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1. Converting to polar coordinates, we have that

(a)
ZZ Z π Z 2
y dA = (r sin θ)r dr dθ
R 0 1
Z π Z 2 
= sin θ r2 dr dθ
0 1
π 2
r3
Z 
= sin θ dθ
0 3 1
Z π  
8 1
= sin θ − dθ
0 3 3
7 π
Z
= sin θ dθ
3 0
7 7 7 7 14
= [− cos θ]π0 = (− cos π − (− cos 0)) = (−(−1) − (−1)) = (1 + 1) = .
3 3 3 3 3
(b)
ZZ p Z π/2 Z 3
2 2
x + y dA = r · r dr dθ
R −π/2 0
Z π/2 Z 3 
= r2 dr dθ
−π/2 0
3
π/2
r3
Z 
= dθ
−π/2 3 0
Z π/2   Z π/2
27 π/2
 π  π 
= − 0 dθ = 9 dθ = 9[θ]−π/2 = 9 − − = 9π.
−π/2 3 −π/2 2 2

(c)
√
Z 2Z 4−x2 Z π/2 Z 2
x2 +y 2 2
2e dy dx = 2er · r dr dθ.
0 0 0 0

Applying u-substitution with u = r2 :

Z π/2 Z 2 Z π/2 Z 4 
2
2er · r dr dθ = eu du dθ
0 0 0 0
Z π/2
= [eu ]40 dθ
0
Z π/2 Z π/2
π/2
π
e4 − e0 dθ = e4 − 1 dθ = e4 − 1 [θ]0 = e4 − 1 .



=
0 0 2

(d)
√
Z 3 Z 9−x2 Z 2π Z 3
−x2 −y 2 2
√ e dy dx = e−r · r dr dθ.
−3 − 9−x2 0 0
1
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1
 Applying u-substitution with u = −r2 :
Z 2π Z 3 Z 2π Z −9   
−r2 1
e · r dr dθ = eu − du dθ
0 0 0 0 2
1 u −9
Z 2π  
= − e dθ
0 2 0
Z 2π
1
− e−9 − e0 dθ


=
0 2

2π
Z
1 1 1
1 − e−9 1 − e−9 [θ]2π 1 − e−9 (2π) = π 1 − e−9 .




= dθ = 0 =
2 0 2 2

2. For this question, we will integrate in the order dz dy dx. To determine the bounds for x and y, we
observe that the projection of the tetrahedron onto the xy-plane is the triangle with vertices at (0, 0),
Z 3
(3, 0), and (0, 6). In particular, we have that the bounds for the x-variable is given by . For the
0
bounds for the y-variable, observe that we are integrating from the x-axis y = 0 to Zthe linear line that
6−2x
passes through (0, 6) and (3, 0), hence the bounds for the y-variable is given by . Finally, in
0
the z-direction, we see that we are integrating from the xy-plane z = 0 up to the plane specified in
Z 4− 4 x− 2 y
3 3
the question, hence the bounds for the z-variable is given by . Putting this all together, we
0
have that the triple iterated integral is given by:
Z 3 Z 6−2x Z 4− 43 x− 23 y
f (x, y, z) dz dy dx.
0 0 0

ZZZ
3. The mass of T is given by ρ(x, y, z) dV . The triple integral can be computed by the following
T
triple iterated integral: Z 1 Z 1−x Z 2−2x−2y
ρ(x, y, z) dz dy dx.
0 0 0
Note that the bounds for the above integral are determined using the same method from Problem 2.
Computing the integral, we have:
Z 1 Z 1−x Z 2−2x−2y Z 1 Z 1−x Z 2−2x−2y
ρ(x, y, z) dz dy dx = x dz dy dx
0 0 0 0 0 0
Z 1 Z 1−x
= (2x − 2x2 − 2xy) dy dx
0 0
Z 1
1−x
2xy − 2x2 y − xy 2 0 dx

=
0
Z 1
= 2x(1 − x) − 2x2 (1 − x) − x(1 − x)2 dx
0
Z 1
= x(1 − x)2 dx
0
1
x2 2x3 x4

