ELECTRIC CHARGES & FIELDS

IMPORTANT FORMULAE
S.No FORMULAE SYMBOLS APPLICATION
1 Q   Ne Q = Charge Quantization of charges
N = Number of electrons
2 Q1Q2 Q1, Q2 are point charges To find force between two
FK F= Force (electrostatics) point charges
r2
3 F=QE E = Electric field Relation between F and E
4 Q 1 , r = distance Electric field due to a point
Ek k
r2 4 0 charge.
0 = electric permittivity
5 E   E · ds  E  ds cos  ds = small area To find electric flux

MCQ (1 MARKS) QUESTIONS

Q1. In an experiment three microscopic latex spheres are sprayed into a chamber and became
charged with charges +3e, +5e and -3e respectively. All the spheres came in contact
simultaneously for a moment and got separated. Which one of the following possible
values for the final charge on spheres?
(a) +5e, –4e, +5e (b) +6e, +6e, –7e (c) –4e, +3.5e, +5.5e (d) +5e, –8e, +7e
Q2. An object has charge of 1 C and gains 5.0 x 1018 electrons. The net charge on the
object becomes
(a) –0.80 C (b) +0.80 C (c) +1.80 C (d) +0.20 C
Q3. The dimensional formula of electric flux is
(a) [M1L2T–2A–1] (b) [M–1L3T–3A1] (c) [M1L3T–3A-1] (d) [M1L–3T-3A–1]
Q 4. What is the SI unit of electric flux
(a) 𝑁/𝐶 × m2 (b) N × m2 (c) 𝑁/𝑚2 × C (d) 𝑁2 /𝑚2 × C2
Q 5. If  E · dS  0 inside a surface, that means:
(a) There is no net charge present inside the surface
(b) Uniform electric field inside the surface
(c) Discontinuous field lines inside the surface
(d) Charge present inside the surface
Q 6. Four charges +8Q, –3Q, +5Q and -10Q are kept inside a closed surface. What will be
the outgoing flux through the surface
(a) 26 V-m (b) 0 V-m (c) 10 V-m (d) 8 V-m
Q7. If  E · dS  0 over a surface, then
(a) the electric field inside the surface and on it is zero
(b) the electric field inside the surface is necessarily uniform

1
 (c) the number of flux lines entering the surface must be equal to the number of fluxes
lines leaving it
(d) all charges must necessarily be outside the surface
Q8. The electric flux through the surface

(a) In fig (iv) is the largest

(b) fig (iii) is the least
(c) fig (ii) is same as fig (iii) but is smaller than fig (iv)
(d) is the same for all the figures
ANSWER KEY

1.(b) 2.(d) 3.(c) 4.(a) 5.(a) 6.(b) 7.(c) 8.(d)

ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS (1 MARKS) QUESTIONS

Directions: These questions consist of two statements, each printed as Assertion and Reason.
While answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four
responses.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
(e) If the Assertion is false but Reason is correct
Q1. Assertion- Electric flux is a vector quantity.
Reason- Electric flux is expressed as vector product of electric field vector and area
vector.
Q2. Assertion- Electric flux through closed spherical surface enclosing an electric dipole is
zero.
Reason- Net charge enclosed inside a spherical surface when a dipole is inside it is
zero.
Q3. Assertion- Gaussian surface is purely imaginary surface.
Reason- Electric field at every point on a Gaussian surface is same.
Q4. Assertion- Gaussian surface can be drawn outside the body or within the body.
Reason- It is purely imaginary surface.
Q5. Assertion- Electric field at a point inside spherical shell with a charge uniformly spread
on its outer surface is zero.
Reason- There is no charge enclosed within the closed shell.
Q6. Assertion- Electric field at any point away from linear charge distribution decreases
with distance.

