ME 172

Introduction to C Programming
Language
Lecture 2: Operators and Conditional Statements

Courtesy: Dr. Noor Al-Quddus

Dr. Monjur Morshed
M Jamil Hossain
Cyrus Ashok Arupratan Atis
M Aminul Hoque
Partha Kumar Das
kjjSaif Al Afsan Shamim

1
 Arithmetic operators (Contd...)
• The data items that operators act upon are called operands
• The operands can be integer quantities, floating-point quantities or characters

The remainder operator (%) requires that both operands be integers and
the second operand be nonzero. Similarly, the division operator (/)
requires that the second operand be nonzero.

Division of one integer quantity by If a division operation is

another always results in a truncated carried out with two floating-
value (i.e., the decimal portion of the point numbers, or with one
value will be dropped). floating-point number and
one integer, the result will be
a floating-point

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 Operators...

Arithmetic operator:

There are five(5) arithmetic operators in C

Operator Name Example

+ Addition a+b
- Subtraction a–b
* Multiplication a*b
/ Division a/b
% Remainder a%b 3
 Arithmetic operators (Contd...)

Example:
If a and b are integers
a=10 ; b=3

Expression Value
a+b 13
a-b 7
a*b 30
a /b 3
a%b 1
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 Performance Test 1
 Write a C program that will divide 30000 apples to 52
buyers. Display how many apples each buyer will get and
how many apples will be left (Use of arithmetic operator
is a must, do not do the calculations and then print the
desired output).

Time: 3 minutes!!

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 ANSWER
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
int a,b,c,d;
a=30000;
b=52;
c=30000/52;
d=30000%52;
printf("%d and %d",c,d);
}

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 Increment/decrement operator
• ++a/a++ is equivalent to a=a+1
• --a/a-- is equivalent to a=a-1
++m and m++

Prefix operator Postfix operator

The difference for built-in types is:

• ++a first increments the value of a and then returns a value referring to a, so if the value of
a is used then it will be the incremented value.
• a++ first returns a value whose value is a, that is, the old value, and then increments a at
an unspecified time before the next full-expression (i.e., "before the semicolon").

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 Increment/decrement operators(Contd...)

 x=x*a++is equivalent to x=x*a ; a=a+1

 x=x*++a is equivalent to a=a+1 ; x=x*a

 y=y*b-- is equivalent to y=y*b ; b=b-1

 y=y*--b is equivalent to b=b-1 ; y=y*b

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 Increment/decrement Operators(Contd...)

For x=a*++b output:

• Write the following program: 210
& for x=a*b++ output:
#include<stdio.h>
200
void main()
{
int a=10,b=20,x;
x=a*++b;
printf("\n The value of x is: %d”,x);
}

Replace the line x=a*++b with x=a*b++

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 Assignment Operator
Shorthand Notation
Operator Description Example
+= Add AND assignment operator C += A is equivalent to
C=C+A

-= Subtract AND assignment operator C -= A is equivalent to

C=C-A

*= Multiply AND assignment operator C *= A is equivalent to

C=C*A

/= Divide AND assignment operator C /= A is equivalent to

C =C /A

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 Relational Operators (Contd..)
Also called Comparison operators
It performs tests on their operands. They return he
Boolean value . Such as:
• 1 if the statement is successful (true)
• 0 otherwise
Example Name Result

a == b Equal TRUE if a is equal to b.

a != b Not Equal TRUE if a is not equal to b.
a<b less than TRUE if a is strictly less than b.
a>b greater than TRUE if a is strictly greater than b.
a<=b less than or equal to TRUE if a is less than or equal to b.
a>=b greater than or equal to TRUE if a is greater than or equal to b.
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 LOGICAL Operators

Example Name Result

!a Not TRUE if a is not TRUE.
a && b And TRUE if both a and b are TRUE.
a || b Or TRUE if either a or b is TRUE.

a b a && b a || b
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1

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 The ? : operator

General form:
Conditional expression ? Expression 1 : Expression2

Example:
if (x<0)
flag = 0;
else
flag = 1;

The above statement can be written as

flag = (x<0) ? 0 : 1 ;
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 Math.h (header file)
Most of the mathematical functions are placed in math.h header
Some are specified in the stdlib.h header
Some common mathematical functions:
Function Name Description
exp(x) returns e raised to the given power (ex)
sqrt(x) computes square root (√x)
cos(x) computes cosine (cos(x))
pow(x,y) raises a number to the given power (xy) [pow(x.y)]
sinh(x) computes hyperbolic sine (sinh(x))
erf(x) error function
And so on……. tan(x), abs(x), log10(x)….etc

The outputs of the functions are of the double format.

