Electrolyser innovations

PEM, alkaline, SOEC, and AEM

Stephen B. Harrison, Managing Director, sbh4 consulting
Hydrogen Tech World Conference, Essen
26th June 2024

Content and concept copyright and IP of sbh4 GmbH, 2024 all rights reserved
Agenda
1. Innovations in alkaline electrolysis
2. Innovations in PEM electrolysis
3. Innovations in PEM and alkaline electrolyser safety
4. Innovations in solid oxide electrolysis
5. Innovations in AEM electrolysis
6. Innovation or chaos?
7. Innovation in electrolyser manufacturing
8. Innovation in electrolyser supply chains

Conference 2024

23 June 2024 2
Innovations in alkaline electrolysis

Conference 2024
A typical 400 kW PEM / AEM / Alkaline stack generates 120 kW of heat.
Should an electrolyser produce heat, or hydrogen? Reducing resistance is a
key path to improving efficiency and reducing the BOP costs of heat
exchangers and cooling towers.

23 June 2024 4
Hydrogen and oxygen gas bubbles on the electrolyser electrodes or
membrane increase resistance and reduces efficiency. Hysata’s bubble-free
electrolysis addresses this issue.

23 June 2024 5
Hysata proposed cell integration into low-cost stack. High
efficiency reduces waste heat generation and reduces BOP
cooling cost.

• NiFeOOH Oxygen electrocatalyst

• Pt/C Hydrogen electrocatalyst
• 27 wt% KOH lye eletrolyte
• 80 – 85 °C operating temperature
• 95% efficiency (HHV) at 0.8 A/cm2
current density
• 100% efficiency (HHV) at 0.3 A/cm2
current density
• 39.4 to 41.5 kWh / kg H2
• Porous, hydrophilic polyether
sulphone (PES) capillary separator

https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups-bring-down-cost-green-hydrogen-11668117024?reflink=share_mobilewebshare
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/areisf_hydrogen-greenhydrogen-netzero-activity-6960655606722502656-
SE7h?utm_source=linkedin_share&utm_medium=member_desktop_web
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23 June 2024 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28953-x
 Hysata high-efficiency,
capillary-fed, zero bubble
pressurised alkaline
electrolysis results in BOP
cost reductions compared
to other pressurised alkaline
electrolysis systems due to
reduced size of power
management, less cooling
requirement and
elimination of gas / liquid
separation

Reduced size /
reduced cost BOP
items

Eliminated BOP
items

7
23 June 2024
High pressure hydrogen for ammonia production or hydrogen mobility.
Newes, NL. Tested 1.5 kW alkaline electrolyser with 140 bar hydrogen
delivery at 99.3% purity in 2022, target to achieve 350 bar in 2023.

23 June 2024 https://www.newes.nl/hydrogen/ 8

Innovations in PEM electrolysis

Conference 2024
 • Classical PEM stack
architecture relies on
precious metals: gold (BPP
coating), iridium (anode)
and platinum (cathode).
• Metallic components (BPP,
PTL) are built around
titanium – a metal in high
demand for building
nuclear submarines and
apple phones!
• Manufacturing is complex
due to processing of
flexible membrane that is
boiled, then coated with the
catalytic powders.
• Assembly requires
mechanical compression to
retain gases at 20 to 30 bar.
• Gaskets and seals are
critical to avoid internal and
external leakages.

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23 June 2024
23 June 2024 11
Sintered titanium powder mesh has historically been the standard PTL material, but
sintered titanium fibres (eg Bekaert) are now established and can improve PTL and stack
performance through reduced electrical resistance. Fibres also increase the membrane
life, compared to powder.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333360045_Polymer_Electrolyte_Water_Electrolysis_Correlating_Performance_and_Porous_T
ransport_Layer_Structure_Part_II_Electrochemical_Performance_Analysis
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.0561904jes/pdf
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Optimization-of-porous-current-collectors-for-PEM-Grigorieva- 12
23 June 2024 Baranova/28e162d1b4deb9e46fb14c3e0001085c62d4bf3e
Using carbon or coated carbon felts instead of titanium
powders, fibres and felts for the PTL can reduce cost.

Freudenberg E35H carbon felt

Manufacturing Cost Analysis for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers,

Ahmad Mayyas et al, 2019, NREL/TP-6A20-72740
23 June 2024 https://www.quintech.de/produkte/komponenten/gasdiffusionslagen/gdl-fuer-elektrolyse/e35-h/ 13
Iridium oxide catalyses the oxygen evolution reaction. Avoidance of iridium oxide for the
anode catalyst is possible, for example PMF powder from PAJARITO POWDER. But
performance is reduced, and a larger membrane / electrolyser is required with additional
materials usage.

