Water Supply and

Management

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Water
❑ A critical input for agricultural
production and plays an important
role in food security.
✓ 20% from irrigated agriculture
✓ 40% total food produced
worldwide
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Irrigation
❑ artificial process of
applying controlled
amounts of water to
land to assist in
production of crops
(Derib et al. 2011).
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Irrigation
❑ artificial application
of water to the soil
through various
systems of tubes,
pumps, and sprays
(Carter and Danert,
2006). 6
Farmland water collection
❑ Groundwater from wells
❑ Surface water
❑ Drainage ponds
❑ Rain water
❑ Impounding reservoir/watershed
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Groundwater from wells
❑ found in aquifers that are located
below the earth surface.
❑ Drilled wells are a clean source of
water for many greenhouse
operations but limited (Hatfield et
al. (2011).
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Groundwater from wells

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Surface water
❑ includes streams, rivers, lakes and
ponds.
❑ dependent on rainfall rates that
vary from year to year. (Lobell et al.
2014).
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Surface water
❑ Long (2010) reported that surface
water is subject to contamination
from sources such as sediment and
chemicals.

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Surface water

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Drainage ponds
❑ combination of rain water and run-
off.
❑ commonly contain fertilizers or
other agricultural chemicals (Vanzo
et al. 2015).
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Drainage ponds
❑ Thus, Slattery (2018) reported that
drainage ponds were susceptible to
algal growth due to excess of
agricultural inputs application.

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Drainage ponds

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Rain water
❑ collected from greenhouses or
building roofs without contacting the
ground.
❑ very low in elemental or chemical
contamination has low pH of (4.0-5.0)
(Earl, 2002).
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Rain water
❑ Thus, Lawson and blatt (2014)
reported that rain water is an
excellent and underutilized source
of irrigation water.

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Rain water

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Impounding Reservoir/Watershed
❑ A basin constructed in the valley of
a stream or river for the purpose of
holding stream flow so that the
stored water may be used when
supply is insufficient.
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Impounding Reservoir/Watershed

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Irrigation Practices
❑ Deficit Irrigation (DI)
❑ Irrigation Scheduling (IS)
❑ Alternate Wet and Dry Irrigation
(AWDI)

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Deficit Irrigation (DI)
❑ application of water below full
crop-water requirements.
❑ Important tool to achieve the goal
of reducing irrigation water use but
increasing productivity (Clarkson et
al. 2000).
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Deficit Irrigation (DI)
❑ Sobeih et al. (2004) reported that
DI potentially reduce agricultural
and urban water use and conserve
water but increases grapes yield
about 50%.
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Deficit Irrigation (DI)

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Irrigation Scheduling (IS)
❑ systematic procedure that
calculates an estimated future
water requirement over relatively
short periods of time.

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Irrigation Scheduling (IS)

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Alternate Wet and Dry Irrigation
❑ a water management system where
rice fields are not kept continuously
submerged but are allowed to dry
intermittently during the rice
growing stage.
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Alternate Wet and Dry Irrigation
❑ AWDI using the proposed irrigation
schedule of 10 wet days alternated
with 10 dry days used less water
(29% less water) without significant
reduction in grain yield (7.2 t/h)
(Riseman et al. 2011).
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Alternate Wet and Dry Irrigation

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Methods of Irrigation
❑ Surface Irrigation
❑ Sprinkler Irrigation
❑ Drip or tickle Irrigation
❑ Center Pivot Irrigation
❑ Manual Irrigation
❑ Sub-irrigation
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Surface Irrigation
❑ most common form of irrigation
where water is applied and
distributed over the soil surface by
gravity.
❑ no mechanical pump involved
(flood irrigation).
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Surface Irrigation
❑ Hatfield and Prueger (2015)
reported that surface irrigation has
water use efficiency between 50-
60% at field level.

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Surface Irrigation

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Sprinkler Irrigation
❑ crop irrigation method similar to
rainfall.
❑ Wall et al. (2006) reported that
sprinkler irrigation its most used and
the highest water use efficiency
between 50-95% along with drip
irrigation at field level. 34
Sprinkler Irrigation

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Drip or trickle Irrigation
❑ system in which water is frequently
and slowly applied directly on the crop
root zone.
❑ water is applied under the pressure,
dripping one drop at a time through
the small emitters (Allen et al. 2003).
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Drip or trickle Irrigation
❑ one of the most efficient types of
irrigation systems due to their
percentages of applied.
❑ Polley (2002) reported that drip
irrigation has the highest water use
efficiency between 80-98% at field
level. 37
Drip or trickle Irrigation

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Center Pivot Irrigation
❑ a movable pipe structure that rotates
around a central pivot point connected
to a water supply.
❑ among the most water-efficient ways
to irrigate crops, with anywhere from
85 to 98% water use efficiency.
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Center Pivot Irrigation

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Sub-Irrigation
❑ applies water below the soil surface to
raise the water table into or near the
plant root zone.
❑ It is typically used in conjunction with
subsurface drainage, or controlled
drainage.
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Sub-Irrigation

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Manual Irrigation
❑ Water is distributed across land
through manual labor and watering
cans.
❑ This system is very labor intensive.

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Manual Irrigation

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