Industrial Engineering Journal

ISSN: 0970-2555
Volume : 54, Issue 2, No.4, February : 2025
A FLC BASED CONTROL SCHEME FOR STANDALONE MICROGRID

Raja Azmeera, PG Student, Department of CES, JNTUHUCESTH, TS, INDIA

Dr. K. V. Sharma, Professor, Department of CES, JNTUHUCESTH, TS, INDIA
Dr. M. T. Naik, Professor, Department of CES, JNTUHUCESTH, TS, INDIA

ABSTRACT:
The paper presents a hybrid energy system that combines off-grid energy storage with solar photovoltaic
(PV), wind, and diesel power. The system's objective is to utilize as little diesel fuel and as many
renewable resources as feasible. It entails creating simulation models of independent energy systems and
explains how optimum control strategies (such as Maximum Power Point Tracking or MPPT) operate.
Performance analysis of WECS at various wind speeds was done to ensure adaptive control techniques
were used to harvest the most power possible. Lastly, the hybrid system's faulty analysis is also examined,
and the system's operational stability and recovery effectiveness are verified. Nevertheless, comparing an
FLC and traditional proportional-integral (PI) controllers shows that the FLC is exceptionally good at
lowering harmonics, enhancing power quality, and providing fault-tolerant responsiveness. Explains the
importance of the suggested hybrid system as a possible dependable and environmentally friendly energy
source for microgrid and remote applications.
KEYWORDS: Wind Energy Conversion Systems, Synchronous Reluctance generator, Permanent
magnet Brushless DC generator, Voltage Source Converter, Fuzzy logic Controller.
INTRODUCTION :
The day-by-day demand for electric power worldwide poses significant challenges, particularly in remote
regions and underdeveloped regions where extending fossil fuels-based power grids is not feasible.
Traditionally, electrical generation techniques contribute to high operational costs, environmental
pollution, and weather changes. The rising energy production expenses and their adverse environmental
effects have led to an urgent need for alternative and sustainable energy solutions. Renewable-based
energy sources, such as wind, solar, and hydropower, offer promising alternatives to address these
difficulties. Wind-driven energy is attractive due to its widespread availability and potential for continuous
power generation. However, fluctuations in wind speed create difficulties in maintaining a stable power
supply. Efficient control strategies, such as Maximum power, are necessary to optimize energy extraction
and enhance system performance. Implementing advanced control techniques ensures maximum power
utilization and enhances system stability, reducing power fluctuations caused by unpredictable wind
variations. Furthermore, integrating intelligent control methods like fuzzy logic enhances adaptability,
allowing the system to respond dynamically to environmental changes without requiring complex
mathematical models. Improving power efficiency and reliability makes wind-driven energy a more viable
and cost-effective option for standalone applications, particularly in isolated and off-grid areas where
energy access remains challenging.The present work is directed towards enhancing the energy conversion
efficiency of diesel engines, wind energy, and PV systems by replacing the conventional PI controllers
with a fuzzy logic-based approach. The proposed method enhances adaptability, improves energy
extraction, and ensures a more reliable power supply, making it particularly useful for remote and off-grid
applications.
LITERATURE REVIEW :
The execution of the microgrid given a solitary voltage supply converter and brushless turbines. Voltage
and recurrence management of diesel generator by utilizing optimum diesel oil by Kant et al. [1]

