HANDWRITTEN

NOTES
BY
JAYESH MISHRA

LIFE
PROCESS

NEW NOTES FOR CLASS 10TH FOR EXAMS 2025

INCLUDING IMPORTANT
QUESTIONS AND FLOWCHARTS
 Chapten-5
Life Pro cesses
The Basic Funct ions performed by Living orgonisms to mantain thein
Life cn this eqth qe caljed ife Process CS,
These processcs inchude Nutbithon, Respiraton, Tionsporta tion and excnetion.
Ch-+

Reproduction
Contol
Ch-6 Movement
Ch-6
Exeretion
Ch-S Life
Pnocesses Transportation
Ch-5
Growth Ch-5

Ch-6
4Nutrition Respiration
Ch5
Ch5
# Nutntion
Nutiion is the prò cess of taking in focd and convevting it re
entngy and other vital nutients reguired for ife.
# Respimation
The process by which Gqlucose is oxidised to form Co2 H,0 Qnd
enengy
# Tronsportation
Transpovtatim in humans is he process of moving mutrients,
gases, hormones, and waste products hougheut the body
# Movement
Movement is the procecs of Changing the posíton cof an objet
one pla ce to Qnothe%.
or body part from
# Reproduction
which Organis ms Cseate
Re productiom s a biolegical process by
individu als ofsping th at Qre gimilan to
themselues.

# Contnol and Coovdination

Control and Coor din ati¡n ave important processes that atouw
iving organi Sms to nespond to Stimull and perfoum
essential functions.
Tauesh hya
# Excretion
ExCretion is the process of vemoving waste producte and excecs
nater fom ht body"
# Gronth
Gyowth refers to he incrtase in mass qnd size of e bocly
gans.

|Nutrition

JAutotrophic Hetenotrophic

Photo Autotrophie Chem otrophic Holozoic Saprobghic Pavasitic

CGjren plants) Certoin Bocteria)
Rhizopus
EndapanasiteExo
pavosites

|Omnivovovs
HenbtvovusCarnivous

Endopanasites Exoparasites
Plasmodium (Malaial pavosite ) Cuscuta (Amavbel)
Leishmania (kala azar prsasite) "Raflesia (Biggest floer wovld
in the)
Round Worm Leech
Tape Worm "Mosquito

Tayesh Bhoa
 Tauesh Shaa
Nutrition

|Autotrophic Hetevotraphic
Autotrophic Nutitio
organism prepores jts ownand foocd from a
I+ is a process where mineral Salts casbon
Símple inorqonic materiel ike hwatu,
Gqveen pla»ts
Rhizopus,
dioxíde presence of sunlight. Ex:
Photosymthesis.
It 1s the procesS entrgy is trapped by chlovophyll
n which Solar eer9,y
and hatee to pro duce foo d in
the
to Con vent casbon dioxi de
fom of glucose
6Co, t 12 H,0
chlorophyll CeHaOs + 602 t 6H,0
Sunlight [alucase]
|Cvents ocrving during photasythesis son Consesaon leductuny
i. Chlorophyl energy
ahsorbing light
Chemical energy.
i. Transfomation of ight energy into
irto hydrogen and Onygen.
Separation of watoe m6lecul es
i.
iv. Co nversi on of carbon d'oxide
ito Cavbehytrateu through meduct ong i
a

n
t h e

s Y n t h e

Foum essential things for photasymthesis

y e s u l t s

i n

c o l o u r

p h o t o

t e s t

Sunlight L o d i
b

n
l

e
q

w
c

h
k

e r e

Ch lorophyll b l
-

u e

Carbon díoxide l e a f

Waten

# Stomata
photosytheis.
" Massive gaseous exchange ocews in leqves by stomatal pores fo
fa cilitate ga4 exchange
Stomata, pora on leaves preveht watu loss hhen casbon
dioxtde
excessive
Stomatal pores clo se to
is not needed for photosyotheuis.
ciomatal pores egulated by guavd
" The opening and closing of
stomata
cells.
open C02
Desevtplants takeloss.
to
night at
a t prevent
to
 TiPhotoltie
Mesophyl
ssue lon Wany Cuticle
-Ugpuu kpidumig
Palialide
(lls
Huophyl