2
 Reason- Electric field at any point away from linear charge distribution is expressed as
E   ·1
2 0 r
ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5 6
(d) (a) (b) (a) (a) (a)

VSA (2 MARKS) QUESTIONS

Q1. State the superposition principle for electrostatic force on a charge due to number of
charges.
Q2. A force F is acting between two-point charges q1 and q2. If a third
charge q3 is placed quite close to q2, what happens to the force between
q1 and q2?
Q3. i) The electric field E due to a point charge at any point near it is
defined as E=𝑙𝑖𝑚 E/q, 𝑞→0 where q is the test charge and F is the
force acting on it. What is the physical significance of lim E expression?
q 0 q

(ii) Draw electric field lines of a point charge Q when a. Q>0 b. Q<0
Q4. A small metal sphere carrying a charge +Q is located at the center of a spherical cavity
is a large uncharged metallic spherical shell. Write the charges on the inner and outer
surfaces of the shell. Write the expression for the electric field at the point P1.
Q5. Two-point charges q1 and q2 are located at point (a,0,0) and (0, b,0) respectively. Find
the electric field due to both these charges at the point (0,0, e).
Q6. What is Gaussian surface? What is its use?
Q7. S1 and S2 are two hollow concentric spheres (S2 outer sphere and S1 inner sphere)
enclosing charges 9Q and 3Q respectively. What is the ratio of electric flux through
S1 and S2? What would be electric flux through S1, if air inside S1 is replaced by a
medium of dielectric constant 3?
Q8. A hollow cube of side 5cm encloses a charge of 6C at its centre. What is the net flux
through one of the square faces of cube? How would flux through square face change if
6C charge is placed as 4C and 2C inside the cube at two different points?
SA (3 MARKS) QUESTIONS
Q1. A particle of charge 2µC and mass 1.6g is moving with a velocity 4î ms-1. At t = 0 the
particles enter in a region having an electric field E (in N C-1) = 80î + 60ĵ. Find the
velocity of particle at t = 5s.
Q2. A particle of mass 10-3 kg and charge 5C enters into a uniform electric field of 2 x 105
N/C, moving with a velocity of 20 m/s in a direction opposite to that of the field.
Calculate the distance it would travel before coming to rest.
Q3. State and prove Gauss Theorem.
Q4. Using Gauss theorem obtain an expression for electric field intensity at a point due to
infinitely long line charge distribution. Sketch graphically variation of E with
distance r.
Q5. Using Gauss theorem obtain an expression for electric field intensity at a point due to
thin infinite sheet.

3
 CB (4 MARKS) QUESTIONS
Read the following passage and answer questions below it. A spherical dome in an expo
consists of magical fan fixed inside it. The blades of fan have a total charge of 6 C deposited
on it. The dome is also surrounded by four such identical fans fixed outside it, each carrying a
charge of 6 C on its blade. When a fan inside the dome is switched ON, the charge deposited
on the blades of a fan flies off but remains inside the dome. However, when the fans outside
the dome are switched ON, charge deposited on the blades remain confined to blades. The
dome is covered by electrosensitive glittering sheet whose glittering intensity varies directly
as the electric flux falling upon its surface varies.
1. What is the net electric flux through the closed surface of dome, when all the fans are
switched OFF?
a) 6C/ ϵ o b) 1 C/ ϵ o c) 30C/ ϵ o d) 1 C/12 ϵ o
2. What is the net electric flux through the closed surface of dome, when all the fans are
switched ON?
a) 30C/ ϵ o b) 1 C/ ϵ o c) 6C/ ϵ o d) 1 C/12 ϵ o
3. Which of the following observations is correct for glittering intensity of electrosensitive
sheet covering the dome?
a) Glittering intensity is zero when fan inside the dome is switched OFF
b) Glittering intensity is maximum when fan inside the dome is switched ON
c) Glittering intensity is always constant whether the fan inside is switched ON or OFF
d) Glittering intensity varies as outside fans are switched ON
4. Name the principle which explains the observation of glittering intensity of
electrosensitive sheet.
a) Coulomb’s law in electrostatics b) Gauss theorem in electrostatics
c) Superposition principle of charge d) None of the above
ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
(a) (c) (c) (d)

LA (5 MARKS) QUESTIONS

Q1. Two-point charges of +1 µC and +4 µC are kept 30 cm apart. How far from the +1µC
charge on the line joining the two charges will the net electric field be zero?
Q2. (a) Define electric field intensity. Write its SI unit.
(b) Two-point charges 4 𝜇c & 1 𝜇c are separated by a distance of 2m in air. Find the
point on the line joining the charges at which the net electric field of the system is
zero.
Q3. Obtain the expression for electric field intensity due to a
(a) Point charge and
(b) due to system of charge
(c) Plot the graph for the variation for E and r.

