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Statistics for Business and Economics, 8e (Newbold)
Chapter 8 Estimation: Additional Topics

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

A career counselor is interested in examining the salaries earned by graduate business school students at
the end of the first year after graduation. In particular, the counselor is interested in seeing whether there
is a difference between men and women graduates' salaries. From a random sample of 20 men, the mean
salary is found to be $42,780 with a standard deviation of $5,426. From a sample of 12 women, the mean
salary is found to be $40,136 with a standard deviation of $4,383. Assume that the random sample
observations are from normally distributed populations, and that the population variances are assumed
to be equal.

1) What is the upper confidence limit of the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the
population mean salary for men and women?
A) $6,122.835
B) $6,240.833
C) $6,079.79
D) $6,423.781
Answer: D
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

2) What is the lower confidence limit of the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the
population mean salary for men and women?
A) -$1,135.781
B) -$791.792
C) -$952.833
D) $834.835
Answer: A
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-1
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
3) In order to construct a confidence interval estimate for the difference between two population means,
independent samples are obtained from two normal populations with unknown but assumed to be equal
variances. If the first sample contains 18 items and the second sample contains 14 items, which of the
following distributions will be used?
A) the t distribution with 32 degrees of freedom
B) the t distribution with 17 degrees of freedom
C) the t distribution with 13 degrees of freedom
D) the t distribution with 30 degrees of freedom
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

In a recent survey of 240 teachers in Richmond, Virginia, 77.2% supported standardized national testing
of elementary students. In a survey of 162 teachers in Raleigh, North Carolina, 64.2% supported national
testing.

4) What is the upper confidence limit of the 99% confidence interval for the difference between the two
population proportions?
A) 0.249
B) 0.222
C) 0.265
D) 0.278
Answer: A
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Proportions (Large
Samples)
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

5) What is the lower confidence limit of the 99% confidence interval for the difference between the two
population proportions?
A) -0.011
B) 0.036
C) -0.036
D) 0.011
Answer: D
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Proportions (Large
Samples)
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-2
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
A dependent random sample from two normally distributed populations gives the following results:
n = 20, = 26.5, s2 = 3.2

6) What is the upper confidence limit of the 98% confidence interval for the difference between the
population means?
A) 29.81
B) 327.95
C) 20.60
D) 28.32
Answer: D
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Dependent Samples
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

7) What is the lower confidence limit of the 98% confidence interval for the difference between the
population means?
A) 20.90
B) 25.30
C) 24.68
D) 23.99
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Dependent Samples
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8) Calculate the margin of error.

A) 3.32
B) 2.26
C) 2.05
D) 1.82
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Dependent Samples
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-3
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
9) Find the width of the 98% confidence interval.
A) 5.46
B) 3.64
C) 0.91
D) 0.60
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Dependent Samples
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

10) The confidence interval for the difference between two population means that are normally
distributed where the population variances are unknown but assumed to be equal rely on:
A) the Satterthwaite's approximation.
B) the pooled sample variance.
C) the estimated sample variance.
D) the average sample variance.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

11) Calculate the margin of error for the given data assuming 95% confidence level:
nx = 250 x = 0.65 ny = 360 y = 0.78
A) 0.085
B) 1.05
C) 0.052
D) 0.072
Answer: D
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Proportions (Large
Samples)
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-4
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
12) Calculate the margin of error for the given data assuming 95% confidence level:
nx = 200 x = 0.56 ny = 230 y = 0.46
A) 0.124
B) 0.094
C) 0.112
D) 0.265
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Known Population Variances
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

13) The pooled variance is formed by combining information from two independent samples.

If = 39, = 25, and n1 = n2 = 12 then is equal to:

A) 31
B) 45
C) 30
D) 32
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

14) A 95% confidence interval estimate for the difference between two population means, μ1 - μ2, is
determined to be 62.75 < μ1 - μ2 < 68.52. Which of the following is true if the confidence level is reduced
to 90%?
A) The confidence interval becomes wider.
B) The confidence interval remains the same.
C) The confidence interval becomes narrower.
D) More information is required to determine the answer.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-5
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
Independent samples of math scores from students in the U.S. and Europe were collected from normal
populations. A sample of 50 students from the U.S. had an average score of 570 while a sample of 50
European students had an average score of 540. The population standard deviations for the average
scores of the US and European students are 102 and 115 respectively.