|ApnayMesphyll
(ells

Low.
tpideurid

-ftomata
bnne oals
(Thick)
Gruand
Celly
Suty unl
(Thin)
Chloaplati),
(a) (6)
Tayesh Bhaiya
 Heterotrorhic Nutition
It is a
mode of nutilion Nhere or qamisne depend orgonlo
fox food. eg: Humans, Animals
Saprophyte Nutitin
Orgonisms that feed n and de caying orqanic matoe such
de qd as
tunable to
bectenia nd fungi. 75eyThey la ck chlorophyl! ahd ave bacteia
Produd their food. Ex : Mushreoms, yeast and many
Panasitic Nutition
Organis ms that live in or on another orqanism called the host and
obtain nutriente from it ithout killing it.
and tapc worms.
Holozoic Nutntion
take in Solíd or liqud orgonte matenial , digut it
Orgonfsms thatabsosb it into their -body cetls .
and then
Amoeb, Humans, Dogs, mgmas ,eto
# Ntrition in Amocba
It takes in foocd by the proess of phagocytosi s.
Tsking cut ’ Exocy tosis
Ta king in ’ Endocy tosis
Step1: Ingestion
Taking in Focd by pseud opocia (Fa lse Fet)
Step2: Digestion
It is done in the Food Vacuole
step3 i Aasoxption
Absorbing of food in the cytplacm or fo od vacuole
Step+: Acsimilation
Obtaining energy from the absosbed food molecules in yto ples m.
tep5 : Egeston
pro duets by
Excreting waste Food cell Membrane

-Buedopodia
vacuole Absaypttom Nucleus
(Fod Waste
:.Amoeba
Nucleus
Aucleus Nucléus

Excretiom Eqestiom
metabolic It is removal"of uncgeated foot
Tt is the vernoval of mateial fromm the body
wastes from the bo dy
IHis associated It is acsociated nith
alimentavy cqnal.
Kidntys
Jayesh Rho
Amoeba Food foodvacuole Abuotim
Nucleus
Amoeba
Nhcdeus Nucleus Nucleus
Gedbpodia (c)
(a)

-The Human

Meuth
(Buccal cnvit
balivay
LTongue
-Geuaphagus
gand
Diaphyga
Livou
&tomach

Hoddle
Panceas
(stors bile Amal
intestine
Bile duct
intine
Hppendi LRestn
-Anus

Tayesh Ghoiga
 Nutnition tn Humans
Mouth
Teeth
Buccal Cavity> salivary Gland
Tongue
Oesoghagus] [Food Pipe]
HCL (enzyne)
Pepsin(enzyme Stomach
Muc us(protecthe Dudenum
Lay SmalLIntestinekK ILeum
Tefrum
|Lärge Intestine ’Caecum
Colon
Rectum

Anus
F Digestive enzymes and Galands

Gland Enzyme Function

Salivamy Salivary Anylase Convents starch ’Suga

Gland
Hal'cs
Hydrochlonc Aud kilis harmful bacteria present
Gastnic in food
Gland Makes medium alkaline for
the actin of pepsin

Pepsin s Comverts proteins peptones

the
s Mucus Protects inner lining of
Stomach from Corrosive actron
of Hc

Panceas Amylase Cornvents Carbohydratu’Gqlutase

Converts Proteins Amino Aids
Trypsin
Convents Fats Fatty Aids
Lipase and Gilycerol

The pavtialy digested food with gastric juie.

Chyme Saliva that
Bolus - is a ball shape d m ass of food and
I}
forms in the mouth during chewing.
Tayesh Ghaya
 i. SalivaTy Glands : Thre pals of Saliva vy glancs secrete Sallva. Saliva
Contai ns enzyme naed salivory amylase to iges t stasch. SwalloN nd
Saliva hetps to molsten foed, makes it easien
begins digstton cf stasch in nouth to fosm glucose.
Mi. Tongue : Moves the food in mouth mixes Tt throughly
Qhd
Saliv.
Teet : Hetps in bf ting, Cutting qnd gninding of fooct.
Li. Oesophagus : The Food noves doon in the digestve tube ue
Renistaltic move ment
PenistalLtic Move ment : Rhythmic contra ction of muscies of the lining
of Atimentory canal to push the food forward.
Uouh sphincton musce
iv. Stomach: Walis secrete ga[tnic julce whfch contains
kilis bactenia present in food.
Makes the medium acid ic for the actior of pepsin.
Mucus It pro te cts tthe Wal of stomach from the Corrosive
action of H.
Pepsin It acts n acidic
medium and digests proteins.
Sphinten
Sphíncten muscle helps in the exis t of food fsom the sto mach.
It allows cnly a Small quantity of food to
Stomach to duodenum. pass from
V. Liver : It ís the Largest Exocrine gland of the body
8le Juíce It Secvetes BIfe which Conta ins no ehzyme but is veny
important becaue :
It emusífes the fat globules
It prouides alkaline mediun for funetioning of trypsin.
Duodenum : Tt receves the Secsetons of liven and pance as