1 2 1 1
= − + = − + = .
2 3 4 0 2 3 4 12

2
4. The mass is given by the triple iterated integral:
Z 1 Z 2x Z x+y Z 1 Z 2x
2
x dz dy dx = x2 (x + y) dy dx
0 0 0 0 0
1 2x
y2
Z 
2
= x xy + dx
0 2 y=0
Z 1
x2 2x2 + 2x2 dx


=
0
1 1
4x5
Z 
4 4
= 4x dx = = .
0 5 0 5

5. The volume of the solid is given by the triple iterated integral:

Z 2 Z 1 Z 10−x+2y
dz dy dx.
0 0 x+y

Computing this, we have:

Z 2 Z 1 Z 10−x+2y Z 2Z 1
dz dy dx = (10 − x + 2y) − (x + y) dy dx
0 0 x+y 0 0
Z 2Z 1
= 10 − 2x + y dy dx
0 0
2 1
y2
Z
= 10y − 2xy + dx
0 2 y=0
Z 2   2
21 21x 2
= − 2x dx = −x = 17.
0 2 2 0

6. The solid E is given by the region bounded by the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 and the plane z = 4
restricted to the half where y ≥ 0. The projection of the region onto the xy-plane is the disk of radius
2 centered at the origin restricted to the half where y ≥ 0. Converting to cylindrical coordinates, the
mass is given by the integral: Z Z Z π 2 4
(r sin θ + 2)r dz dr dθ.
0 0 r2

Z π Z 2Z 4 Z π Z 2
(r sin θ + 2)r dz dr dθ = (4 − r2 )(r sin θ + 2)r dr dθ
0 0 r2 0 0
Z π Z 2
= 8r + 4r2 sin θ − 2r3 − r4 sin θ dr dθ
0 0
Z π 2
2 4 3 1 4 1 5
= 4r + r sin θ − r − r sin θ dθ
0 3 2 5
Z π  π 0
64 64 128
= 8+ sin θ dθ = 8θ − cos θ = 8π + .
0 15 15 0 15

7. 
It is straightforward from the definitions that, for cylindrical
 coordinates,
 we get the triple (r, θ, z) =
√

3π 3π π
3, , 3 . For spherical coordinates, we have (ρ, θ, ϕ) = 18, , .
2 2 4
8. (a) bottom right
(b) bottom middle

9. (a) top right

(b) bottom right

3
10. (a) B
(b) B

11. Note this problem is solved in Lecture Notes 15.8, pages 6-7.
Rewriting the surfaces in spherical coordinates, we get:

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2z ⇐⇒ ρ2 = 2ρ cos ϕ
p
z = x2 + y 2 ⇐⇒ ρ cos ϕ = ρ sin ϕ.

In particular, the spherical coordinates for the sphere is given by ρ = 2 cos ϕ and will form the upper
bounds in the ρ variable. Similarly, the spherical coordinates for the cone reduces to tan ϕ = 1 or
ϕ = π4 which forms the upper bound in the ϕ-variable. Furthermore, it is clear from the region that
the θ bounds are given by [0, 2π]. In particular, the volume of the solid is given by:
ZZZ Z 2π Z π/4 Z 2 cos ϕ
dV = ρ2 sin ϕ dρ dϕ dθ
E 0 0 0
Z 2π Z π/4  2 cos ϕ
1 3
= ρ sin ϕ dϕ dθ
0 0 3 0
Z 2π Z π/4
8
= cos3 ϕ sin ϕ dϕ dθ.
0 0 3
Applying u-substitution with u = cos ϕ, we get:
√  √
2π 1/ 2 2π
2 4 1/ 2
Z Z Z  Z 2π
8 1
= − u3 du dθ = − u dθ = dθ = π.
0 1 3 0 3 1 0 2
√
12. We first note that the linear transformation x = 10u, y = 2v/ 3 maps the unit disk D = {(u, v) :
u2 + v 2 ≤ 1} to the region R bounded by the ellipse. In particular, as in Notes 15.9, we have that:
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
20 20
1 dA = |J| dA = √ dA = √ dA,
R D D 3 3 D
20
where J = √ is the Jacobian of this linear transformation. The area of the unit disk is π, hence, the
3
20π
area of R is equal to √ .
3
13. We first note that the linear transformation x = 2u, y = 3v maps the upper half H = {(u, v) :
u2 + v 2 ≤ 1, v ≥ 0} of the unit disk to R, hence we have that:
ZZ ZZ ZZ
4x2 + 9y 2 dA = u2 + v 2 |J| dA = u2 + v 2 6 dA.