15) What is the upper confidence limit of the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the
population means?
A) 65.65
B) 51.73
C) 72.61
D) 94.23
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Known Population Variances
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

16) What is the lower confidence limit of the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the
population means?
A) -24.82
B) -12.61
C) -29.21
D) -18.24
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Known Population Variances
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

17) The confidence interval for the difference between two population means that are normally
distributed where the population variances are unknown and are not assumed to be equal rely on the use
of:
A) the average sample variance.
B) the estimated sample variance.
C) Satterthwaite's approximation.
D) the pooled variance.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Not Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-6
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
For constructing a 95% confidence interval estimate for the difference between the means of two normally
distributed populations, where the unknown population variances are assumed not to be equal, the
summary statistics computed from two independent samples are as follows:
n1 = 50, 1 = 175, s1 = 18.5, n2 = 42, 2 = 158, and s2 = 32.4

18) What is the upper confidence limit of the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the
means?
A) 19.123
B) 28.279
C) 24.911
D) 5.788
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Not Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

19) What is the lower confidence limit of the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the
means?
A) 5.72
B) 6.37
C) 8.45
D) 9.20
Answer: A
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Not Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

nx = 360, x = 0.69, ny = 350, y = 0.76

20) What is the upper confidence limit of the 98% confidence interval for the difference in population
proportions?
A) -0.0151
B) 0.004
C) 0.007
D) 0.025
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Proportions (Large
Samples)
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-7
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
21) What is the lower confidence limit of the 98% confidence interval for the difference in population
proportions?
A) -0.125
B) 0.135
C) -0.147
D) 0.147
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Proportions (Large
Samples)
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

In calculating the 95% confidence interval for μ1 - μ2 the difference between the means of two normally
distributed populations, the summary statistics from two independent samples are:

nx = 10, = 50, = 0.64, ny = 10, = 40, and = 1.86.

22) What is the upper confidence limit of the 95% confidence interval if the Population variances are
unknown and are assumed to be equal?
A) 11.050
B) 11.072
C) 12.056
D) 10.980
Answer: A
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

23) What is the lower confidence limit of the 95% confidence interval if the Population variances are
unknown and are assumed to be equal?
A) 8.880
B) 8.950
C) 9.020
D) 7.650
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-8
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
For calculating a 95% confidence interval for μ1 - μ2 the difference between the means of two normally
distributed populations, the summary statistics from two independent samples are:

nx = 60, = 180, = 360, ny = 45, = 160, and = 900.

It is assumed that the Population variances are unknown and are equal.

24) What is the upper confidence limit of the 95% confidence interval?
A) 29.505
B) 30.172
C) 10.006
D) 22.797
Answer: A
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

25) What is the lower confidence limit of the 95% confidence interval?
A) 29.505
B) 11.587
C) 10.495
D) 22.797
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

26) In a random sample of 500 California residents, 350 indicated that they were home owners. In another
random sample of 700 Florida residents, 455 indicated that they were home owners. What is the 99%
confidence interval for the difference between the proportions?
A) 0.05 ± 0.070
B) 0.05 ± 0.085
C) 0.05 ± 0.053
D) 0.05 ± 0.045
Answer: A
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Proportions (Large
Samples)
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-9
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
27) Assuming unknown but equal population variances, determine the number of degrees of freedom for

the following: n1 = 30, = 16.5; n2 = 45, and = 17.2.

A) 59
B) 73
C) 61
D) 55
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Not Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

28) To develop a confidence interval for the difference between the means of two populations which are
normally distributed and have equal variances, two independent samples of sizes n1 and n2 are
randomly selected from the two populations. What is the formula used to determine the number of
degrees of freedom for the t distribution?
A) n1 + n2
B) n1 + n2 - 1
C) n1 + n2 - 2
D) n1 + n2 + 1
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-10
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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29) If the population distribution of the differences between means of dependent samples is assumed to
be normal, then a 100(1- α)% confidence interval for the difference between two means and dependent
samples is given by:

A) ± tn-1, α/2

B) ± tn-1, α/2

C) ± tn-1, α/2

D) ± tn-1, α/2

Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Dependent Samples
AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

30) If the observed sample means are and then a 100(1- α)% confidence interval for the difference
between two means, independent samples, and known population variances is given by:

A) - ± zα/2

B) - ± zα/2

C) - ± zα/2

D) - ± zα/2

Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Known Population Variances
AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-11
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
A confidence interval for the difference between the means of two normally distributed populations
based on the following dependent samples is desired:

Before After
5 7
13 12
6 8
12 14
3 4

31) What is the margin of error at 95% Confidence interval?