gvi. Sm all Intestine : The food is absorbed in sm all intestine.

It has many fnger - tike projections knon as VillE.

Function of villi
* Vilt are finger- like profections whích are
nichly supplied wtt
bleod Vessels. They help in the
a bsoyption of nutoients
from the digested food by increasing the cufae
for absoxption.
HerbivoYtS have longex
Smalle ints tine to
digest cellulase
 Pancreatic Jufce Functions :
Trpysin: Ats in alkaline me dium and convert profeins into peptide
Lipase : Emulsificd fats into faty qcids and hlycerol
Hmylasc : Conve ht stanch into Maltose

Ihe walis of small Intestine conta•ns g lands which secreate intestinal

Jucc, he enzymts present in it fmaly conve rts the pro teins to
peptons and aminc Qcids, compiex casb ohy dr ates to glucose and
fat imte fety acids and Glycenol.

Respiratiorn
The process by which glucose is oxidised to velease CO2|
Jnd
Enegy
|Gnlucose Oxygen
Respiration takes plae in cells

Casbon dioxide waten

Hao
Co2

Difference between Respiration and Bneathing.

Breathing Respiration
It is the procees of inhaling I t is the process of oxidation
nd exhaling the air in and Cf glucose to form energy.
out of the Lungs.
It takes place in Lungs It akes pla ce in Cells.
It 1s Voluntovy It is Involunt ay
It takes Energy It yneleases Enen94

physical Change It is a chemi cal Change

Tt takes place outsrde It takes place nside
the Cells.
the Cells.

Tagesh Bhouya
 # Types of Respiration
Aemobic Anaerobic

D It takes place in Hhe It ta kes place in the

posene of oxygen (0) abcnce of o xygen (02 )
Compiete exidation of Ghlucose Tncomplete oxidatiorn of
ta kes dae. Glucose takes place.
Länge amount of encngy Low anount of energY
is eleased (38 ATP) is veleased (2 ATP)
Eq: Piant Celis, Animal Cells Eg Becteria, Humon Muscle
Cells

Absene of O2
(inyeast) Ethanal t Co2 + Ener9 4
Fermentation C2 ATP)
(Angenobic)

(Giycolysis)
In
ytoplas
Slucose. Pyruvate
Lactic of oxygen Lactic Aid t Enengy (2ATP)
Human Muscle cells
(3-Carbon)
moketle molecule/
+

Emergy Presence of 2 Co, + H, o + Emengy (38 ATP)

(in Mitochondria)
(kreb Cyde)
(Aerobic)
# How does muscde Cromps occun?
Muscle Cromps OCCUe accuynul ation of Lactic
due to the acid
cu ning the Qnaencbic breakdown of Gqlutose.

|Respiration in Pla»ts

Tn Roots
In stems In Leaves
(Rot hains] [Lenticels] [stomata]
Jayesh Shaya
 Respiration n Animals

Types of Respiration Respivation throygh Examples

Process
Diffusion Cell Membrane Amoeba
Paramecium
CutaneoUs Molst skin Earth wosnns
Branchial.
Ileech
Gills Flshes
Cabs
Tracheal Holes on their
CocroQch
body Grasshoppen
Palmonary Lungs Human 8eing&
Bírds
Reptiles
ues: Why rate of breathing aquatic (animals) organisms is higher than
that of Terestnial Crganisms?
Sine the amnount of dissolved Oxygen is faisly los
Compaved to the amount of oxygen present in the ain.
Therefore, the breathing rate in aquati organísms is highen
than that of the ctemnestrial Orqanism.
How Respiration takes ploce in leaves duing the day
time as well Qs at nigh t ?
Ans: Time
Co2 Photacythesis Respiration
Day DifusesDifues High Low
Out in