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23 June 2024 https://www.h2utechnologies.com/technology
Innovations in PEM and alkaline
electrolyser safety

Conference 2024
For alkaline electrolysis, the hydrogen in oxygen concentration can be 1.5%.
2% would be 50% of the LEL. For safety management and electrolyser
process control, a measurement range of 0 to 5% may be suitable.

23 June 2024 Experimental evaluation of dynamic operating concepts for alkaline water electrolyzers powered by renewable energy, 16
Jörn Brauns & Thomas Tuerk in Alectrochimica Acta, Dec 2021
23 June 2024 17
Gore – making improvements to the polymer electrolyte membrane to reduce
power input and improve operability at low-load conditions. Data presented
is as expected for 80 °C, atmospheric pressure. This membrane is
incorporated into the Siemens Energy Silyzer 300 stacks.

18
23 June 2024 ADVANCED MEMBRANE DESIGN & CRITICAL FACTORS IN SCALING PEM WATER ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEMS,
Rainer Enggruber, W. L. Gore & Associates GmbH
Innovations in solid oxide
electrolysis
SOE – Solid Oxide Electrolysis
SOEC – Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell
HTE – High Temperature Electrolysis
Co-SOEC / Co-electrolysis
CO2 electrolysis / Electrolytic CO2 reduction
 SOEC for H2 production
• With electrical steam
generation, the system
efficiency can around 42
kWh / kg H2
• Waste heat can be used to
vaporise the water feed and
reduce the electrical power
consumption
• With waste heat for steam,
the system efficiency can be
as good as 40 kWh / kg H2 –
about 20% better than many
alkaline and PEM systems
• Low pressure hydrogen
from the stack means
compression and the
associated capex and power
is required, an additional 2
kWh/kg H2 may be required
to compress to circa 20 bar

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23 June 2024
Sunfire – Solid Oxide Electrolysis for hydrogen production.

https://salcos.salzgitter-ag.com/de/grinhy-
23 June 2024 20/news.html?tx_pagetypenews_archive%5Baction%5D=show&tx_pagetypenews_archive%5Barticle%5D=19785&cHash=616e606007d3c39f10c6904eeae0cfeehttps://salcos.salzgitter- 21
ag.com/de/grinhy-20/news.html?tx_pagetypenews_archive%5Baction%5D=show&tx_pagetypenews_archive%5Barticle%5D=19783&cHash=d96708c6f5e1ee4b97a9d49e92a98c81
FuelCell Energy: Solid Oxide Electrolysers in development,
building on SOFC expertise.

• Capacity: 600 kg/day H2 at atmospheric

pressure
• H2 purity (dry gas): 99% H2, 1%N2
• Power: 39.4 kWh/kg H2 with steam input
• Steam (up to): 146 °C, 3.2 bar, 258 kg/hr
• Power: 43.8 kWh/kg H2 with water input
• Water: 5,451 litres per day at < 1 µS/cm
• Footprint: 2x modules, each
L40’xW8’xH10’
• Ramp rate: 10% per minute
• Flexibility: 0 to 100%

22
23 June 2024 https://www.fuelcellenergy.com/platform/solid-oxide-electrolysis
Ceres Power: Solid Oxide Electrolyser in demonstration at AVL
Remscheid test centre, Germany. Further demonstration with Linde
and BOSCH planned.

23
23 June 2024 https://www.ceres.tech/media/image-gallery/
SOEC for hydrogen integrates well with
ammonia production.

23 June 2024 24
 Co-SOEC
• SOEC operating in Co-
SOEC mode uses similar
equipment to SOEC
operating in steam to
hydrogen mode
• The key difference is
that high purity CO2 is
fed to the stack in
addition to steam
• Syngas is produced
• For CO2 reduction to CO
(as Topsøe operates)
only CO2 is fed to the
SOEC stack

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23 June 2024
 Topsøe eCOs , CO2 to CO reduction using electrolysis on
SOEC. Topsøe leased 2 x750 kW ultrapure CO2 reduction
CO production plants to DeLille Oxygen, USA.

• Electrochemical process to enable green

electrons to reduce CO2 to CO
• CO can be combined with hydrogen to
make syngas for methanol or FTS fuels

23 June 2024 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/MA2021-031191mtgabs 26

Co-SOEC for syngas production integrates well with e-methanol production.
Some modern e-methanol plants use direct hydrogenation of CO2, avoiding
the need to produce CO.