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 Math.h header file
Math Constants:
Constant Name Description
M_E The base of natural logarithms (e).
M_LOG2E The base-2 logarithm of e.
M_PI 3.141593

M_SQRT2 The positive square root of 2.

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M_SQRT1_2 The positive square root of 1/2.
 Practice Example
#include<stdio.h>
output:
#include<math.h>
-1.000000
int main()
{
double pi;
pi=M_PI; //sets pi = 3.1416
double sum;
sum=cos(pi);
//here in cos(x) , x is radian value, so input should be radian
printf(“%lf”,sum);
return 0;
}
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 # Practice

• Write a program that takes two numbers as input.

• Find the square root of the first number and the resulting
output will be the radius of a cylinder.
• Raise the second input number to a power of 5. The
resulting output will be the height of the cylinder.
• Find the volume of the cylinder by using the saved value of
pi in the header file.

• Remember to use the math.h file.

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 ANSWER
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{ int a,b;
double r,h,pi,V;
pi= M_PI;
printf(“Enter the first number: \n"); scanf("%d",&a);
printf(“Enter the second number: \n"); scanf("%d",&b);
r= sqrt(a);
h= pow(b,5);
V=pi*r*r*h;
printf("The volume is %lf",V);
return 0; }

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 The getch() function
The getch( ) function reads a single character the instant it’s typed
without waiting for ENTER.
get means it gets something i.e. it’s an input function
ch means it gets a character

The getche() function

The getche( ) function also reads a single character the instant it’s
typed without waiting for ENTER and also echoes it.
get means it gets something i.e. it’s an input function
ch means it gets a character
e means it echoes the character to the screen when
you type it.
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 Example
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
char test;
printf(“Type any character: ”);
test = getch();
printf(“\nThe character you typed was:
%c”,test);
}

Replace getch() with getche()

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Conditional Statements

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22

The if statement

General form:

if (condition)
{
statement;
}

Conditions:
1. Using relational or conditional operators
2. Using logical operators
23

Multiple statements within if

General form:
if (condition)
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
-----------;
statement n;
}
24

Example of if statement
Write the following program with multiple statements

int i; If you type 1, Output:

printf(“Enter an Integer: ”); Enter an Integer: 1
scanf(“%d”,&i); You typed 1
if (i==1) End of Statement
End of the program
{
printf(“\n You typed 1”);
printf(“\n End of statement”);
}
printf(“\n End of the program”);
If you type any other no.,
except1 .Output:
Enter an Integer: 3
End of the program
25
General form

if-else if-else if-else

if (condition) if (condition)
{ {
statement 1; statement 1;
statement 2; statement 2;
} }

else else if (condition)

{ {
statement 1; statement 1;
statement 2; statement 2;
} }

else
{
statement 1;
Note: else is optional statement 2;
}
26

Example of if-else statement

Write the following program with multiple statements

int i;
printf(“Enter an Integer: ”);
scanf(“%d”,&i);
if (i==1)
{
printf(“\n You typed 1”);
}
else
{
printf(“\n You did not type 1”);
}
printf(“\n End of the program”);
27

Example of if- else if- else statement

int num;
printf(“Enter an Integer: ”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
if (num < 0)
{
printf(“\n the number is less than zero”);
}
else if(num == 0)
{
printf(“\n the number is equal to zero”);
}
else
{
printf(“\n the number is greater than zero”);
}
28

Nested if-else statements

General form Another form

if (condition) if (condition)
{ {
statement; if (condition)
} {
statement;
else }
{ else
if (condition) {
{ statement;
statement; }
} }

else else
{ {
statement; statement;
}
} }
 # Class Performance 2

Write a C program to show grade of a student.

Number Grade
Less than 40 F
Between 40 and 70 A-
Between 70 and 80 A
Over or equal to 80 A+

Take the number obtained as input and print the

grade as output. If the number is below zero or
above 100 show an error message.

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 ANSWER
void main()
{ int x;
printf("Enter the number obtained by the student: ");
scanf("%d",&x);
if (x>=0 && x<40)
{ printf("The grade of the student is F"); }
else if(x>=40 && x<70)
{ printf(" The grade of the student is A-"); }
else if(x>=70 && x<80)
{ printf(" The grade of the student is A"); }
else if(x>=80 && x<100)
{ printf(" The grade of the student is A+"); }
else
{ printf(“The number is invalid"); }}
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 Thank you

Everything has its beginning. But it doesn't start at "one."

-Metal Gear Solid 4

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 Assignments:
1. Write a C program to find the smallest of 3 integers taken as
input using nested if-else statement .

2. Write a C program to find the roots of a Quadratic Equation

ax2+bx+c =0, that will take coefficients a, b, c as input and
find the roots as output.. Use nested if-else statement.

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