Does not
Night Dfuses Diffus tigh
in Out

Tayesh Ghoya
 Respiration in Humans Tauosh haia
Nose
Nassal Passagc

Phanymx [Common passoge of windppe ¢food pip]

Lärymx[vocal box]
protected by the +Tracheal [nnd Pipel
mings of cartilage
Bronchus

Bronchioes Lungs

Atveoli

i. Nose
The ary entens ous body thvough mose (ncstils)
This has fine hairs that line the passage and prevents the cust
pastees to enten (friter the ais)
This als o has Mucus with these halr whrch he(ps în this process
ii. Throat
Aftee this, the aiY ente rs ous troat
OuT throat is protected by the Rings of casttlage

Rings of Cantilage
These Rings the qre present in ouT thrcat nea phasyx. Thee rings
protcts trachea from getting collapstd htth the food pipe,

Tn Lungs, he passage is divíded into small tubes

ends ith ballon °ke Shuctuves known which fnaly
Afueo li
The exchange of gases ta kes place in Alvcoli.
Afveoli incwases the suoface avea fo he exchange of gase i.
Alveoi's walls (ontain Qn extensive netok of bloo d- vecsels.
The blood brings (o2 fom all over the bcdy to Alveole fo
eXchange
 the
Duning the b cath ing ycle When air 1s taken and let eut
lungs always tont ain Yesfdu al volume of alr
hat thene is sufficient inne fex oxygen -to be absorbed
Qnd
Cabon dioxfd e -to be Telease d. This
Qir a {so prevents he lungs fr onn callap sing.
# Ho is O, and
Co2
transported n human beings?
Oxygn fs by the blood Aespivatoy red pig ment haemoglobn)
form of oxyhacm oglobin.
Canbon dioxt de iu soluble in watec
Some of 1t
anspted in the díssolve d fosm. 23/ of Co, Com bínes
Nith haemog iobin and forms a Ybamino
Temeini ng fs transported in Plqs ma haemoglobin and
# Featuns of Respiratory Organs
i. large curfece fer greate note of difuston of vespietosy
i. hin
pmeabie walls - to ensuve easy ci fusion and exch angc
of gascs.
iiM. Extensive blood Suppiy- Respisatory
hith biood vessels fex oqans are mchly supplied
guick tan spoxt of gases.

-The Human Rupuaty bytom

Anermbrare coled luera Shich
Protect lungs rom shock
Bony Nosad passag
Nostils (Nasal tavit)
Buccal CavitA
(Mouth Cavt) -Phanyn (oanoon
tössg)
-Tache
(oind pip
(voiec bo)
Buonch Ring of atilage
Lng -onchu
-luna
Chest tavity &nchiole
Alyesli
(Thonie Cavty) (Au sac)
Diaping
Jayesh
 Transportation in humäns
Tnansportation

8lood Cin ulatory System Lymphatic System)

ympa Lymph Noks

|Slood Blood Vessels
(Glande)
Heart
Lymph
Vessels
Anteriu Capilaries
Blod Corpucles Blood plasma Neins

RBCS Platelets
WBC
# Blood
Tt is a fluid conn ective tíssue
It Ccntains two things mainly
i. Plasma (6o.)
Fiuid Matrix
Transpo ts food, arbon dioxie and and nitoge nous wasts in dissoled form.
and has 90%. wate i0. Gther substane ike
Clcusless fluid
proteins, Nal et
Plasma witheut Fibromiqen 1s
called segrum.
formation of Biood
Ftbromiqen - It is a Special protin which helps in the
elotes
ii. Blood Corpucles (4 07)
* Red Biood cells (RBCs) Eythroytu)
Red in Coloun
Hacmoglobin is present (Red pigment)
bocdy.
Tronsports oxygen to variouu paxts of the
* White Blood cells (WBE) (LCucocytes)
Colourless fluid
Soldiens of the body
by fghting (o eleasing antt bedies) whích 1s vesponsibie
Protects the body germs.
fer immunity) ainst Viruses or bacteies or