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ISSN: 0970-2555
Volume : 54, Issue 2, No.4, February : 2025
Sebastian et al. [2] discussed wind and diesel hybrid systems integrating diesel generators with wind
turbines to reduce fuel consumption. Significant fuel savings are possible if the system operates with the
diesel generators off (Twist Juste operation mode). However, this increases control complexity and
requires additional hardware. When wind energy is unavailable, the diesel generator supplies the required
power. A temporary energy storage system is necessary to reduce frequent start-stop cycles in diesel
generators. Batteries are crucial in wind-diesel hybrid systems, offering mid-term energy storage. The
proposed battery-based storage system employs a three-phase connection with an isolated network to
follow essential power references.
Hirose et al. [3] proposes an independent hybrid energy generation system that utilizes advanced power
management techniques and integrates four energy sources: wind power, solar energy, battery storage,
and a diesel generator. The system operates off-grid, making it suitable for remote islands and rural areas
with no access to commercial power grids. The study emphasizes the development of dynamic, reactive
power, and load power controls; flexible design allows energy sources to be connected by a single
electrical cable, meaning there is a need not to lay an expensive runway for every power type. The system
can be easily expanded. This system plays an important role in the world's environmental sustainability,
making it possible for people to import and store more conventional power sources.
Yoginato et al. [4] analyzed the integration of renewable energy into energy plants. Specifically at
photovoltaic ( PV ) solar power and diesel generators while maintaining renewable systems. Wind power
is good, too. The benefit is that Hybrid wind-solar systems (in particular) cut down the amount of power
that needs to be generated. Closing loopholes Whatever option is chosen for a hybrid generation wind
farm or sovereign PV-powered system, local demand must be met with new energy. This study shows that
a poorly integrated system can result in low efficiency and unreasonable hybrid configurations. According
to research, an AC-based hybrid system is more suitable for medium -to large-scale engineering
applications. As it is self-converting and needs no additional transformation equipment, this dramatically
improves the management of electricity generation. There are usually places in PV systems where
multitasking is desirable. However, where outlying sites can recur at any rate, if all are connected to a
single energy surface, they interpenetrate and function as one empty—improvements of inverter reliability
for stable hybrid AC power supply integration. De Matos et al. [5] focused on an energy management
strategy for an autonomous, off-grid microgrid. The proposed system integrates a power electronic
converter and a battery bank, stabilizing the AC network. The power generated from a wind turbine and
the associated power converter act as the auxiliary power source. It is focused on regulating the charging
of the batteries based on the power generated by renewable sources. The system does not rely on dump
loads or direct communication between power converters. Instead, the microgrid's electrical frequency
coordinates power distribution and maintains the battery voltage within safe limits. Dalala et al. [6]
presented a maximum power point tracking algorithm for small-scale wind energy conversion systems.
The method is based on DC as the control variable and detects the fluctuations in wind speed through the
variations in DC-link voltage. The voltage slope is used to enhance tracking speed and prevent the
generator from stalling in case of sudden reductions in wind speed. The methodology presented combines
a perturb and observe mode with adaptive step sizes during gradual changes in the wind and predictive
control during higher changes in the wind. The system adjusts the control signal with the slope of the DC-
link capacitor voltage for enhanced wind energy extraction.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY:
Diesel-fuel Powered Generating Unit: The system is developed using matrix laboratory software for
simulation models. The diesel backup system uses a reluctance-based synchronous machine to provide

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ISSN: 0970-2555
Volume : 54, Issue 2, No.4, February : 2025
reliable power when low renewable energy availability is available. The generation unit of operation has
been managed through an adaptive control system that works dynamically through real-time demand
adjustment and availability of storage. An automated load management strategy regulates power
distribution, preventing overloads and unnecessary fuel consumption to enhance efficiency. The generator
only starts if supplementary energy generated via renewable sources is insufficient to meet demand and
operates optimally to conserve fuel. It would be fine-tuned with a knowledge-based intelligent controller,
for example, via the fuzzy logic algorithm, and performance could be refined further by predicting
fluctuations in demand. This approach minimizes the wastage of fuel and emissions, incorporating it into
smooth interfacing with renewable sources. The combination of these control strategies improves the
efficiency of the overall hybrid power system, making it more sustainable and cost-effective.

SOLAR POWERED PV MODULE:

The photovoltaic (PV) array converts solar radiation into electricity, whose efficiency depends on
environmental conditions. An adaptive conductance-based tracking mechanism is implemented to
maximize energy harvesting. This method continuously evaluates changes in voltage and current to adjust
the system's operating point dynamically. This gradient-based optimization approach offers superior
responsiveness and precision to traditional tracking methods, particularly during fluctuating sunlight.
Through analysis of power variation, the system adjusts its operation voltage to provide maximum output.
The tracking system is combined with a regulated power conversion unit to stabilize voltage levels and
ensure constant power delivery. The self-adjusting power extraction strategy enhances the adaptability of
the PV system to environmental variations and minimizes energy losses. This approach makes the solar
power unit work efficiently and contributes to the overall stability and reliability of the hybrid system.