23 June 2024 27
Co-SOEC for syngas production integrates well with Fischer Tropsch
Synthesis (FTS) for Power to Liquids for e-fuels such as eSAF. Direct
hydrogenation of CO2 for FTS is being researched, but not yet deployed. So,
syngas with CO and H2 is required.

23 June 2024 28
Innovations in AEM electrolysis
AEM – Anion Exchange Membrane
AEM - Alkaline Electrolyte Membrane

Conference 2024
• AEM sits between alkaline
(AEC) and PEM technologies
• Operating conditions are
alkaline like AEC, not acidic
like PEM
• Materials of construction and
catalysts are low-cost, like
AEC
• System has potential to be
low capex
• The use of a membrane
gives it characteristics close
to PEM technology
• AEM aligns well with
intermittent operation and
variable renewable power
input
• Efficiencies are not yet as
good as most PEM or
alkaline systems
• Key development in recent
years has been to increase
the stack life with improved
membrane durability
23 June 2024 30
Shooting an OH- ion through a membrane is like Dirty Harry
firing a Smith & Wesson model 29 bullet at a punk.

31
23 June 2024 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317425515_Metal-Organic_Framework-
Enapter AEM Nexus, 1MW Multicore (420 modules) at Bioenergiepark
Saerbeck. 210 Nm3/hr (450 kg / day) of hydrogen at 99.9% purity (99.999%
with dryer).

• 3% to 105% turn down / turn up

• Up to 35 bar hydrogen pressure
• 4.8 kWh/Nm3 hydrogen
• 53.4 kWh/kg H2
• 190 litres per hour of water

23 June 2024 https://www.enapter.com/application/development-of-megawatt-scale-aem-electrolysers#48058 32

Cavendish Renewable Technology – large AEM stack in development.
Membrane life is extended using low temperature operation, enabled by
innovative membrane catalyst coating.

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23 June 2024
EVōLOH – Carbonate AEM electrolysis. Membrane life is extended using buffered
electrolyte with pH close to 7. Focus on stack production at scale and low cost. Allow
EPCs to integrate the stacks into large systems.

• Low-cost stack materials:

aluminium, plastic, steel and
carbon
• Targeting USD30 per kW for
stacks (excludes BOP)
• IP surrounding the electrodes
and electrode materials
• Highly manufacturable stack
• Reel to reel manufacturing
• 3.75 GW per year stack
production planned
• High power density to reduce
stack size
• Membrane life extended due
to use of less aggressive
carbonate electrolyte with pH
close to 7

23 June 2024 https://ceraweek.com/program/evoloh-8822-805228/ 34

High pressure AEM with 200 bar hydrogen for
ammonia or hydrogen mobility. POWER to
HYDROGEN (P2H2) Clean Energy Bridge .

• 200 bar hydrogen generation

• Pure oxygen co-generation
• Able to integrate with variable renewables
35
23 June 2024 https://power-h2.com/products/
Twelve, USA. Using AEM-type electrolysis to convert water
and CO2 to syngas for hydrocarbon production.

23 June 2024 https://www.twelve.co/technology 36

 Ionomr Innovations and several others developing
‘fluoropolymer-free’ AEM membranes.
Dioxide Materials, Sustainion®

Fumatech, Fumasep FAA-3

Ionomr Innovations, Aemion+

https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/electrochemical/article-pdf/18/2/024001/6673712/jeecs_18_2_024001.pdf
https://ionomr.com/solutions/aemion/
https://dioxidematerials.com/product/40-micron-sustainion-x37/ 37
23 June 2024 https://www.laborxing.com/de/products/fumasep-faa-3-pk-130-anion-exchange-membrane# Tokuyama A901
Innovation or chaos?

Conference 2024
Alkaline electrolysis from hydropower for green hydrogen has been deployed in Norway, Egypt and
Zimbabwe at 100+ MW since 1928. The target molecule in each case was ammonium nitrate. In the
1970s, cheap grey hydrogen / grey ammonia from natural gas reforming made all these facilities un-
economical.