Jayesh Bhaa
 ant Ralmenay
vin
eehafoga
T6
bedy -Astog
-Aerta

and
Capillaie
Lag inbody
pov+
Cagillanie,
in
Fans

reprsentation

Rilmonay Vein
cavbondioxide. from
body
schematic

Jayesh Shaya
 * Platetets ( Therm bocytes)
Helps in bod cloting
Colousless fluid
Spindle chaped
Human Heavt
Co2 02

LUN GS
PulmonarY Pulmomary Vein
Atery (oxygerated Blood)
(Deoxygenated)
Blood

|Right Left
Atium Atrium
8icuspid valves
Tri Valves
cuspid
RghtVeatd Left Veniick
Vena Cava Septum
Aorta
(Deoxy genated) (oxygehated Blood )
Blood/
Cells
(Respisation
takee place)

Right Ventricle
Heart has four Chambers Rig ht Atium
> Left Atrium
> Left Ventide
TFese charnbers pxevent the oygenated and de oxygenated biocl from mixfng.
Co rih blood haS to ea ch the ungs for Co, to be meleased.
|Nhen the Left Atium or Riqht Atriunn is geting frled by blocd, thciy
musdes elax.
Left Ventricle ,
when they are sending blcod to the Right Venlncle oy
thein mnuscles tontract,

# Valves (Flaps)
Left Atium B0- cu spid Valver
At ium ’ i-cuspid Valves
bloo
Values pt vent the backfBow of the
It atso heps the blood to flow ln one die dtion.

Tayesh Ghaya
 Blood Vessels The Tubes
i. Anteics
Thcy have thick Nalls be cause the blood emerqes from the he ast
tehde» high pcssut.
Thty cavny Oxygenatecd blood fiom heart to va vi ous 6rgans.
ii. Veins
iey have thin walls
Ihey cary cdeoxygehated blood fog vanious body pasts to hegst.
Vems have valves because heir ftow of blood is slo w which Can
Causc backffo d0 thse valves ensure that the flow of blood
is unidine ctional.
ii. Cappilaies
IThey qne thinest blood Vescefs,
They One- cell thick,
The exchange of matenel bet ween the blbod and sussounding cells
takes plQce in Capptlaies.
They hae net -like Shuctuses

Lumen- Hollow cpening tus

Diferene bctween Artenies qnd Veins.
Arteies Veins
They have thick walls "They have thin Wals
They Elasttc
" Thcy aoe not Elastic
Blood fow is rapid "Blocd fow is sio w.
amy oxygenated bloed Cary deonygenated Blooct
except Pulmonasy Vitns.
exept Puroonasy Arty
Valves are absent Vaves qe present.
AteDes e deeply Seeted supptrffial
lumen "They have bro ad lumen.
They have narOw
Bleod tows wth jeks . Bicod ftoes smootfly.

# Tmpota nt Qucstions
1. Name the largast cham ber in tuman Heart.
Left Ventide

Jayesh ehaia
2. Why Ventides have
It is
thick musculqr walls thon qthum?
be cause Ventctes bave to
3 pmp blood nto vaiou 0rgons.
Whet is he funetion of Valves?
It prvents the back ftow of blood IWhen qrtriurg Qnd Ven tide
Contact,
Why is there a separation betWeen the Left and night slde of he
Heart ?
The Sepavation is usefl to kep the oxygonated and deoxygenated
blood from m/xíng. Tt alows a highly effcient upply of 02
to tte body.
This is usfal foy he animals having high ehnergy meeds to mairntain
body trmperature
For ex* Hurnans, brds, mammels ete
5.
The largst 4- chambered heart is of
8•ue lhale
6. Name Q Reptile having 4 chambertd heort
Cro codile
Give eramples of 3- chambered heqt Org mic ms
Reptiles ( Lizards, Shakes), Arnphibians (Fog)
8. qive erample of 2- chambered Heart Orgonisma
Pieces (AI Fshes)
9. Name qn organism whace heort does not pump the oxygenated blood to the
enttre body.
Fshes
10. where is the pacemaker installed in Mumon Hearts ?
Right Atsum
Aatta

Vene cava
Palmonasy asteies
from upper body
faulm nauy vens
Right atium Left attium
lowes
Vena bom
ava