A) 2.76
B) 1.62
C) 1.25
D) 2.00
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Dependent Samples
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

32) What is the width of the interval?

A) 4.86
B) 2.56
C) 3.24
D) 6.48
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Dependent Samples
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

33) What is the upper confidence limit of the 95% confidence interval?
A) 0.42
B) 1.48
C) 0.043
D) 0.05
Answer: A
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Dependent Samples
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-12
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
34) What is the lower confidence limit of the 95% confidence interval?
A) -2.82
B) -3.88
C) 2.45
D) 3.88
Answer: A
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Dependent Samples
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

A dependent random sample from two normally distributed populations gives the following results:
n = 20, = 27.5, and sd = 3.2

35) Find the margin of error for a 90% confidence interval for the difference in the means of the two
populations.
A) 2.75
B) 2.29
C) 1.24
D) 1.86
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Dependent Samples
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

36) Find the 95% confidence interval for the difference in the means of the two populations.
A) 24.58 < μd < 26.89
B) 26.26 < μd < 28.74
C) 25.42 < μd < 27.93
D) 28.29 < μd < 30.25
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Dependent Samples
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-13
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
Independent random sampling from two normally distributed populations gives the following results:
nx = 55, = 520, σx = 30, ny = 45, = 482, and σy = 24

37) Find the margin of error for a 98% confidence interval for the difference in the means of the two
populations.
A) 8.50
B) 19.86
C) 15.77
D) 12.58
Answer: D
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Known Population Variances
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

38) Find the 98% confidence interval for the difference in the means of the two populations.
A) 1002 ± 12.58
B) 38 ± 12.58
C) 38 ± 19.86
D) 1002 ± 19.86
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Known Population Variances
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

39) Assuming equal population variances, determine the number of degrees of freedom for the following:
n1 = 18, = 28; n2 = 22, and = 24

A) 40
B) 4
C) 38
D) 10
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-14
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
The means and variances are obtained from two independent samples. Assume that the populations from
which the samples were drawn have unequal variances.
40) Determine the number of degrees of freedom for n1 = 13, = 4, n2 = 15, and = 10.

A) 24
B) 30
C) 18
D) 12
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Not Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

41) Determine the number of degrees of freedom for n1 = 9, = 24, n2 = 14, and = 36

A) 14
B) 20
C) 25
D) 32
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Not Assumed to Be Equal
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Course LO: Discuss the applications of confidence interval estimation