R H H

Changing to polar coordinates and then computing the integral we get:

ZZ Z πZ 1 Z π
2 2

2 3 3π
u + v 6 dA = 6r · r dr dθ = dθ = .
H 0 0 0 2 2

14. We first compute the necessary partial derivatives:

∂x ∂y
= 2uv, =2
∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y
= u2 + 5, = 2v.
∂v ∂v

The Jacobian J(u, v) is then given by:

 ∂x ∂x   
2uv 2
∂u ∂v
J(u, v) = det ∂y ∂y = det 2 + 5 2v = (2uv)(2v) − 2(u2 + 5) = 4uv 2 − 2u2 − 10.
∂u ∂v
u

4
 √
15. The linear transformation x = 10u, y = 2v/ 3, z = 5w maps the unit ball B = {(u, v, w) : u2 + v 2 +
w2 ≤ 1} to the desired elliptic solid and has Jacobian given by J = 100
√ . Thus the volume of the solid
3
is given by: ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
100 100 100 4π 400π
dV = √ dV = √ dV = √ · = √ .
E B 3 3 B 3 3 3 3
16. As in Notes 15.9, see examples on pages 3-4, to get the desired linear transformation T , we use x = u−v
y = −u + 3v. Then x + y = 2v and the Jacobian is J = 3 − 1 = 2. Hence, applying a change of
variables with this transformation T , we get that:
ZZ ZZ
(x + y) dA = 2v · 2 dA
B A
Z 1 Z 1−u Z 1 Z 1  1
 2 1−u 2 1 3 2
=4 v dv du = 2 v 0 du = 2 (1 − u) du = 2 − (1 − u) = .
0 0 0 0 3 0 3

17. The last one. For explanation see page 4 in Notes 16.3.

18. (a) The integral of the gradient of a function over a curve is given by the difference of the values of
the function at the end points. In this case, the value of the function at the beginning (resp. the
end) of the curve is −12 (resp. 0), hence the value of the integral is 0 − (−12) = 12.
(b) The curve C has approximate length 2 (it’s longer than the vertical path between its endpoints
which has length about 1.7 from the beginning to the end). Assuming that f (x, y) increases
linearly from −12 to 0 along the curve so it has the average value of −6 along the curve, we
conclude that the line integral is approximately 2 · (−6) = −12.
(c) The distance from P to Q along the contour line f (x, y) = 4 is approximately 2, hence the line
integral is approximately 4 · 2 = 8.
(d) Arguing as in part (a), we conclude this line integral is f (P ) − f (Q) = 4 − 4 = 0.

19. (a) F .
(b) The work done is 0 as the straight line path is always perpendicular to G.
(c) The work done is positive as the tangent vector along the straight line path is always in the same
direction as H.

20. Recall that given a function f (x, y) and a curve C parameterized by r(t) = ⟨x(t), y(t)⟩ for a ≤ t ≤
Z Z b
b, then f (x, y) ds = f (x(t), y(t)) r′ (t) dt. We first compute r′ (t) = ⟨1, 3t2 ⟩ hence |r′ (t)| =
√ C a
1 + 9t4 . Finally:
b 1p 1
9 1
Z Z Z  
p 9 14
f (x(t), y(t)) r′ (t) dt = 1 + 9t4 1 + 9t4 dt = 1 + 9t4 dt = t + t5 = 1 + = .
a 0 0 5 0 5 5

21. We proceed as in the previous question. We have r′ (t) = ⟨− sin t, cos t⟩ hence |r′ (t)| = 1. Thus:
Z π
2 π
sin t · 1 dt = [− cos t]02 = 1.
0

√
22. We have that r′ (t) = ⟨− sin t, cos t, 1⟩ hence |r′ (t)| = 2. Thus the line integral is given by:
π
Z
2
Z
2 √
xy ds = cos t sin2 t · 2 dt.
C 0