Right
Leyt
Ventkicle
Venteide -

septem
Catidinguwat)
Tayesh Ghoiyo
 Palmonayvein
left
Atium
(from
lmg) [Largest
chambe
left
verticde
Bicuspd
valve
-Mwall
useula(Bustetive
lanuu)
Pexicandiun
yMain
Aerta

(wall
Pattion)

Pulmonay
terio/Supetior
(T6
lm
tou

Heat
Human
-The

valve
Cuspilveibicde
Cava RightAbumRight

Tayesh Bhaina
 # Lymph
foss nwhen Somt amount ef plasma,
Lymph or tissue fruid
protein and blood Cc|Is escape io he intercclulor spoces
in the tis sus tho4gh the pores prrstnt In he walls of
Cappilavies.
# Functions of lymph which fight
It Contalns
ymphocy tes qnd Ikucocytes (NB CE) celS
qgainst infetion.
I4 is unidireet io nal [fom Hssue to heart
It canis tigested Fats.
It daíns excesS ftuid fom ertrQ- cellulaT Space back into the
blood.
Tt e tusns prote ln ahd plasma fom cicelati on to fuids.
# Difference between Lymph and Blood
BLO od Lymph
It js ColourlesS
It s Red in Colour
It flows vopidly It foNS Slo wly
It mtains RB Cs, wBCS It contatns Lymphotytey
and platelets Qnd leucecytes.
IH is Bi- Disectional I is nie Directional
It has lecs Vis cosi ty.
Vis cosity
Blood Pressure vessel is 'Caled
blocd exerts cn the walls of a
. Tbe force that
bood Pressue
pressuYe of blooct dunng Nen tricutoy Sustole
In Artenes the
(contracbon) is called Systolic Pressuse
blbo dunng venti cwoy d'astole
pressut of
In Amteies thecalled diastolíc Pressure
(relaxation) is
Normal systolíc Presswe ’ 420mm of Hg (mercury)
Nosmal Diastolic Pressyre >

It Ís measused by sphygomanometen
constiction of Avtesioles
High BP (Hyper tension) is caused by
qnd can lead to uptune of Astey and Internal Bleeding.

Jayesh shas
 * Double Civ Culatin
bumgn beart, blood pases hough the heart
ttiice (q diqc cycle. hi type of
of ci culaten
called double coculaticn.
heast to lungsS
Pumonaxy Crulation Lungs to heqvt and
to Heqrt
Systemlc Crculat ioy: Hegst to ceits ahd (eils

Siqnificqnce of Dou ble Cir culat ion,

Double civculation ehsues complete seqrcgation of oxygenatel
and de cxyqenated blood which is necessqry xoptiqum
Wasm- b<ooded animals.
ene"gy Production in
Transportation in plants
Pants have speáa lize d vascular tissuesVasculan
for trons poxtatt on t
Substan cll. Thure ae taD typs of Hcsues in piantS.
Xylem : Responsible fer tanpoxt aton of watu and minesals
Phloem: Reuponi ble jor tongport ation f ood
Fransportaton of waten
Ascent of sap : The upwan d movement of watu and minrale
from soots to diferent plant parts is called ascent of sap. hairs are very thin.
. Root Pressure: The walls of cells of r0ot
the Yoot hairs btcQuse ef asmos is.
Water fom soil enters
Root preSSu s Neyponsible fer movem ent of watee up
to the base ot the s tern.
Transpívation pull : Loss of k atee Vapour through stom ata
and Jenicels in plants ic called Transpiration.
It coe ates Vacum wblch eates Sucti on called
transpi raton pull. The Transpiraton pull Sucks the water
Celum n from the xylem tub ei an c thus watu
ahe to ise to qyeat heights of plant.
Function of Transpiration
Absostion and upward movement cf water and minerals
by cieat ng pul.
Hetps in temper at ene ngguationin plont.

Jayesh haia
 # Trans port af food
Tansport of feod plants happrns because of ulilizoion of
»msport through xyitm, it is a
encgy Thus unike
t ansport.
FioN of suhstancs through phlorm take place in boh
directiens.
leavts (food factory) to difernt pant
Thansport of foodcalledfsom Trons
the plent is lo cation.