8-15
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Castor Pottery, 152 to 162
Cellarer, 230
Celtic or Ancient British Period, 6 to 133
Celtic Bone Articles, 123 to 126
Celtic Bronze Celts, 128 to 132
Celtic Bronze Daggers, 132, 133
Celtic Chambered Tumuli, 50 to 71
Celtic Coins, 132, 133
Celtic Cromlechs, 27, 50 to 71
Celtic Flint Implements, 114 to 121
Celtic Gold Articles, 132
Celtic Interments, 6 to 49
Celtic Jet Articles, 122 to 125
Celtic Pottery, 83 to 107
Celtic Stone Circles, 10, 71 to 82
Celtic Stone Implements, 108 to 114
Celts, Bronze, 128 to 131
Celts, Flint, 122
Celts, Stone, 109, 110, 111
Cemeteries, Roman, 134, et seq.
Cemeteries, Kingston, 212
Cemeteries, Kings Newton, 212, 222, et seq.
Cemeteries, Saxon, 212, et seq.
Chain-work, 254
Chambers, Sepulchral, 146
Chambered Tumuli, 55 to 71
Chambers of Stone, 27, 50, 55 to 71, 146, et seq.
Channel Islands, 63
Châtelaines, 289
Chatham, 160, 162
Chelmorton-Low, 4
Chester, 147
Chesters, 149
Chestersovers, 219
Chesterton, 262
Chest, Stone, 143, et seq.
Chisels, 109
Chun Cromlech, 53
Church Sterndale, 284
Cinerary Urns, Anglo-Saxon, 214, et seq.
Cinerary Urns, Celtic, 31, 34, 84 to 95
Cinerary Urns, Frankish, 221
Cinerary Urns, Romano-British, 161, et seq.
Circles of Stone, 10, 71 to 82
Circles of (see Stone Circles)
Cist, Stone, 11, et seq., 36
Clay Coffins, 145
Cloth, Burial in, 35
Cloth, Interment in, 35, 45
Cloth, Woollen Garment, 45, 46
Cochét, 221
Cock-Low, 4
Coffins, Clay, 145
Coffins, Lead, 144
Coffins, Stone, 143
Coffins, Tile, 147
Coffins, Wood, 143
Coins, Ancient British, 133
Coins, Roman, 32, 55, 136, 141, 187, 188
Coins, Saxon, 235
Colchester, 143, 144, 146, 147, 157, 159, 185, 201
Colchester, Vase, 159
Cold Eaton, 293
Combs, 201, 286, 287, 288, 293
Contracted Positions, 11, et seq.
Cop-Low, 4
Cornwall, 2, 51, 75
Counters, 292 to 295
Cow Dale, 123
Cow-Low, 4, 228
Craike Hill, 43
Cremation, Interments by, 11, 31, 134, et seq., 202, et seq.
Cromlech, Ballynageerah, 62
Cromlech, Brennanstown, 63
Cromlech, Chun, 53, 54
Cromlech, De Tus, 27
Cromlech, Drumloghan, 61
Cromlech, Gaulstown, 62
Cromlech, Gib Hill, 43
Cromlech, Glencullen, 63
Cromlech, Howth, 63
Cromlech, Kells, 61
Cromlech, Kilternan, 63
Cromlech, Kits Coty House, 53
Cromlech, Knockeen, 61
Cromlech, Knock Mary, 63
Cromlech, L’Ancresse, 63
Cromlech, Lanyon, 51, 52
Cromlech, Minning-Low, 54, 55
Cromlech, Molfra, 54
Cromlech, Monasterboise, 61
Cromlech, Mount Brown, 63
Cromlech, Mount Venus, 63
Cromlech, Plas Newydd, 54, 55
Cromlech, Rathkenny, 63
Cromlech, Shandanagh, 63
Cromlech, Zennor, 54
Cronkstone-Low, 4
Cross, 253, 269
Cup-bearer, 239

Daggers, Bronze, 130, 131, 132

Daggers, Flint, 117, et seq.
Daggers, Iron, 242, 243
Danish interments, 44 to 50
Darley Dale, 92, 94
Dars-Low, 4
Dartmoor, 75
Darwen, 90
Davis, Dr., 16, 22
Derbyshire Barrows, 2, 3, 4, 16, et seq.
Devonshire, 75
Dewlish, 7
Dice, 294, 295
Discs, enamelled, etc., 260 to 264
Dominoes, 294
Dorsetshire Barrows, 2, 3, 7, 47, 91
Double interments, 25, 29, 30
Dove Dale, 128
Dow-Low, 4
Dowth, 59, 61, 66
Drake-Low, 4
Draughtboard, 294
Draughtmen, 292, 293, 294
Draughts, Game, 292, 293, 294
Drinking Cup, 43, 44, 100 to 104, 251, 282, 283
Druidical Circles, 10, 71 to 82
Durobrivian Pottery, 152 to 162

Earl Stemdale, 3
Ear-picks, 289
East-Low Hill, 146
East-Moor, 75
Elk-Low, 4, 72
Ely, 107
Enamelled Discs, etc., 260 to 264
Enamels, 251, 266, 267, et seq.
Enamels, Chinese, 260
Enamels, Roman, 196
Enamels, Saxon, 260 to 264
End-Low, 4
Envermeu, 282
Extended positions, 11, et seq.