• 1973
• 1949 • 1973
• Sable Chemicals ammonia plant, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe,
• Hydro power from Glomfjord, Norway • Kima Fertilizer plant, Egypt
• Hydro power from the Kariba dam
• Ammonium nitrate fertilizer production • Hydro power from the Aswan dam
• Electrolysers from Lurgi, (now Sunfire, through IHT acquisition)
• Nel alkaline electrolysis • BBC Electrolyzer System Oerlikon
• 100MW Pressurised Alkaline (28 x 3.5MW)
• 160 MW on 150 modules • 144 MW alkaline electrolysis (144 modules)
• 21,000 Nm3 / hr hydrogen at 30 bar
• 27,100 Nm3 / hr H2 at atmospheric pressure • 32,000 Nm3 / hr hydrogen at atmospheric pressure
• Hydrogen for Ammonia source switched to rail imports from South
Africa in 2015, electrolysers no longer in use

https://www.ammoniaenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Project-Features-November-2022-speaker-slides.pdf
https://hydrogenoptimized.com/history/
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZgbDz7Yv2AhUJHOwKHVKiBlEQFnoECAYQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteproxy.ruqli.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.elygrid.com%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F07%2Fevent_8th-international-symposium-hydrogen-and-energy.pdf&usg=AOvVaw38Uh2oRsQgsfPBsI54mifu 39
23 June 2024 Image from NEL Hydrogen, published in Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis, Copyright Elsevier 2022
Early PEM (SPE) electrolysers were developed for oxygen supply on US Navy nuclear
submarines to enable long dives. They were also used in space stations to convert water
to oxygen. MW-scale PEM-based green hydrogen concepts were developed in the 1970’s.

General Electric Company PEM (Solid Polymer General Electric Company 73MW PEM
Electrolyte, SPE) cell, late 1960s green hydrogen conceptual plant

NASA 27-cell PEM stack, late 1960s General Electric Company PEM
electrolyser to produce oxygen for US
navy submarines, late 1970s
Siemens PEM stack, 1989
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF LARGE SCALE WATER ELECTROLYSIS PLANT USING SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE TECHNOLOGY, L. J. NUTTALL, General Electric Company, 1977
STATUS OF SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY AND POTENTIAL FOR TRANSPORTATION, APPLICATIONS, L. J. NUTTALL, General Electric Company, 1983
23 June 2024 Siemens image from Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis, Tom Smolinka and Jürgen Garche 40
Alkaline and PEM electrolyser technologies are still
innovating, as shown be patent filings in 2021. Will AEM and
SOEC catch up through this decade?

23 June 2024 https://appleyardlees.foleon.com/igipr3/inside-green-innovation-progress-report-third-edition/hydrogen 41

 • Data that sbh4 tracks has
shown a rapid growth in
AEM and SOEC
technology providers and
startups
• AEM or SOEC startups
may need 3 to 5 years to
develop a commercial
stack and system
• Many new PEM and
Alkaline OEMs are also
emerging rapidly
• Alkaline and PEM
startups may need 2 to 3
years to develop a
commercial offer and
establish the required
supply chain

23 June 2024 42
Beware over-simplification! Alkaline and PEM are often declared to be mature
technologies with a high TRL. Ok, so…if a new PEM or alkaline electrolyser producer
emerges in 2024 using an innovative stack or system, is their technology, product and
manufacturing mature? Or what about a new factory with new people and equipment?

23 June 2024 https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/electrolysers 43

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368973951_Review_of_Energy_Portfolio_Optimization_in_Energy_Markets_Considering_Flexibility_of_Power-to-X/figures?lo=1
TRL is only partially meaningful at this stage of PEM and alkaline electrolyser
production scale up. TRL was developed to assess aerospace systems that
were never designed to be mass-produced, nor was cost the major focus.
DFMA is critical to ensure success and MRL may be a relevant scale.

https://www.nasa.gov/general/technology-readiness-level/ 44
23 June 2024 https://www.zimmerpeacocktech.com/2018/08/18/sensor-and-assay-technology-readiness-levels/
Innovations in electrolyser
manufacturing

Conference 2024
Plug Power: manufacturing cost reductions from stack design changes, reduced
materials wastage and manufacturing automation leading to 75% labour input reduction.
Efficiency improvements achieved in parallel.

23 June 2024 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteproxy.ruqli.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2022-04%2F4-H2-AMP%2520Workshop-

Plug%2520Power.pdf&psig=AOvVaw0WCXQIa9fyerD7K60OGzIP&ust=1702541878488000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQ3YkBahcKEwjgs5n2_IuDAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAw
46
Larger PEM stacks are converging to circa 1MW with a rectangular cell shape.
Compared to a circular cell shape, the rectangular shape minimises wasted
materials during manufacture and reduces cost.