Applying u-substitution with u = sin t, we get:

π 1 √
√ √ Z 1 √
Z 
2
2 2 1 2
cos t sin t · 2 dt = 2 u du = 2 u3 = .
0 0 3 0 3

5
23. (a) Since r′ (t) = ⟨4, 1⟩, then:
Z Z 1
2
(2x − y) dx + x dy = (2(4t) − (1 + t)) · 4 + (4t)2 · 1 dt
C 0
Z 1
= 28t − 4 + 16t2 dt
0
16 3 1
 
2 16 46
= 14t − 4t + t = 14 − 4 + = .
3 0 3 3

(b) Since r′ (t) = ⟨1, 2t⟩, then:

Z Z 1
2
(2x − y) dx + x dy = (2t − t2 ) · 1 + t2 · 2t dt
C 0
Z 1
= 2t − t2 + 2t3 dt
0
1 3 1 4 1
 
2 1 1 7
= t − t + t =1− + = .
3 2 0 3 2 6

24. (a) Recall that for a parameterization of C given by r(t) = ⟨x(t), y(t)⟩ for a ≤ t ≤ b, then:
Z Z b Z 1
′
F · dr = F(x(t), y(t)) · r (t) dt = ⟨2t − t2 , t2 ⟩ · ⟨1, 2t⟩ dt.
C a 0
7
which we computed to be 6 in Problem 23(b).
(b) Since r′ (t)
= ⟨1, 2t, 3t2 ⟩,
then:

1 6 1
Z Z 1 Z 1  
3 2 5 2 1 9
F · dr = ⟨2, 2, t ⟩ · ⟨1, 2t, 3t ⟩ dt = 2 + 4t + 3t dt = 2t + 2t + t =2+2+ = .
C 0 0 2 0 2 2

(c) Since r′ (t) = ⟨− sin t, cos t, 1⟩, then:

Z Z 2π
F · dr = ⟨− sin t, cos t, t2 ⟩ · ⟨− sin t, cos t, 1⟩ dt
C 0
2π 2π
1 2π 8π 3
Z Z  
= sin2 t + cos2 t + t2 dt = 1 + t2 dt = t + t3 = 2π + .
0 0 3 0 3

∂ ∂ 2
25. (a) Since ∂y (xy) = x ̸= ∂x (x ) = 2x, we conclude F cannot be conservative.
(b) Integrating the first term with respect to x, we get that:
Z
1
x4 + 3 dx = x5 + 3x + C(y).
5
Taking the derivative of the above with respect to y and equating with the second term, we get
that:
 
∂ 1 5 1
4
y = x + 3x + C(y) = C ′ (y) =⇒ C(y) = y 5 .
∂y 5 5

Therefore, f (x, y) = 51 x5 + 3x + 51 y 5 is a potential function for F.

(c) If F were conservative, then the line integral along any closed path is necessarily equal to 0.
Let C denote the counterclockwise path around the unit circle which we can parameterize as
r(t) = ⟨cos t, sin t⟩ for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then
Z Z 2π Z 2π  
′ sin t cos t
F · dr = F(r(t)) · r (t) dt = − 2 , · ⟨− sin t, cos t⟩ dt
C 0 0 cos t + sin2 t cos2 t + sin2 t
Z 2π Z 2π
sin2 t + cos2 t
= dt = 1 dt = 2π ̸= 0.
0 cos2 t + sin2 t 0

Therefore, F is not conservative.

6
26. (a) We first compute the antiderivative of the first component of F with respect to x:
Z
f (x, y, z) = y 2 dx = xy 2 + C(y, z).

We now compute the derivative with respect to y of the above function and set it equal to the
second component of F:
∂ ∂ ∂
f (x, y, z) = 2xy + C(y, z) = 2xy + z =⇒ C(y, z) = z =⇒ C(y, z) = zy + D(z).
∂y ∂y ∂y

Finally, plugging this into f (x, y, z) and setting the derivative with respect to z to the last
component of F, we get that:
∂ ∂
xy 2 + zy + D(z) = y + D′ (z).


y= f (x, y, z) =
∂z ∂z
In particular, D(z) is a constant which we can set to 0. Therefore, f (x, y, z) = xy 2 + zy is a
potential function for F.
(b) Since r(0) = r(2π), we see that the curve is closed and the line integral is 0.