_____________________

4
 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
1. WAB ∆V = potential To find the potential
V  VB  VA  difference difference using Work
q
VA = Electric potential done from a point A to a
at point B
AVB = Electric
Potential at B
q = charge is
transformed from A to
B
2. Electrostatic potential due
V k
q k 1
r 4 0 to a point charge
r = distance
3. p cos  p = dipole moment Electric potential due to a
V k dipole
r2
E  dV
4. dV = potential gradient Relation between electric
dr dr field and potential
5. qq U = Potential Energy Potential energy of a
U W  k 1 2 W = Work done system of two point
r12
charges
6.
E   = linear charge Field intensity due to
2 o r density infinitely long straight
uniformly charged wire

7. a) outside the shell: E  k

q r = radius of Gaussian Field intensity due to
r2 surface (outside the uniformly charged
b) on the shell: shell) spherical shell
q R = radius of shell
E  k 2 As q = 4R2 · 
R σ = surface charge
E  / 0 density
c) inside the shell: E = 0
E 
8. E = Electric field Field intensity due to thin
2 0 ϵ0 = electric permittivity
infinite plane sheet of
charge density ‘’
Field intensity due to thick
infinite sheet of charge
density ‘’
9. C  40 r C = capacitance Capacity of isolated
r = radius of conductor spherical conductor
10. 0 A A = area of plates Capacitance of a parallel
C
d d = distance between plate capacitor
theplates
11. Grouped capacitors: Cs= equivalent To calculate
capacitance in series equivalent

5
 a) In series: Cp=equivalent capacitance of a circuit
1  1  1  1 capacitance in parallel
Cs C1 C2 C3
b) In parallel: Cp = C1 + C2 +C3
12. Q2 1 U = Electrostatic energy Energy stored in a
U1  CV 2  1 QV stored in capacitor capacitor
2 C 2 2
13. E = electric field Energy density of a parallel
u  1 0 E 2
2 strength plate capacitor
14. C V  C2V2 V = Common potential To find Common potential
V 1 1 due to sharing of charge
C1  C2
15. C1C2 V1  V2 
2 𝐸�1 − 𝐸�2 = Loss of Loss of energy due sharing
U1  U 2 energy charges
2  C1  C2 
16. K  1   K = dielectric constant Relation between
χ = electric dielectric constant &
susceptibility electric susceptibility
17. C0 t = thickness of slab Capacitance of parallel
C
 
1 t
d
d = distance between the
plates
plate capacitor with
conducting slab in between
the plates
C0 = capacitance with
vacuum in between

18. 0 A K = dielectric constant Capacitance of parallel

C
 
d  t 1 1
K
plate capacitor with
dielectric slab in between

Values of Different quantities after Introducing dielectric slab between the plates of
the charged capacitor:

Description When Battery connected When Battery disconnected

Charge K Q0 Q0
Potential V0 V0/K
difference
Electric E0 E0/K
Field
Capacitance KC0 KC0
Energy
K times 1 0 E 2 [Energy is times 1 0 E 2 [Energy used
1/K
2 2
supplied by battery for Polarization

6
 MCQ (1 MARKS) QUESTIONS
Q1. If voltage applied on a capacitor is increased from V to 2V, choose the correct
conclusion.
(a) Q remains the same, C is doubled (b) Q is doubled, C doubled
(c) C remains same, Q doubled (d) Both Q and C remain same
Q2. A parallel plate capacitor is charged. If the plates are pulled apart
(a) the capacitance increases (b) the potential differences increase
(c) the total charge increases (d) the charge & potential difference
remain the same
Q3. Which of the following is an example of a molecule whose centre of mass of positive
and negative charges coincide each other?
(a) CO2 (b) CO (c) CH3OH (d) NH3
Q4. What is the angle between electric field and equipotential surface?
(a) 90o always (b) 0o always (c) 0° to 90° (d ) 0° to 180°
Q5. If we carry a charge once around an equipotential path, then work done by the charge
is:
(a) Infinity (b) Positive (c) Negative (d) Zero
Q6. Three capacitors are connected in triangle as shown in the figure. The equivalent
capacitance between the points A and C is

