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PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

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PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

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aslamsaira437
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PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

IDENTIFIER:
An identifier is the name given to the variable, constant, type, function or label in the
program. Identifier is an important feature of all computer languages.

EXAMPLE:
In ‘int student Age’; ‘student Age’ is an identifier.

RULES FOR IDENTIFIERS:


. The first character must be an alphabet or underscore (-).
. The identifier name must consist of only alphabetic characters, digits or underscore.
. The reversed word cannot be used as identifier name.
TYPES OF IDENTIFIERS:
There are two types of identifiers in C language:

. Standard identifiers
. User-defined identifier
1-STANDARD IDENTIFIER:
A type of identifier that has special meaning in C is known as standard identifier. C
cannot use a standard identifier for its original purpose if it is redefined.

EXAMPLES:
PRINTF and SCANF are examples of standard identifiers. These are the names of input
\ output functions defined in standard input \ output library STDIO.H.

2-USER-DEFINED IDENTIFIER:
A type of identifiers that is defined by the programmer is known as user-defined
identifiers. The user-defined identifiers are used to store data and program results.

EXAMPLES:
Some examples of user-defined identifiers are a, marks and age etc.

CONSTANT:
A constant is a quantity that cannot be changed during program execution.

EXAMPLE:
# define Pi 3.1428
In above example, Pi is a constant; its value can’t be changed during program
execution.

TYPES OF CONSTANTS:
. Numeric constant
. Character constant
. String constant
NUMERIC CONSTANT:
Numeric constant consists of numbers. It can be further divided into two types:

. Integer constant:
Integer constant are numeric values without fraction or decimal point. Integer constants
represent that are counted. Both positive and negative integer constant are used in C
programs. The minus sign – is used for negative integer constants. If no sign is used,
the value is positive by default.

Examples:
Some examples of integer constants are as follow:
87 45 -10 -5

. Floating point constant:


Floating point constants are numeric values with fraction or decimal point. Floating point
constants represent values that are measured. Both positive and negative floating
points constants are used in C programs. The minus sign – is used for negative floating
points constants are used in C programs. If no sign is used, the value is positive by
default.

Examples:
Some examples of floating points constants are as a follow:
50.75 10.22 -13.42

CHARACTER CONSTANT:
Any character written within single quotation mark is known as character constant. All
alphabetic characters, digits and special symbols can be used as character constants.
The maximum length of a character constant is 1 character.
EXAMPLES:
Some examples of character constants are as follows:
‘A’ ‘-’ ‘9’ ‘=’ ‘$’

STRING CONSTANT:
A collection of characters written in double quotations mark is called string or string
constant. It may consist of any alphabetic characters, digits and special symbols.

EXAMPLES:
Some examples of string constants are as follows:
“Pakistan” “123” “99-Mall Road, Lahore”

THE END

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