27. We wish to find a function f (x, y, z) such that ∇f = F. We first compute the antiderivative of the
first component F1 of F with respect to x up to some function C(y, z):
Z Z
F1 dx = (yz + 2x sin z) dx = xyz + x2 sin z + C(y, z).

The derivative of the above expression with respect to y should then equal the second component of
F. In particular, we may then compute the antiderivative of C(y, z) with respect to y up to some
function D(z):

∂ ∂
xz + 3y 2 = xyz + x2 sin z + C(y, z) = xz + C(y, z) =⇒ C(y, z) = y 3 + D(z).


∂y ∂y

Plugging this back into the original expression, we get that f (x, y, z) = xyz + y 3 + x2 sin z + D(z). We
can determine D(z) up to a constant by taking z partial derivative and setting it to equal the third
component of F:
d
xy + x2 cos z = xyz + y 3 + x2 sin z + D(z) = xy + x2 cos z + D′ (z).


dz
From this, we see that D′ (z) = 0 and hence D(z) is a constant term which we can set to 0. Therefore,
a potential function for F is f (x, y, z) = xyz + y 3 + x2 sin z.

28. (a) Recall that a vector field F whose domain is simply connected (that’s the case because the domain
for our F is R3 ) is conservative if and only if curl F = 0. Let’s compute the curl:

∂ ∂
∂ ∂
x10 cos z + 3e2y z 2 − Be2y z 3 , Ax9 sin z − x10 cos z + 3e2y z 2 ,




curl F =
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x

∂ ∂
Be2y z 3 − Ax9 sin z = 6e2y z 2 − 3Be2y z 2 , Ax9 cos z − 10x9 cos z , 0 − 0




∂x ∂y
= (6 − 3B)e2y z 2 , (A − 10)x9 cos z, 0 .

From above, we require that 6 − 3B = 0 and A − 10 = 0 or B = 2 and A = 10 respectively.

(b) From (a), we have that F = ⟨10x9 sin z, 2e2y z 3 , x10 cos z + 3e2y z 2 ⟩. We first compute f (x, y, z) as
the antiderivative of the first component of F with respect to x:
Z
f (x, y, z) = 10x9 sin z dx = x10 sin z + C(y, z).

7
 We now take the partial derivative of the above with respect to y and equate it with the second
component of F:
∂ ∂
2e2y z 3 = x10 sin z + C(y, z) =


C(y, z).
∂y ∂y

Taking the antiderivative of the left-hand side above, we get that C(y, z) = e2y z 3 + D(z) which
we substitute into f (x, y, z) above. Finally, taking the partial derivative of f (x, y, z) with respect
to z and equating it with the last component of F, we get that:
∂
x10 cos z + 3e2y z 2 = x10 sin z + e2y z 3 + D(z) = x10 cos z + 3e2y z 2 + D′ (z) =⇒ D′ (z) = 0.


∂z
In particular, D(z) is a constant function which we can set to 0. Putting this all together, we
have that a potential function is given by f (x, y, z) = x10 sin z + e2y z 3 .
(c) SinceIF is conservative by part (a), it follows from the Fundamental theorem for line integrals
that F · dr = f (Q) − f (P ), where f is the potential function defined in (b). In particular, since
C
Q and P lie on the level surface S defined by f = 3, we have that f (Q) = f (P ) = 3, hence the
line integral is 0.

29. (a) Closed

(b) Bounded
(c) Neither

30. (a) The region D is not simply connected.