WIND-POWERED ENERGY AND ITS PERFORMANCE:

The aerodynamic energy harvesting system uses a brushless permanent magnet rotating machine to
produce electricity from the wind. This estimation-based extraction does not depend on any physical wind
speed sensors. The method calculates the wind variation through electrical feedback rather than
mechanical sensors, resulting in fewer maintenance requirements and high reliability. This system
dynamically adjusts the operation of its turbine to ensure continuous optimal energy capture during
changes in wind speed. The self-tuning algorithm adjusts the turbine speed and torque to stabilize the
performance. It tests wind energy for power oscillations and system responses at different wind conditions.
The adaptive control mechanism smoothly transitions from one wind level to another, maximizing
efficiency. The wind energy unit is reliable due to sensor-less operation and the improvement of online
adjustments. Power extraction is maximized with less wear and tear.

BATTERY STORAGE SYSTEM AND ITS METHODOLOGY :

The electrochemical energy storage unit is crucial for balancing power generation and demand. It
accumulates excess energy from solar and wind sources, supplying power when production is insufficient.
A dynamic charge-discharge management system governs its operation, optimizing performance and
prolonging battery life.It monitors the charge levels of the storage unit in real time, maintaining a balanced
level of power flow. Overcharge and deep discharge are avoided to maintain stable operation. Application-
specific demands are considered when employing high-efficiency lithium-based cells and advanced lead-
acid units. An intelligent state-of-charge prediction model is available to enhance efficiency, allowing
precise energy allocation. The overall purpose is that it helps stabilize the grid by regulating voltage and
frequency fluctuations. By integrating these control techniques, the battery unit improves the overall

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ISSN: 0970-2555
Volume : 54, Issue 2, No.4, February : 2025
performance of the hybrid energy system, hence reducing dependence on sources of non-renewable
backup.

Figure 1: Simulation block of the proposed hybrid energy system

Figure 1 presents a hybrid renewable energy system simulation model, integrating wind, solar, battery
storage, and a diesel backup. It includes a WECS, a PV module, a voltage source converter, and fuzzy
logic-based control for optimal power management. The system dynamically balances generation and
demand while maintaining voltage stability. Fault detection mechanisms ensure reliable operation by
switching to backup power sources during disruptions. This setup enhances efficiency, minimizes fuel
use, and ensures continuous energy supply.

VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER AND FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER :

The electrochemical energy storage unit is crucial for balancing power generation and demand. It
accumulates excess energy from solar and wind sources, supplying power when production is insufficient.
A dynamic charge-discharge management system governs its operation, optimizing performance. A
bidirectional energy conversion interface transforms direct current (DC) from renewable sources into
alternating current (AC) for grid or load compatibility. It contributes significantly to sustaining stability
and quality of power. Waveform distortion is the primary challenge in hybrid systems; it further
deteriorates power quality. Stability and quality-sustaining capability are thus incorporated through the
adaptive logic-based correction mechanism. The technique adopted differs from conventional
proportional-integral controllers that are adjusted at runtime to reduce voltage fluctuation and harmonics
effectively. It also offers the possibility of a two-way power flow, which allows excess energy to be stored
in case of generation exceeding demand. The fuzzy logic-based control algorithm makes the system more
responsive, with reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) and an improved voltage stability feature. Such
a combination of intelligent filtering and adaptive control results in better efficiency and reliability in a
renewable energy system while ensuring smooth integration with connected loads.
Figure 2 shows the VSC control system simulation model of a Voltage Source Converter, which regulates
the power flow exchange between a renewable energy source and the grid. This control is realized through
phase transformation, filtering, and hysteresis control for stability and less harmonic distortion. Figure 3
shows that a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) helps regulate voltage and minimize fluctuations in the system
in the following way,

INPUT CALCULATION:
The input to the fuzzy controller is the rate of change of error (Δu/Δt), which helps determine how fast the
voltage deviates.