(a) 1µF (b) 2 µF (c) 3 µF (d)1/4µF

Q7. A capacitor of capacitance C has a charge Q and stored energy W. If the charge is
increased to 2Q, the stored energy will be
(a) 𝑊/4 (b) 𝑊/2 (c) 2W (d) 4W
Q8. A battery is used to charge a capacitor till the potential difference between the plates
become equal to the emf (V) of the battery. The ratio of the energy stored in the
capacitor to the work done by the battery will be
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4
2 4
Q9. The electric potential V at any point (x,y,z) in space is given by V=3x2 where x,y,z
are all in metre. The electric field at the point (1m,0,2m) is
(a) 6V/m along –x axis (b) 6V/m along +x axis
(c) 1.5V/m along –x axis (d) 1.5V/m along +x axis
Q10. A parallel plate capacitor with oil in between the plates (dielectric constant of oil is 2)
has a capacitance ‘C’. If the oil is removed, what will be the new capacitance
(a) C 2 (b) C/2 (c) 2C (d) 2C
ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(c) (b) (a) (a) (d) (b) (d) (a) (a) (b)

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 ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS (1 MARKS) QUESTIONS
Directions: These questions consist of two statements, each printed as Assertion and Reason.
While answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four
responses.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
(e) If the Assertion is false but Reason is correct
Q1 Assertion: A spherical equipotential surface is not possible for a point charge.
Reason: A spherical equipotential surface is not possible inside a spherical capacitor.
Q2. Assertion: The equatorial plane of a dipole is an equipotential surface.
Reason: The electric potential at any point on equatorial plane is zero.
Q3. Assertion: Electric potential and electric potential energy are different quantities.
Reason: For a system of positive test charge and point charge electric potential
energy = electric potential.
Q4. Assertion: Two equipotential surfaces cannot intersect each other.
Reason: Two equipotential surfaces are parallel to each other.
Q5. Assertion: If the distance between parallel plates of a capacitor is halved and
dielectric constant is three times, then the capacitance becomes 6 times.
Reason: Capacity of the capacitor does not depend upon the nature of the material.
Q6. Assertion: A parallel plate capacitor is connected across battery through a key. A
dielectric slab of dielectric constant K is introduced between the plates. The energy
which is stored becomes K times.
Reason: The surface density of charge on the plate remains constant or unchanged.
ANSWER KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6
(d) (b) (c) (c) (c) (c)
VSA (2 MARKS) QUESTIONS
Q1. If two charged conductors are touched mutually and then separated,
prove that the charges on them will be divided in the ratio of their
capacitances.
Q2. Figure shows two identical capacitors C1 and C2, each of 2 µF
capacitance, connected to a battery of 5 V. Initially switch‘S’ is left
open and dielectric slabs of dielectric constant K = 5 are inserted to
fill completely the space between the plates of the two capacitors. (i) How will the
charge and (ii) potential difference between the plates of the capacitors be affected
after the slabs are inserted?
Q3. The given graph shows variation of charge ‘q’ versus potential difference
‘V’ for two capacitors C1 and C2. Both the capacitors have same plate
separation but plate area of C2 is greater than that of C1.
Which line (A or B) corresponds to C1 and why?

8
Q4. A metal plate is introduced between the plates of a charged parallel plate capacitor.
What is its effect on the capacitance of the capacitor.
Q5. Two capacitors have a capacitance of 5µF when connected in parallel and 1.2µF when
connected in series. Calculate their capacitances.
Q6. Why does current in a steady state not flow in a capacitor connected across a battery?
However momentary current does flow during charging or discharging of the
capacitor. Explain.
Q7. A capacitor is connected across a battery.
(i) Why does each plate receive a charge of exactly the same magnitude?
(ii) Is this true even if the plates are of different sizes?