23 June 2024 47
Stiesdal, Denmark. Nitrogen shrouded, pressurised alkaline electrolyser. Rectangular
stack produced by Danfoss. Standardised 3MW HydroGen unit with 46 to 49 kWh/kg H2
efficiency. Target electrolyser system capex €200 per kW of power.

https://www.linkedin.com/posts/henrik-stiesdal-064a9374_i-am-pleased-to-announce-that-we-have-now-activity-7126514653869879296-
23 June 2024 uDqL?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop 48
https://www.stiesdal.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/32514-Stiesdal-Hydrogen-brochure.pdf
Innovation in electrolyser supply
chains

Conference 2024
2JCP– providing systems integration engineering services to Siemens Energy
to build Silyzer 300 systems in the Czech Republic around the PEM stacks
produced in Germany. This shipment ready for European Energy in Kassø.

https://www.linkedin.com/posts/2-jcp-group_greentech-renewableenergy-electrolyzers-activity-7085300309559762944-kS81?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/2-jcp-group_racice-silyzer-hydrogen-activity-7059456418189385728-q7ix?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop
23 June 2024 https://hydrogentechworld.com/siemens-energy-air-liquide-inaugurate-electrolyzer-gigafactory-in-berlin 50
Convion integrating Elcogen elcoStack 3000 SOEC
stack modules into full electrolyser systems.

https://convion.fi/convion-and-elcogen-celebrate-a-key-development-milestone-in-green-hydrogen-production-technology/ 51
23 June 2024 https://elcogen.com/products/solid-oxide-stack-modules/
 McPhy and De Nora technology partnership. Alkaline cell with
8-layer architecture and components. Used in McPhy PA
electrolysers.

Stainless steel
cell separator /
Bi-polar plate

Flow field
nickel foam mesh
Gasket
Anode
Cathode Nickel mesh
Coated nickel mesh Diaphragm / membrane Flow field
(AGFA Zirfon Perl UTP 500/220) nickel foam mesh
Gasket

23 June 2024 https://www.denora.com/dam/jcr:3e2377ae-20bf-492f-9c14-80b129364bf5/AWE.pdf?refid=b5e5a867-4cbe-43e8-84a2-746a37a47b5b 52

Andritz operating as EPC player to integrate Hydrogen Pro
stacks into systems for projects in Europe, eg Salzgitter
Flachstahl GmbH 100MW SALCOS® green steel project.

53
23 June 2024 https://www.andritz.com/newsroom-en/metals/2023-09-20-salzgitter-group
Larsen & Toubro producing pressurised alkaline
electrolysers in India under license from McPhy.

23 June 2024 https://hydrogentechworld.com/lt-commissions-first-indigenously-manufactured-hydrogen-electrolyser 54

 Conference 2024

Content and concept copyright and IP of sbh4 GmbH, 2024 all rights reserved
Introduction to Stephen B. Harrison
Stephen B. Harrison is the founder and managing director at sbh4 GmbH in Germany. His work focuses on
decarbonisation and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. E-fuels, hydrogen, ammonia and CCTUS are fundamental
pillars of his consulting practice.
In support of the European Commission through CINEA in 2023, Stephen evaluated seven CCS, hydrogen and e-fuels
submissions to the Third Innovation Fund. The fund allocated €2 billion to large-scale decarbonisation projects in Europe.
Stephen has served as the international expert and team leader for three ADB projects related to CCTUS and renewable
hydrogen deployment in Pakistan, Palau and Viet Nam. He has also supported the IFC and work bank on e-fuels and green
hydrogen strategy development projects in Namibia and Pakistan. In 2021, he specified more than 2GW of electrolyser
capacity for green hydrogen projects.
With a background in industrial and specialty gases, including 27 years at BOC Gases, The BOC Group and Linde Gas,
Stephen has intimate knowledge of e-fuels, hydrogen, ammonia and carbon dioxide from commercial, technical and
operational perspectives. For 14 years, he was a global business leader in these FTSE100 and DAX30 companies.
Stephen has extensive buy-side and sell-side M&A due diligence and investment advisory experience in the energy and
clean-tech sectors. Private Equity firms and investment fund managers and green-tech start-ups are regular clients. He
also supports operating companies in their mission to decarbonise their scope 1, 2 and 3 GHG emissions.
Stephen served on the Scientific Committee for CEM2023 in Barcelona and chaired the session related to CEM from clean
energy systems. Stephen was session chair for the e-fuels and hydrogen propulsion track at the Bremen Hydrogen
Technology Exhibition in September 2023. He was also conference chair at the CO2 utilisation Summit in Hamburg in
2023. Stephen also served on the Technical Committee for the Green Hydrogen Summit in Oman in December 2022 and
the Advisory Board of the International Power Summit in Munich in September 2022.

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