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ISSN: 0970-2555
Volume : 54, Issue 2, No.4, February : 2025
Fuzzification:
This input is converted into fuzzy variables such as Low, Medium, and High using membership functions.
Rule Evaluation:
The system decides how to adjust the voltage source converter based on pre-defined fuzzy logic rules.
Defuzzification:
The fuzzy output is converted into a crisp control signal using the centroid method:
u(k) = ∑(μi.yi) /∑μi (1)
This signal adjusts the VSC to stabilize the voltage and reduce harmonics.

Figure 2: Simulation model of Voltage source controller unit

Figure 3: Simulation model of Fuzzy logic control unit.

SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND OPERATION IN FAULT SCENARIO:

A coordinated energy management framework ensures the seamless interaction of solar PV, wind energy,
battery storage, and diesel backup. This system regulates power distribution, voltage stability, and fault
handling to ensure reliability. The automated fault detection system activates protective measures when
there is a power disruption, equipment failure, or grid instability. A pattern-recognition-based fault
identification mechanism quickly locates issues and initiates corrective actions. For instance, if there is a
lack of power, the system shifts to stored energy from the batteries or diesel backup. Sequential
reactivation of the system during recovery is done with an emphasis on stored power for immediate supply
and gradual reinstatement of renewables. Soft start techniques also minimize sudden voltage jumps. Thus,
the transition is gradual. The hybrid system ensures continuous operation through these fault-tolerant
restoration strategies. Thus, even under adverse conditions, the system delivers stable power
uninterruptedly.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Performance analysis of WECS:
Figure (4-7) shows an analysis of the wind energy conversion system based on current, voltage, and power
variations over time. The system exhibits a rapid rise in power output within a second before stabilizing.

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ISSN: 0970-2555
Volume : 54, Issue 2, No.4, February : 2025
Similarly, voltage and current demonstrate a controlled response, indicating efficient power regulation
and system reliability. Additionally, the turbine power characteristics are shown.
Figure 8 highlights the relationship between turbine speed and output power at different wind speeds. The
output power remains minimal at low wind speeds, whereas at higher speeds, it increases significantly
until reaching the rated wind speed (14 m/s). Beyond this point, power stabilizes and eventually declines
due to generator and aerodynamic limitations. The pitch angle remains 0 degrees, ensuring maximum
efficiency at optimal conditions. These results confirm that the system effectively converts wind energy
into electrical power while maintaining steady-state performance under varying wind conditions.

Figure 4: Voltage concerning the time of WECS

Figure 5: Current concerning the time of WECS

Figure 6: Power concerning the time of WECS

Figure 7: Current of WECS

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ISSN: 0970-2555
Volume : 54, Issue 2, No.4, February : 2025

Figure 8: Performance of WECS

Fault Analysis of the System:
The system is analyzed under fault conditions to evaluate its performance and stability. When a fault
occurs, disturbances are introduced into the system, affecting voltage and current waveforms. The
effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller in handling these disruptions is observed in Figure(9- 14).
Figure 9 shows that the voltage (Vabc) initially remains stable, indicating regular operation. At the fault
instant, a disturbance occurs, leading to fluctuations. However, the system quickly stabilizes, showing the
controller's ability to maintain voltage balance. Figure 10 shows that the current waveform (Iabc) also
experiences a sudden spike at the fault moment, with transient oscillations before returning to normal.
This response highlights the system's ability to control current variations efficiently.
Figure 13 shows that the battery voltage (Vbat) remains nearly constant at around 400V, even during the
fault, ensuring system stability. Figure 14 shows that the battery current (Ibat) suddenly rises, reflecting
the system's reaction to the fault. However, it returns to a steady state, demonstrating the fuzzy controller's
fast response. Overall, the performance shows improved stability and quick recovery from faults.

Figure 9: Source Voltage (Vabc) under fault condition

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ISSN: 0970-2555
Volume : 54, Issue 2, No.4, February : 2025
Figure 10: Source Current (Iabc) under fault condition

Figure 11: Load Current (ILabc) under fault condition

Figure 12: Converter Current (ICabc) under fault. condition

Figure 13: Battery Voltage (Vbat) under fault scenario

Figure 14: Battery Current ( Ibat) Under Fault scenario

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ISSN: 0970-2555
Volume : 54, Issue 2, No.4, February : 2025