VSA (3 MARKS) QUESTIONS

Q1. Calculate the potential difference and the energy stored in
the capacitor C2 in the circuit shown i the figure. Given
potential at A is 90 V, C1 = 20 µF, C2 = 30 µF and C3 = 15
µF.
Q2. A capacitor of unknown capacitance is connected across a battery of V volts. The
charge stored in it is 300 µC. When potential across the capacitor is reduced by 100
V, the charge stored in it becomes 100 V. Calculate the potential V and the unknown
capacitance. What will be the charge stored in the capacitor if the voltage applied had
increased by 100 V?
Q3. A parallel plate capacitor, of capacitance 20pF, is connected to a 100 V supply. After
sometime the battery is disconnected, and the space, between the plates of the
capacitor is filled with a dielectric, of dielectric constant 5. Calculate the energy
stored in the capacitor
(i) before
(ii) after the dielectric has been put in between its plates.

CB (4 MARKS) QUESTIONS
An arrangement of two conductors separated by an insulating medium can be used to store
electric charge and electric energy. Such a system is
called a capacitor. The more charge a capacitor can
store, the greater is its capacitance. Usually, a
capacitor consists of two conductors having equal
and opposite charge +Q and -Q. Hence, there is a
potential difference V between them. By the
capacitance of a capacitor, we mean the ratio of the
charge Q to the potential difference V. By the
charge on a capacitor, we mean only the charge Q
on the positive plate. Total charge of the capacitor is zero. The capacitance of a capacitor is a
constant and depends on geometric factors, such as the shapes, sizes and relative positions of
the two conductors, and the nature of the medium between them. The unit of capacitance is
farad (F), but the more convenient units are µF and pF. A commonly used capacitor consists
of two long strips or metal foils, separated by two long strips of dielectrics, rolled up into a
small cylinder. Common dielectric materials are plastics (such as polyesters and

9
polycarbonates) and aluminium oxide. Capacitors are widely used in radio, television,
computer, and other electric circuits.
1. A parallel plate capacitor C has a charge Q. The actual charge on its plates is
(a) Q, Q (b) Q/2, Q/2 (c) Q, –Q (d) Q/2, –Q/2
2. A parallel plate capacitor is charged. If the plates are pulled apart.
(a) the capacitance increases (b) the potential difference increases
(c) the total charge increases (d) the charge & potential difference
remains the same
3. Three capacitors of 2, 3 & 6 µF are connected in series to a 10 V source. The charge
on the 3 µF capacitor is
(a) 5µC (b) 10µC (c) 12µC (d) 15µC
4. If n capacitors each of capacitance C are connected in series, then the equivalent
capacitance of the combination is
(a) NC (b) n2C (c) C/n d) C/n2

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
(c) (b) (b) (c)

LA (5 MARKS) QUESTIONS

Q1. A capacitor of unknown capacitance is connected across a battery of V volt. A charge

of 120 μC is stored in it. When the potential across the capacitor is reduced by 40 V,
the charge stored in the capacitor becomes 40 μC. Calculate V and the unknown
capacitance. What would have been the charge in the capacitor if the voltage were
increased by 40 V?
Q2. A capacitor of unknown capacitance is connected across a battery of V volt. A charge
of 240 pC is stored in it. When the potential across the capacitor is reduced by 80 V,
the charge stored in the capacitor becomes 80 pC. Calculate V and the unknown
capacitance. What would have been the charge in the capacitor if the voltage were
increased by 80 V?
Q3. Find equivalent capacitance between A and B in the combination given below. Each
capacitor is of 2 µF capacitance.

___________________

10
 CHAPTER WISE HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD
CLASS: XII
VSA (2 MARKS)

Q3. (i) The point test charge ‘q’ products its own electric field, hence it will modify the
electric field strength to be measured so the test charge used to to measure the
electric field must be too small.
nd
Q8. 2 Part:
If the charge is split into 4C and 2C at different points inside cube, the total charge
remains same so total flax through the cube remains same.

