REVIEW PAPER ON LITHIUM-ION BATTERY AND SOLID-STATE BATTERY.

Vishal Chaudhary, Adarsh Goyal, Aditi Jain

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Department of Electrical Engineering , MITS , Gwalior , M.P. , India

Abstract: This review paper examines the difference between the Lithium-ion batteries contain organic electrolyte
and the solid-state batteries (SSBs). Recast the detailed information of Li-ion batteries and SSBs. we examine the
issues faced by batteries like high Temperature, Freezing temperature, Dendrite, self-discharging etc. Reviewing the
data from existing studies. Performance, strength and Weakness. This review goal to provide a perceptive of
technological advancements as well as limitations about LIBs and SSBs.

1. Introduction

In Now days Batteries are the common use of power components in portable electronic devices like mobile phones,
tablets and laptops. and these batteries playing a much bigger role in our modern society. as a key component of
development towards energy sustainability. electricity grid, solar panels (PV modules) and wind energy and a large
implementation of electric vehicles (EVs) by providing storage capacity. And make them more efficient for use.

Batteries Types:

Lithium-ion Batteries with organic electrolyte: A Lithium-ion battery is a type of battery which can be recharged.
That has changed the modern energy storage system. It known for its high energy density, light weight design, low
self-discharge rate, fast charging capability, long life cycle, eco- friendly.

Solid-State batteries (SSBs): SSBs is also a type of rechargeable device. It is more similar to the lithium-ion
battery but there is little difference between Li-ion battery and SSBs. SSBs consists solid electrolyte in place of
liquid or gel electrolyte. That helps to offer high energy density, more efficient in safety purpose. Solid electrolyte
also makes them more chemically stable as well as durable electrode material. It also reduces the risk of fire
including chemical leakage. Increasing the lifecycle and efficiency of batteries make it crucial for application and
inherently reduces many safety risks.

2. Working principle:
 Lithium-ion Batteries: Li-ion contain four elements and the first element of the battery is Anode. It is a part of
Lithium-ion batteries known as negative electrode usually made up of carbon. It is the ions storage part of the
battery while charging. When energy is supplied from externally ions released by cathode is transfer through
electrolyte and stored at anode. And also known as sender part of batteries. It releases ions which again transfer
through electrolyte and stored at cathode while battery is in use. The second part of Li-ion battery is cathode
known as the positive electrode it works opposite to the anode. It stores ions while battery is discharging and
 providing power to the devices. and release lithium ions while battery is charging. The third part is separator. It
is a type of permeable membrane that helps to prevent cathode and anode in contact which helps to prevent
battery from damage or explosion. The fourth part of lithium-ion battery is Electrolyte which is organic or liquid
in our lithium battery helps to carry the Li-ion between anode and cathode.

 Solid-State batteries (SSBs): In SSBs contain four elements and the first element of the battery is Anode. It is a
part of SSBs known as negative electrode usually made up of carbon .it stores ions while battery is charging.
When energy is supplied from externally ions released by cathode is travel through solid electrolyte and stored
at anode. It releases ions which again travel through solid electrolyte and stored at cathode while battery is in
use. The second part of SSBs is cathode known as the positive electrode. It works opposite to the anode. It
stores ions while battery is discharging and providing power to the devices, and release lithium ions while
battery is charging. The last part of solid-state battery is Electrolyte which is solid in our solid-state battery
helps to carry the ions between anode and cathode.

3. Advantages and disadvantages:

3.1 Lithium-ion Batteries:

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1.Light weight High production cost
2.High energy density Required special charging circuit
3. Longer life cycle Sensitive to high temperature
4. High efficiency Contain bursting risk
5. High specific power Complete discharging damage the battery
6. Low self-discharge rate Sensitive to over charging

3.2 Solid-State batteries (SSBs):

 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. High thermal stability High production cost

2. High ionic conductivity at high temperature Growth of lithium dendrites

3.Contain non-flammable electrolyte Temperature limitations

4. High energy density Solid electrolyte can be brittle

5.It’s working range is (-50 to 200) °C or higher More internal resistance

6. Less self-discharge rate Specific power density is low

7.More number of life-cycle Low ionic conductivity

4. Draw backs:

4.1 Lithium-ion Batteries:

Li-ion have several limitations and safety concerns. Like more expensive to manufacture in compared to other
battery. A significant risk overheating, which causes to fires or explosions especially when damaged and
overcharged. It can explode in extreme temperatures. These batteries are sensitive to overcharging. Their
performance is also temperature-dependent, in high temperatures increasing the risk of overheating and in low
temperatures, it can lose their capacity and efficiency. Additionally, lithium-ion batteries with organic electrolytes
are causes to dendrite formation (Dendrite is a needle like structure that form because of repeated charge and
discharge cycle and it is deposit on lithium. It can cause to inner short circuit and battery explosion and failure and
its growing rate is high in Lithium-ion batteries). The use of flammable electrolytes also a safety concerns. These
batteries have their best operating thermal range of 15°c to 35°c.

4.2 Solid-State battery (SSBs):

SSBs face a lot of issues. Like they are expensive and hard to manufacture on a large scale. A significant issue is the
high internal resistance at the interface between the electrodes and the solid electrolyte, which cause fast charging
and discharging. and dendrite formation in it at slower rate as compared to conventional batteries, can still occur and
lead to short circuits and explosion. The solid electrolytes used in these batteries are often brittle causes damage
under high pressure, force and low temperature and it also reduce the ionic conductivity of SSBs. few electrolytes
are sensitive to moisture they can lose their performance over time. And recycling of SSBs is more sensitive due to
the nature of the solid electrolytes. its solid electrolyte interfacial layer (SEI) can increase the self-discharge rate
over time.

5. Comparison Table:

Lithium-ion battery Solid state battery

 1. Cost Medium High

2. At High Can be explode and show flame It can work properly

temperature

3. At Low Degrade the efficiency and stop working It can work properly
temperature

4. Dendrite Grow at high speed of rate Grow at Lower speed of rate

5. Charge cycle (2000 – 2500) Charge cycle (8000 - 10000) Charge cycle

6. Energy Moderate High

density

7. Self-discharge High Low

rate

8. Operating 15°C to 35°C -50°C to 200°C

temperature

9. Brittleness Can’t brittle Can be brittle at high pressure

10. Energy 170 - 260 Wh/kg 250 – 850 Wh/kg

density

11. Life span Reduce over time Potentially longer life span

5.1. Comparison Graph

 6. Conclusion:
Lithium-ion and solid-state batteries both have their own unique strength and Weakness. LIBs dominate the
consumer electronics and EV markets due to their production and cost-effectiveness. and safety concerns and limited
lifespans remain its drawbacks. and SSBs offer superior energy density, safety, and durability but face issues related
to production costs and ionic conductivity.

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