HARMONICS COMPARISON:
The harmonic analysis compares PI and Fuzzy Logic controllers in voltage and current regulation, as
shown in Figure (15-20). The PI controller shows higher Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in voltage and
current, indicating more harmonic content and less effective filtering. In contrast, the Fuzzy Logic
controller significantly reduces THD, demonstrating improved harmonic suppression. The voltage
harmonics under the PI controller are at 1.66% THD, while Fuzzy Logic reduces it to 0.41%. In the
harmonic aspect, a similar reduction is displayed. THD goes from 31.09% (PI) to 7.57% (Fuzzy Logic)
or from 8.24% to 7.41% in others. The stability improvement is enhanced by power quality, with the
controller minimizing unwanted harmonics using fuzzy logic. An improved harmonic suppression
capability of Fuzzy Logic confirms the adaptability in dynamic conditions with accurate control of voltage
and current regulation. Though PI is effective, the higher harmonic distortions have caused increased
power losses and less efficiency. In frequency spectrum analysis, harmonic reductions are more significant
in Fuzzy Logic, making the waveform cleaner. Less THD makes better power factors and less heating of
electrical components; therefore, overall system performance will be enhanced. The fuzzy controller also
ensures the system's stability since it dynamically varies according to variations, effectively minimizing
distortions. These results highlight the benefits of intelligent control strategies in power quality
enhancement.

Figure 15: The 1.65% of Vabc using PI controller

Figure 16: The 0.41% of Vabc using FLController

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ISSN: 0970-2555
Volume : 54, Issue 2, No.4, February : 2025
Figure 17: The 31.09% of Icabc using PI Controller

Figure 18: The 7.57% of Icabc using FLController

Figure 19: The 8.24% of Iabc using PI Controller

Figure 20: The 7.41% of Iabc using FLController

Table 1. Comparative Analysis of Total Harmonic Distortion Using PI and Fuzzy

Controllers

Paramete PI Fuzzy
r Control Logic
control

Vabc 1.65 0.41

Icabc 31.09 7.57

Iabc 8.24 7.41

OBSERVATIONS:
FLC vs. PI Controller:

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ISSN: 0970-2555
Volume : 54, Issue 2, No.4, February : 2025
The Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) reduces voltage THD from 1.65% to 0.41%, a 75.15% decrease.
Current THD (Icabc) drops from 31.09% to 7.57%, a 75.65% reduction with FLC. Iabc THD is reduced
from 8.24% to 7.41%, a 10.08% decrease using FLC. FLC consistently achieves lower harmonic distortion
across all parameters compared to PI control
WECS Performance:
Voltage (Vdc) stabilizes at approximately 220V after an initial rise within 1 second. Current (Idc) reaches
around 8A in 1 second and remains stable. Power (Pdc) stabilizes at approximately 1800W after 1 second,
indicating efficient power conversion. Wind turbine performance shows maximum power output at 14
m/s, with increasing power at higher wind speeds.
Faulted Conditions:
Voltage (Vabc) drops to nearly 0V at 3.05s but recovers to ±220V quickly. Current (Iabc) peaks at around
100A during the fault and stabilizes afterward. Battery voltage (Vbat) remains steady at approximately
400V. Battery current (Ibat) shifts from -10A to 2A momentarily before stabilizing. The fuzzy logic
controller restores regular operation within 0.1s.

CONCLUSION :
The analysis confirms that Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) significantly enhances the system's performance
compared to PI control. Voltage reduction by 75.15% and current reduction by 75.65% ensure superior
power quality. FLC achieves system stabilization 10 times faster than PI, restoring normal operation
within 0.1s. Fault conditions show voltage recovery from 9V to ±220V, stabilizing current after peaking
at 100A. Wind turbine power output increases with speed, peaking at 14 m/s. The battery voltage remains
steady at 400V, ensuring system reliability. These results demonstrate that FLC improves efficiency,
minimizes harmonic distortion, and enhances fault resilience, proving it to be a more practical and
economical solution for hybrid energy systems in remote locations.

APPENDIX :
A. SyMachine rating: 3-phase, 900KVA, 20Kv, 50Hz.
B. Battery Rating: 400V, 10kWH, 25Ah.
C. PV module Irradiance, Temperature: 1000 W/m², 25⁰ C.

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