SO  face  1 N  m
2

0 C
SA (3 marks)
      
F  2 106 80iˆ  60 ˆj  160 106 iˆ  120 106 ˆj N  1.6 104 iˆ  1.2 104 ˆj N


1.6 104 iˆ 1.2 104 ˆj 
F
a 
m 1.6 10 3  
 0.1iˆ  0.075iˆ m / s 2

 
V  u  at  4iˆ  0.1iˆ  0.075 ˆj  5 m / s 2
 
Q2. F = ma = qE
qE 5  2  105
a  3
106 103  103 m/s2
m 10
 a  103 m/s2
V 2  u 2  2as  02  400  2 103  5

 S  400  4  1 m
2 100 20 5
S1 m
5

q q
Q4. Apply E · ds  and  
0 L

   because E S

We get E   ·1
2 0 r

71
 LA (5 marks)

Q1.

11016  4 1016
40 x 2
40 (30  x) 2
Then obtain the value of x.

1 q
Q3. (a) , Ep  rˆ
40 r 2

(b)
q1 1 q2 q3
E rˆ  rˆ  r
40 r 2 1
4 r
2 2
4 
3 3
1 0 1 0 3

qn
...........  rˆ
2 n
40 rn

(c)

ELECTRIC POTEN TIAL & CAPACITANCE

CLASS: XII

VSA (2 marks)
Q1. When charged conductor touches each other then they aquire the same potential.
So q  C
So q1  VC1 and q2  VC2
q1 VC1 C1
Finally,   Ans.
q2 VC2 C2
Q2. When switch is closed P. D across the capacitor V1  V2  6V , given C1  C2  2F
Charge on each capacitor q1  q2  C1V1  C2V2  2  6  12C
When S witch ‘S’ opened, P. D. across C1 remains 6V, while the charge on capacitor C2
remains 12C. After insertion of dielectric between the plates of each capacitor new
capacitance of each capacitor becomes C11  C21  5  2  10F , charge on capacitor C1

72
 is q11  C11 V1  10  6  60C charge on capacitor C2 remains 12C. Potential
difference across C1 remains 6V. Potential difference across C2 becomes
q
V21  2  12  1.2 Volt.
C2 10
Q5. Parallel: Ce  C1  C2  5  C1  C2 … (1)

Series: 1  1  1  1  C1  C2  10  C1  C2
Ce C1 C1 1.2 12

 5  C1  C2 … (2)
6
Solving equation (1) and (2) get C1 and C2
Q7. (a) Due to the law of conservation of charge, the other plate loss the same number of
electrons and becomes positively charged with same magnitude.
(b) Yes, same equal charges in each plates regardless of it size. The amount of stored
energy will be different.
VSA (3 marks)
Q1. 1  1  1  1  C  6.67F
eq
Ceq 20 30 15
Q = Charge following through the circuit
 CeqV  6.67  90  600C
Q 600
Potential difference acrass C2, V2 =   20 V
C2 30

Energy stored in C2, E2  1 C2V22  1  30  20   6 103  6 103 J.

2

2 2

Q3. Charge Stored Q  CV  20 106 100  2000C

New value of capacitance  5  20  100 F

 
6 2
1 Q 2 1 200 10
(i) energy stored in a capacitor    0.1 J
2 C 2 20 106

 
2
1 2000 106
(ii) energy stored after the dialuric is introduced   0.02 J.
2 100 106

Q3.

C2 is in between P & R 
 E.P = VP – VR

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 C3 is in between R & S   E.P = VP – VR
C4 is in between S & T   E.P = VP – VR
 C2, C3, C4 are in parallel
 equivalent capacitance Ce.1  C2  C3  C4
 2  2  2  6 F
Now C1, Ce.1, C5 are in series
So, 1  1  1  1  3  1  3  7 F
C AB 2 6 2 6 6
 CAB  6 F .
7
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
CLASS: XII

VSA (2 marks)
Q1. I  N  10  1 A
R 1000 100
q  It  1  5  12  12
100 20
3
12 12 2 10
 Ne  12 N   1019
20 20 1.6 1019 20 5 16 8
N  3 109 Ans
8

Q3. I  neAvd 
 Figure

Q9. A Wheatstone bridge is said to be sensitive if it

shows a large deflection in the Galvano
meter whenever a small change in resistance is taking place in resistance arm.
SA (3 marks)
Q1. Internal resistance of a cell depends on the factors
(i) distance between the electrodes (ii) the temperature
(iii) effective area of electrodes (d) the concentration of the solution

Q2.

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