6]. www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/ringtopo.htm

[7]. www.draeger.com › Home › Hospital › Data Communication Protocols.

[8]. https://books.google.com.bd/books?isbn=1402075871

47