International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS)

ISSN: 2643-640X
Vol. 5 Issue 10, October - 2021, Pages: 73-80

Features of Database Types

Zhanna Deineko1, Svitlana Sotnik2, Oleksandr Vovk3, Vyacheslav Lyashenko3
1Department of Software Engineering, Kharkiv National University of RadioElectronics, Ukraine
2Department of Computer-Integrated Technologies, Automation and Mechatronics, Kharkiv National University of
RadioElectronics, Ukraine
3Department of Media Systems and Technology, Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics, Kharkiv, Ukraine
e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract—Research in field of developing databases and working with modern applications, their implementation in modern
enterprises is constantly expanding, so issue of researching database features still requires further attention. This paper discusses
functions that typical database management system (DBMS) should provide. The review is devoted to highlighting advantages and
disadvantages of existing databases. The article summarizes material on key aspects that should be present in modern DBMS, which
will allow you to better understand procedures for building, working and using them.

Keywords—database; architecture; management; systems.

1. INTRODUCTION
Modern person every day interacts with Internet or with devices with Internet access to obtain necessary information. The volume
of information generated by humanity is growing at an alarming rate, and its search is carried out using an information retrieval system
(IRS), which not only finds information you need, but also allows you to filter, sort and store large arrays of structured information.
Therefore, the IRS fined their application in various fields of science and industry [1]-[3].
The IRS in abstract form should consist of information retrieval language (IRL), rules for switching to this language, and semantic
correspondence criterion that determines issuance volume of documents or information.
IRS includes databases (DB) and database management systems.
DBMS allows you to create and store large arrays of text and digital information, as well as create convenient screen forms for
dialogue with user.
User interfaces have evolved – green letters on black screen have been replaced by client / server, and then Internet applications.
DB is structured virtual storage of information related to specific subject area. There are several types of databases, based on
different approaches to organizing their structure and on different ways of interacting with data stored in them.
Although relational databases have lost their monopoly on flexibility and even scalability, tasks of choosing and using information,
ability to accumulate and make decisions, remains significant, since development of rational database for information systems will
improve quality and automate work of modern enterprises, which can affect reduction of production costs and an increase in production
capacity.
At present, modern enterprises must quickly adapt to changes in global trends and modernize their production lines in connection
with outdated production technologies and outdated methods of recording information about products and controlling its quality,
therefore this article is devoted to urgent problem today.
2. RELATED WORK
Currently, there are huge numbers of different software products all over world. Most likely, they include databases storing huge
amounts of information. In addition, correct selection and construction of database architecture plays an important role [4]. The authors
show diagram of modernized architecture, describe approaches to achieving specified key indicators.
An overview of cloud architecture and database architecture is presented in [5]. The authors highlighted advantages and
disadvantages of transferring database structures in cloud. Issues related to development of cloud databases are discussed in detail.
Work [6] is devoted to architecture of data streams. The authors focused on databases that use data structures with an irregular flow
of control: trees, hash tables, which do not match well with existing database accelerators.

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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS)
ISSN: 2643-640X
Vol. 5 Issue 10, October - 2021, Pages: 73-80
In [7], methods of designing new databases are considered. The authors identified important criteria in database design, analyzed
evolution of design methods, their applicability and adaptability in real-life scenarios.
In [8], special attention is paid to types of NewSQL databases. The authors described key features of NewSQL databases.
Databases and their types, information systems are considered in [9].
Database types related to NoSQL (key-value store, document store, column store, and graph store) are presented in [10].
3. FEATURES OF DATABASE TYPES
Information retrieval is carried out using information retrieval systems.
IRS – a set of software, hardware and other aids, technological processes and functionally defined groups of workers that provide
collection, presentation and accumulation of information resources in certain subject area, search and delivery of information necessary
to meetinformation needs of established contingent of system users-subscribers [11].
Solving problems associated with information retrieval is of great importance in practice [12], [13].
The rate of growth in volume of information is significantly outstripping progress in improving information retrieval. Therefore,
choosing right database model plays fundamental role in creation of information retrieval system.
There are different types of databases that are used to store different types of data (fig. 1).

Personal Enterprise

Centra- Distribu- Relational

lized ted

Database

NoSQL Object- Hierarchical

oriented

Cloud Network

Figure 1. Database types

Let's take quick look at features of each type of database.