Xylem phlocm
mateial fom eaves
Tt canies hatex and minerals fsm "It cqries fooc
VO0ts to lcave to groning pat of plant
I+ is comp o.sed of dead cells. cells
|" It is co mposed of livingdi vectimal
The Move ment is Uni disectional " The Movement is Bi ide Mech anical
It provides mechanical support It doesnot proui
Sipport.
No usC of energy is theye. endrgy fere transpoatatan

# HonN does ranslocation in Plgnts take pla ce ?

Food is pre pared in

Mesophyii (Leaves) Celis

Foo d entens in tompanion

cells hhich ncreas es
the osSmotic Pressure

Food enters in Sieve tubes

Solution
and an orgonic
?s fomed (cesbon-preucnt)|

Due to the high pre SSUse,

the food moves to the
Plant pats having
Low prtssure (Bi- Diveet fonal)

Tayeah Bhaya
 ExCRETION
The biological prrcess involved n hc emoval of the hamful
mastes cf #he body 18is called Excretion.
Oifeentunicellaley
OrganicntOrganisoms different Strategies to cdo this.
Many
Simple Dfusion.
Yemove thein hwaste by the proc ess of
-Aosta
Vena cava

Excretion in Human Beimgs

Tarts cf
of Human Excretory System : Kidney
Renal Asitey
pain cf kidncy
A pain of Uretes (Ducts) Renal vein
-Uyete
A Urinary Bladde
A Urethna Bladde
Uuetha
What is Nephron ?
The
fltration and fen ction al unit of the kidney fs known as
Nephron.
" Glomemulus
- It is a netosk of blood capi llanies to whfch many renal
grteniols art attached.
- It is
the fritesning past of nephmon
a sieve - ike structune present in he Bow man's Capsule

Bowmans
- The
Capsule
qlcmerulus is ehclosed in Cup- ike structue. This Stuctur
is known as the Bownan's Capsule.
- Bosman's Capsule Collects the
Nibrog enous hwaste, glucose, excess
ef water ahd Qmino acids.

Afferent Anteriole
The artery which takes blood to the glbme rulus is called
Afferent Arteriole

Efe nent Arteniole

The antery which mecieves blooc from the glomenulus.
Inportamt Questions
The path whene ncabsorption takas place?
Tubules (PCT)
180 blood filterate is formed daily.
Jayesh Bhya
 iii Only 2 is extnscted out as urine
iv.
How much amount of wate is meabsorbed. in Nephron ?
It dephds 0n
HoN Cxess of hater is
How pres ent In a body.
nitroge hos nte d to be extroeted.
# Formation of Unime
Gnlomeulus Filtenat ion or ultra fltration
In this Step the bio od Which flows in the Afferent Antricle
entens
the kidney's Nephron.
" Then it
gets fltrated in glomeulus ie. the tojied past presen
in the
Bomman's capsule.
Hene all the Was tes aye absotbed by the porous mernbrane
of the Bownan's pcute which acts
- W3stes, Glucose, Amino Ai ds, Satts et
síve.
QYe also absovbe d witth
Nastes.
the Uine entens he pPCT iLe. the Proximal part of the
Nephrom
ii. Tubulan Reahsorption
Useful SUbs tantes from the fiterate are meabtorbed back by
Capilaies surnoundng the mephvon
i. Secnetion
Extra waten, salts Secreted irto the tubwle which opens up
into the collecting uct and hen into he ymete,

Osmoregulation
Control of waten Content and minenal alts of the body
Tbe
Called osmarequlation.
kid ntys are nespcnsibe for osmnoregulation in hum ans.

Dialysis I t is meant
he pro CesS of puvifying blood by astificial kÍdney
for kidney failre patient.
The blood frorn rtery in the patients qrm is mnade to fiou
machine which is made up of leng celul ose tubes
into the dialysis The
twbich ae Coíle d in a tank centaining alyzing colution.
Dialyzing solution Contains water, glutose Cnd Salts n similqr
Concorntration to those norm al blood. S the blood passa
the ialy zing solutin most of the waste ike
thno ugh Semi Qellulose tubes into the
pars tnough the permeabie nto
The Clean blood is pemped back
dialyzing Solution. patitnt
velm of the
Joyesh Boya