Indefinite Integration

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Calculus II

Indefinite Integration 2

Method of substitution 3

Integration by Parts 6

Special Integration 10

Integration of Trigonometric Function 14

Reduction Formula 15

1
 x dx  ln x  C

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Definition f ( x ) is said to be primitive function or anti-derivative of g( x ) if f ' ( x )  g( x ) .

d 2
Example ( x )  2x  x 2 is the primitive function of 2x .
dx

Note Primitive function is not UNIQUE.

Definition For any function f ( x ) if F( x ) is the primitive function of f ( x ) , i.e. F ' ( x )  f ( x ) , then we

define the indefinite integral of f ( x ) w.r.t.x as  f ( x) dx F( x)  c , where c is called the

constant of integration.

Theorem Two function f ( x ) and h( x ) differ by a constant if and only if they have the same primitive
function.

Standard Results

1
 x dx  ln x  c  e dx  e c
x x
1. 2.

3.  cos xdx  sin x  c 4.  sin xdx   cos x  c

 sec xdx  tan x  c  csc xdx   cot x  c
2 2
5. 6.

7.  sec x tan xdx  sec x  c 8.  csc x cot xdx   csc x  c

ax 1 x  x2  a2
 a dx  c  dx  ln c
x
9. 10.
ln a x2  a2 a

1 x 1 1 x
11*.  a2  x2
dx  sin 1
a
c 12*. x 2
a 2
dx  tan 1  c
a a

1 x2  a2  x
13.  x2  a2
dx  ln
a
c

Theorem (a)  kf ( x)dx  k  f ( x)dx

(b)  [f ( x)  g( x)]dx   f (x)dx   g( x)dx .
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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
x
a
 a dx  ln a  c
x
Example Prove

proof Let y  a x .
1 dy dy
ln y  x ln a   ln a   y ln a
y dx dx
dy
 dx dx =  y ln a dx
y = ln a  y dx

ax
 a dx c
x
=
ln a

METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION

Theorem ( CHANGE OF VARIABLE )

If x  g(t ) is a differentiable function,  f ( x)dx   f (g(t )) g '(t ) dt .

Proof Let F( x ) is the primitive function of f ( x ) .
dF( x )
i.e.  f (x)
dx
∵ x  g( t )
d dF( x ) dx
We have F( x ) = 
dt dx dt
dF( x )
= g ' (t )
dx

F( x ) =  f (g(t ))g '(t )dt

 f ( x)dx =  f (g(t ))g '(t )dt

1 x2  a2  x
Example Prove  x2  a2
dx  ln
a
c

proof sub x  a tan θ  dx  a sec 2 θ dθ

1 1
 dx =  a sec θ a sec θ dθ
2

x  a2
2

=  sec θ dθ
= ln sec θ  tan θ  c (  sec θ dθ  ln sec θ  tan θ  c )

x2  a2  x
= ln c
a
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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Remark By using substitution, the following two formulae can be derived easily.
f ' ( x)
(I)  f (x) dx  ln f ( x)  c ,
f ' ( x)
(II) 2 f (x)
dx  f ( x)  c .

The following examples illustrate the use of the above results.

Example  sec θ dθ  ln sec θ  tan θ c and  csc θ dθ   ln csc θ  cot θ  c

proof

ln x
Example  tan θ dθ  x
dx

sin θ
=  cos θ dθ =  ln x d(ln x)
1 (ln x ) 2
=  d( cos θ ) = c
cos θ 2

=  ln cos θ  c

cos x
Example  cot θ dθ  3  2 sin x dx
cos θ
=  sin θ dθ
1
=  sin θ
d(sin θ )

= ln sinθ  c

dx
e x e
2 x3
Example (a) x
(b) dx

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
x
e
Example  x
dx ( Let y  x )

ex  1 e sin 2 x sin 2 x
Example (a)  e x  1dx (b)  e 2x dx

x 1  x dx
2
Example

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

e
x
Example (a) cot(e x )dx

a 2x  b 2x
(b)  e x dx
x2
(c)  px  q dx

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

INTEGRATION BY PARTS

*Theorem ( INTEGRATION BY PARTS )