Centralized Database (CDB) – Information is stored and maintained in one place, for example, central computer, CPU server, or
mainframe. CDB is distinguished by its traditional database architecture (table 1).
Personal (РDB) – database, which is often intended for single user and is focused on solving problems of local user or small group
of users (table 2).
Distributed (DDB) – DB, consisting of several, possibly overlapping or overlapping parts of each other, which are located in
different nodes of network. Such databases provide more flexible forms of service for many remote users when working with
significant amounts of information within corporate networks or structural dissociation.
Distributed databases provide ample opportunities for managing complex multi-level and multi-tier objects and processes.
However, there should be single conceptual diagram of entire network – it will provide logical transparency of data for user, as result

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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS)
ISSN: 2643-640X
Vol. 5 Issue 10, October - 2021, Pages: 73-80
of which user will be able to form request to entire database, being behind separate terminal. The main criterion for distribution of data
in network is as follows – data should be located where there is greatest frequency of access to it. There are three main ideologies:
client-server, Web, and distributed objects (DCOM, CORBA). Within each direction, there are also large number of solutions and
standards from different manufacturers, for example, Apache Cassandra, HBase, Ignite, etc. (table 3).

Table 1: Features CDB

Advantages CDB Disadvantages CDB
- minimum costs for adjustments; - need to transfer large data stream;
- provides better data quality, allowing organizations to set - relatively "long time" of response to data sample, which
data standards; is due to large volume of database;
- consistency of data, since data management occurs in - low reliability of outdated data transmission channels
central repository. (communication lines);
- difficulty in updating database due to its scale.

Table 2: Features CDB

Advantages РDB Disadvantages РDB
- relative ease of use, which allows you to create workable - scalability.
user applications on their basis;
- ease of updating;
- relatively limited requirements for hardware resources,
since it is small in size.

Table 3: Features DDB

Advantages DDB Disadvantages DDB
- failure of one server will not affect entire dataset; - there is threat of mismatch of data stored in different parts
- modular development is possible, that is, system can be of system;
expanded by including new computers and connecting. - complex mechanism for managing simultaneous
processing is needed, which, in particular, must ensure
synchronization when information is updated, this ensures
data consistency;
- high requirements for reliability and throughput of
communication lines.

Enterpris (ЕDB) – concurrent access by users of large organizations or enterprises is used to manage huge amounts of data (table
4).
Table 4: Features ЕDB
Advantages ЕDB Disadvantages ЕDB
- ability to manage huge set of data; - limited compatibility.
- supports multiple processes, which allows
parallel queries to be executed on system.
Relational (RDB) – is a large number of interconnected tables, each of which contains information about certain objects. Each row
in such table contains data on only one object, and columns contain various characteristics of these objects, called attributes [14].
RDB scenarios: accounting, financial and banking systems; inventory management systems; transaction management systems.
Examples of relational databases: MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, etc. (table 5).
NoSQL – is used to store large number of data sets (data not only in tabular form, but also in several ways), as need to create
modern applications has increased. The four most common types of databases NoSQL: key-value storage ( ); document-oriented

database ( ); graph databases ( ); wide-column stores ( ). NoSQL Scripts: Mobile Apps; analytics in real time; content

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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS)
ISSN: 2643-640X
Vol. 5 Issue 10, October - 2021, Pages: 73-80
management; personalization; Internet-things applications [9]. Examples of non-relational databases: CouchDB, Couchbase,
MongoDB, eXist, Berkeley DB XML (table 6).
Table 5: Features RDB
Advantages RDB Disadvantages RDB
- simplicity, since there is only one information structure - low speed when performing connection operation;
that formalizes tabular presentation of data, which is - large memory consumption for representation of
familiar to users; relational database.
- data independence, that is, when it is necessary to change
structure of relational database, this, as rule, leads to
minimal changes in application programs;
- security, since authorization is supported in RDB.

Table 6: Features NoSQL

Advantages NoSQL Disadvantages NoSQL
- provides fast and flexible application development; - limited capacity of built-in query language, since almost
- provides high scalability; all query languages and API methods of NoSQL storages
- provide extremely efficient processing of unstructured were created on basis of certain SQL functions, but they
data, often at incredibly high speeds; have less functionality;
- processing large amounts of data or storing single large - difficulties in quickly moving from one non-relational
database in easily distributed server clusters; database to another;
- provide easy database migration to cloud for existing - you have to develop your own tools for working with
NoSQL workloads. database;
- most companies simply do not have such volumes of data
and other specific operating conditions in which NoSQL
solutions would be beneficial as main database.