(b) If F were conservative, then line integrals depend only on the endpoints of the curve they are
taken over. In particular, the line integral along A and C should be equal which they are not,
hence F is not conservative.
(c) Applying Green’s theorem to the closed curve −B ∪ C, we get that:
I ZZ   ZZ
∂Q ∂P
F · dr = − dA = 0 dA = 0.
−B∪C R ∂x ∂y R
Z Z Z Z
In particular, F · dr = − F · dr = −2, hence F · dr = − F · dr = −(−2) = 2.
−B C B −B

31. Let D denote the upper half of the unit disk centered at the origin. Then by Green’s theorem:
I ZZ  
 4
y
 ∂  y4  ∂
(x + y) dx + e + 7x dy = e + 7x − (x + y) dA
C D ∂x ∂y
ZZ ZZ ZZ  
1
= (7 − 1) dA = 6 dA = 6 1 dA = 6 π = 3π.
D D D 2

32. Let R denote the annulus bounded by the curves A and B. Let C denote the boundary of R with the
orientation as in the Green’s theorem (the region must be on your left as you walk along a boundary
curve around the region). Then C = −A ∪ B as both A and B are oriented counterclockwise. Hence,
I I I
F · dr = F · dr − F · dr.
A B C
I
We will compute F · dr using Green’s theorem as follows:
C
I ZZ   ZZ ZZ
∂Q ∂P
F · dr = − dA = 2 dA = 2 1 dA = 2(12) = 24.
C R ∂x ∂y R R
I
Therefore, F · dr = 16 − 24 = −8.
A

8
33. (a) We first note that C does not have
I the correctI(=counterclockwise) orientation to apply Green’s
theorem, hence we will first use F · dr = − F · dr. By Green’s theorem, we have that:
C −C
I ZZ  
∂  y2
 ∂
F · dr = cos y + 2x − e − (x − 1) dA
−C ∂x ∂y
Z ZR ZZ π 
= (2 − 0) dA = 2 1 dA = 2 = π,
R R 2
ZZ
where in the second last equality we used that 1 dA computes the area of R. Therefore, the
I R
answer is F · dr = −π.
C
(b) Denote C = D ∪ D′ , where D′ is the line segment starting at (1, 0) and ending at (−1, 0). In
particular: I Z Z
F · dr = F · dr + F · dr,
C D D′
hence it suffices to compute the line integral along ′
D. Aparameterization for D′ is given by
r(t) = ⟨−t, 0⟩ for −1 ≤ t ≤ 1. Hence,
Z Z 1 Z 1  1
0 1 2
F · dr = ⟨−t − 1, cos 0 + 2t − e ⟩ · ⟨−1, 0⟩ dt = (t + 1) dt = t +t = 2.
D′ −1 −1 2 −1
Z I Z
Therefore, F · dr = F · dr − F · dr = −π − 2.
D C D′
34. By Green’s theorem, we have that:
I ZZ   ZZ
∂ 2

∂ 2 2


F · dr = 4x + sin y − y − 4x dA = (8x − 2y) dA
C D ∂x ∂y D
ZZ ZZ
=8 x dA − 2 y dA = 8(12) − 2(10) = 96 − 20 = 76.
D D

35. (a)
∂ ∂ ∂
(cos x + ey ) + y 2 z + sin x = − sin x + 0 + y 2 = y 2 − sin x.


div F = ∇ · F = (x − ln z) +
∂x ∂y ∂z
(b)

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
y 2 z + sin x − (cos x + ey ) − y 2 z + sin x ,



curl F = ∇ × F = (x − ln z) ,
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x

∂ ∂
(x − ln z) − (cos x + ey )
∂x ∂y
     
1 y 1 y
= 2yz − − , 0 − cos x, 1 − e = 2yz + , − cos x, 1 − e .
z z
(c) Since curl F ̸= 0, we conclude F is not conservative.
36. (a)
∂ ∂ ∂
y 2 z = z + xz + y 2 .


div F = ∇ · F = (xz) + (xyz) +
∂x ∂y ∂z
(b)
 
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂
y2z − y2z ,


curl F = (xyz), (xz) − (xyz) − (xz) = ⟨2yz − xy, x, yz⟩.
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
We note that the divergence of the curl of a vector field defined on a simply connected (=with
no holes or punctures) domain (which is the case for the domain D = R3 for F) is always 0.
(c) If a vector field G with curl G = F existed, then, as in part (b), we could conclude that
div(curl G) = div F = 0.
However, as we proved in part (a), div F ̸= 0. This shows that no such G exists.