If u, v are two functions of x , then  udv  uv   vdu.

d dv du
proof uv = u v
dx dx dx
dv d du
u = uv  v
dx dx dx
We integrate both sides with respect to x to obtain
dv
 udv =  u dx dx = uv   vdu

 ln x dx x
2
Example (a) (b) ln x dx

Example (a) I   x 2 cos xdx

(b) I   x 2 sin xdx

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
x
xe
Example I dx
(1  x) 2

 tan
1
Example x dx

 (ln x) dx
2
Example

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
d x 1
Example (a) Show that tan  .
dx 2 1  cos x
x  sin x
(b) Using (a), or otherwise, find  dx [HKALE 1997]
1  cos x

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

SPECIAL INTEGRATION

P( x )
We resolve the rational function by simple partial fraction for P( x ), Q( x ) being poly. The
Q( x )
integration of rational function is easily done by terms by terms integration.

dx x1
Example (a) x 2
 a2
(b) x2
1
dx

x 3  2x 2  1
Example  ( x  1)(x  2)(x  3) 2 dx

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
2x  x  3x  3x
4 3 2
Example Evaluate  x3  1
dx .

2 x 4  x 3  3 x 2  3x 1 2x
Solution By decomposing into partial fractions,  2x  1   2 .
x 1
3
x1 x  x1
Hence,

Px  Q
Integration of
ax 2  bx  c

4x  1
Example Evaluate  5  4x  x 2
dx.

Solution Observing that the derivative of 5  4x  x 2 is  (4  2x ) , we have

4x  1  2( 4  2x)  9
 5  4x  x 2
dx =  5  4x  x 2
dx

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
1
Integration of
x  ax 2  bx  c

dx
Example  x x2  1

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
ax  b
Integration of  R ( x, n
cx  d
)dx

ax  b
In solving such problems, we use the substitution u  n
cx  d

x2
Example I dx
x x1

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

Integration of  R( cosθ , sinθ )dθ

(1) If  R(  cosθ , sinθ )  R( cosθ , sinθ ) , put u  sin θ .

(2) If  R( cosθ , sinθ )  R( cosθ , sin θ ) , put u  cos θ .

(3) If R(  cosθ , sinθ )  R( cosθ , sinθ ) , put u  tanθ .

θ 2t
(4) Otherwise, put t  tan .  tan θ 
2 1 t2
1 t2
cos θ 
1  t2
2t
sin θ 
1  t2

 cos θ sin 2 θ dθ  cos θ sin 3 θ dθ

3 2
Example (a) (b)

 sin
8
Example x cos 7 x dx

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

REDUCTION FORMULA

Certain integrals involving powers of the variable or powers of functions of the variable can be related to
integrals of the same form but containing reduced powers and such relations are called REDUCTION

FORMULAS (遞推公式或歸約公式). Successive use of such formulas will often allow a given integral to

be expressed in terms of a much simpler one.

Example Let I n   sin n x dx for n is non-negative integer.

1 n1
Show that I n   cos x sin n 1 x  I n 2
n n
Hence, find I 6 .

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Example Show that if I n   cos n θ dθ , where n is a non-negative integer, then

sinθ cos n 1 θ n  1
In   I n 2 , for n  2 .
n n
Hence evaluate I 5 and I 6 .

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Example If I n   tan n x dx , where n is a non-negative integer, find a reduction formula for I n .

1
( In  tan n 1 x  I n  2 )
n1

This formula relates I n with I n  2 , and if n is a positive integer, successive use of it will

ultimately relate with either  tan x dx or  dx .

Since  tan xdx  ln sec x  c,  dx  x  c , and positive integral power of tan x can

therefore be integrated.

Example For non-negative integer n, I n   (ln x) n dx .

Find a reduction formula for I n and hence evaluate I 3 .

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Indefinite Integration
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Example Let n be a positive integer and a  0 .

dx
In   (ax 2
 bx  c)n
(*)

2ax  b
(a) Prove that n(4ac  b 2 )I n 1  2( 2n  1)a I n  .
(ax  bx  c) n
2

dx
(b) Evaluate  (x 2
 2x  2) 2
.

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