Cloud (CDB) – data is stored in virtual environment and executed on cloud computing platform. It provides users with various
cloud computing services (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, etc.) to access database. Examples of cloud platforms: Amazon Web Services (AWS);
Microsoft Azure; Kamatera; PhonixNAP; ScienceSoft; Google Cloud SQL, etc. (table 7).
Table 7: Features CDB
Advantages CDB Disadvantages CDB
- increased level of flexibility and innovative capabilities; - complexity of transporting large amounts of data;
- high security, since cloud DBMS providers operate in - dependence on chosen provider (possibility of losing direct
protected environments using additional measures access to your information);
(firewalls, antivirus, etc.); - when transferring systems unchanged, consumption of
- allows scaling of resources directly during operation; cloud resources can be unreasonably expensive.
- ability to recover data. Many providers provide backup
and quick database recovery services. In particular, it is
possible to configure storage of up-to-date copy of DBMS
in several data centers;
- assumes use of multi-node cluster system, which
increases speed of data processing.
Object-oriented (OODB) is database in which data is modeled in form of objects, their attributes, methods and classes [15]. OODB
is based on number of basic concepts such as object, identity, class, inheritance, overloading, and lazy binding. Any object upon its
creation receives unique identifier generated by system, which is associated with object throughout its existence and does not change
when state of object changes. Every object has state and behavior. Examples of commercial OODBs: O2, ORION, GemStone, Iris
(table 8).
Hierarchical (HDB) – data model in which database is represented in form of tree-like (hierarchical) structure, consisting of objects
(data) of various levels [16]. The hierarchical data model is built on principle of hierarchy of object types, that is, one type of object is
main one, and rest, located at lower levels of hierarchy, are subordinate.
Table 8: Features ООDB

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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS)
ISSN: 2643-640X
Vol. 5 Issue 10, October - 2021, Pages: 73-80
Advantages ООDB Disadvantages ООDB
- no need for user-defined keys, since OODB has concept - security concerns, as most OODBs lack authorization;
of object identifiers automatically generated by system and - limited support for integrity constraints, since there are no
guaranteed to be unique for each object; mechanisms for declaring key properties of attributes (for
- lightweight design of some connections. OODB maintains example, class attribute cannot be declared as primary key
an inverse linkage facility for expressing reciprocal links of class), or uniqueness constraints, explicit constraints on
between two objects (binary link). Such system provides integrity;
referential integrity by establishing appropriate backlink - absence of standard query algebra, which also makes it
immediately after forward link is created; difficult to optimize queries;
- allow you to represent complex objects in more direct way - lack of support for representations, since development of
than relational systems. object-oriented representation mechanism is complicated
by such properties of model as identifiable objects.

The data is stored as records linked by links.

Examples of databases with hierarchical model are: Information Management System (IMS); Time-Shared Date Management
System (TDMS) etc. (table 9).
Table 9: Features HDB
Advantages HDB Disadvantages HDB
- simplicity (hierarchical principle of concepts - data is accessed only through root relation;
subordination is natural for many tasks); - non-universality, since many important variants of data
- minimum memory consumption. interconnection cannot be realized by means of hierarchical
model, or implementation is associated with increase in
redundancy in database;
- cumbersomeness of such model for processing
information with rather complex logical connections;
- there may be redundant data;
- operations of inclusion and removal become more
complicated;
- deleting original objects leads to deletion of generated
objects.

Network (NDB) – allows you to display various relationships of data items in form of arbitrary graph. A network database consists
of records set and related links set. There are no special restrictions on formation of links.
If in hierarchical structures stream record could have only one ancestor record, then in network data model descendant record can
have arbitrary number of ancestor records (free parent) [17], [18]. Databases have wide variety of applications in business systems
(table 10).
Table 10: Features NDB
Advantages NDB Disadvantages NDB
- many-to-many relationship, since data HDB does not - high complexity and rigidity of database schema (when
account for many human organizational events that require database structure changes, it leads to restructuring of entire
entity to have multiple upstream relationships with other database);
entities; - complexity of understanding and performing information
- high-speed performance, unlike HDB, flexibility in data processing;
storage; - problem of ensuring safety of information in database.
- versatility in comparison with other models, as well as
ability to access data through values of several relations.
The design of information systems, including databases, is carried out at physical and logical levels.
It has been determined that solution to problems of designing information systems at physical level largely depends on DBMS
used and is often automated and also hidden from user.

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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS)
ISSN: 2643-640X
Vol. 5 Issue 10, October - 2021, Pages: 73-80
In some cases, user is given opportunity to configure individual parameters of system, which is not big problem.
Modern DBMS should provide following types of functions and services (services).
Let's consider one of main functions of DBMS – storing, retrieving and updating data. DBMS should provide users with ability to
save, retrieve and update data in database. This is fundamental function of DBMS.
In course of processes analysis of storing, retrieving and updating data in database, it was determined that way these functions are
implemented in DBMS should make it possible to hide from end user internal details of physical implementation of system (for
example, file organization or storage structures used).
Next, consider directory available to end users.
DBMS must have directory accessible to end users, in which description of data items is stored.
Key feature, for example, of ANSI-SPARC architecture, is presence of integrated system catalog with data about schemas, users,
applications, etc. [19].
It is assumed that catalog is accessible to both users and DBMS functions. System catalog, or data dictionary, is repository of
information describing data in database (in fact, it is metadata). Depending on type of DBMS used, amount of information and way it
is used may vary.
Typically, following information is stored in system catalog [20]:
- names, types and sizes of data items;
- links names;
- integrity support constraints imposed on data;
- names of authorized users who have been granted right to access data;
- external, conceptual and internal schemes and mappings between them;
- statistical data, for example, frequency of transactions and counters of calls to database objects.
The system catalog allows you to achieve certain advantages listed below [20]:
- information about data can be centrally collected and stored, which will allow you to control access to this data, like any other
resource;
- you can define meaning of data, which will help other users to understand their purpose;
- message is simplified as precise definitions of meaning of data are preserved. The system catalog can also indicate one or more
users who are owners of data or have right to access them;
- due to centralized storage, redundancy and inconsistencies in description of individual data elements can be easily detected;
- changes made to database can be recorded.
- consequences of any changes can be determined even before they are made, since all existing data elements, links established
between them, as well as all their users are recorded in system catalog;
- security measures can be further strengthened;
- there are new opportunities for organizing data integrity support;
- an audit of stored information can be performed.
Consider transaction support function.
DBMS must have mechanism that guarantees execution of either all update operations of given transaction, or none of them.
A transaction is collection of actions performed by individual user or application to access or change contents of database. Examples
of simple transactions include adding, deleting, or updating information about an object to database. If transaction fails during
execution, database is in inconsistent state because some changes have already been made and others have not yet. Therefore, all partial
changes must be rolled back to revert database to its previous, consistent state. Features of concurrency management services.
DBMS must have mechanism that guarantees correct database update when many users perform update operations in parallel [20].
At the same time, parallel access is relatively easy to organize if all users only read data, since in this case they cannot interfere with

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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS)
ISSN: 2643-640X
Vol. 5 Issue 10, October - 2021, Pages: 73-80
each other. However, when several users simultaneously access database, conflict with undesirable consequences can easily arise, for
example, if at least one of them tries to update data.
DBMS must ensure that such conflicts do not occur when many users access database at the same time.
Recovery services. When discussing transaction support, it was mentioned that if transaction fails, database must be returned to
consistent state, which must be guaranteed by capabilities of DBMS [14].
Data access control services. DBMS must have mechanism to ensure that only authorized users can access database. The term
"security" refers to protecting database from intentional or accidental unauthorized access. It is assumed that DBMS provides
mechanisms for such data protection.
Data exchange support. DBMS must be able to integrate with communication software in order to organize access for remote users
to centralized database (within framework of distributed processing system).
Data Integrity Support Services. DBMS must have tools to control that data and its changes comply with specified rules. The
integrity of database means correctness and consistency of stored data and is expressed in form of restrictions or rules for maintaining
consistency of data, which should not be violated in database [20].
Data independence support services. DBMS must have tools to support independence of programs from database structure. Data
independence is discussed above and is usually achieved by implementing a view or subcircuit support mechanism. Physical
independence from data is fairly easy to achieve, as there are usually several types of allowable changes to physical characteristics of
database that do not affect views in any way. However, achieving complete logical independence from data is more difficult. As a
rule, system easily adapts to adding new object, attribute, or relationship, but not removing them. In some systems, it is generally
forbidden to make any changes to already existing components of logic circuit [19].
4. CONCLUSION
Research in field of developing databases and working with modern applications, their implementation in modern enterprises is
constantly expanding, so issue of researching database features still requires further attention.
Over past decade, number of new solutions and technologies for databases has appeared, corresponding to new types of applications
and requirements to which they contribute, main ones are considered and, as result, their features are determined.
Thus, database is organized structure for storing information. The concept of database management system is closely related to
concept of database.
This paper discusses functions that typical DBMS should provide (presence of integrated system catalog with data about schemas,
users, applications; support for transactions; correct database update and recovery; data access control; support for data exchange and
data integrity).
The review is devoted to highlighting advantages and disadvantages of existing databases. The article summarizes material on key
aspects that should be present in modern DBMS, which will allow you to better understand procedures for building, working and using
them.
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