Fairford, 280
Fairholt, F.W., 278
Farlow, 4
Faussett Collection, 217
Fibulæ, Anglo-Saxon, 266 to 279
Fibulæ, Roman, 193 to 196
Fimber, 43, 44, 97, 124
Flax Dale, 33, 71
Fleming, G., 264
“Flint-Jack,” 115
Flint Acutely Angled, 119
Flint Barbed Arrow-heads, 115, 116
Flint Celts, 122, 123
Flint Dagger-blades, 117, 118
Flint Flakes, 121
Flint Implements, 115 to 123
Flint Leaf-shaped, 119
Flint Notched, 118, 120
Flint Thumb, 122
Flint Various, 121, 122
Food Vessels, 44, 95 to 100
Foo Low, 4
Fowse-Low, 4
Fox-Low, 4
Frankish Pottery, 221
Froggatt Edge, 75

Galley-Low, 4
Garment, Woollen, 45
Gaulstown, 62
Germany, 160
Gib-Low, 4
Gilton, 295
Girdle-hangers, 289, 290, 291
Girdle-Ornaments, 290, 291
Glass, Ale, 229, 230, 232
Glass, Beads, 185, 231 to 235
Glass, Bowls, 186, 228, 229
Glass, Decanters (?) 231
Glass, Lachrymatories, 186
Glass, Roman, 145, 185 to 188
Glass, Saxon, 228 to 235
Glass, Sepulchral Vessels, 185
Glass, Tumblers, 229
Glencullen, 63
Gloucester, 201
Gloucestershire, 70
Gold Articles, 132, 133, 266 to 279
Gold Drops, 279
Gold Torques, 133, 196 to 199
Gospel Hillock, 104, 121, 123, 124
Grave-mounds, Anglo-Saxon, 202 to 298
Grave-mounds, Celtic, 6 to 132
Grave-mounds, Construction of, 6, et seq., 33, 38, 134 to 143,
202 to 213
Grave-mounds, Danish (?) 44 to 50
Grave-mounds, Distribution of, 2
Grave-mounds, Romano-British, 134 to 201
Great-Low, 4
Green-Low, 4, 114, 115
Grimthorpe, 238, 245, 246, 263
Grinders (see Querns)
Grind-Low, 4, 100
Gris-Low, 4
Gristhorpe, 44
Grub-Low, 4
Gruter, 135
Guernsey, 27
Gunthorpe, 116, 120

Haddon, 141
Hair-pins, 290, 292
Hammer-head, 42, 109, et seq.
Hampshire, 143, 149
Hand-mills, 295, 296
Hard-Low, 4
Har-Low, 4
Hartington, 3
Hartle Moor, 74
Hatchet, 109, 113
Hathersage Moor, 75
Hawks-Low, 4
Hay Top, 100
Helmets, 248, et seq.
Herns-Low, 4
High-Low, 4
High-Needham, 3
Hitter Hill, 6, et seq., 16, 98
Hob Hurst’s House, 33
Hog’s Bones, 23
Horning-Low, 4
Horse-shoes, 201, 264, 265
Horsley, 114
Houe, meaning of, 4
Howth, 63
Huck-Low, 4

Immolation of Infants, 106

Immolation of Slaves, 106
Immolation of Wives, 91, 106
Incense Cups, 84, 104 to 107
Inscriptions, Sepulchral, 135, 148, 149, 150
Interment by Cremation, 11, 31, 134, et seq., 202, et seq.
Interment by Inhumation, 11 to 49, 134, et seq.
Interment in Cloth, 35, 45, 46
Interment in Skin, 35
Interment in Tree-Coffins, 44 to 50
Interment in Pit, 43
Inverted Urns, 33, 34
Ireland, 28, 63, 113

Javelins, 243, 244

Jet, 25, 44, 123 to 126
Jet, Necklaces, 44, 123, 124, 125
Jet, Pendants, 124, 126
Jet, Ring, 126
Jet, Studs, 123, 124, 126
Jutland, 46

Kells, 28
Kens-Low, 4
Kent, 53
Keys, 201, 289, 292
Kilkenny, 63
Kilternan, 63
Kingsholme, 144
Kingston, 212, 215, 266, 267
Kings Newton, 212, 214 to 227, 295
Kirk Michael, 274
Kit’s Coty House, 53
Kneeling position, 11, et seq.
Knives, 193, 242, 243
Knock-Low, 4
Knok Mary, 63
Knot-Low, 4

Lady-Low, 4
Laidman’s-Low, 4
Lake Dwellings, 45
Lamp, 201
Lancashire, 90
Lapwing Hill, 209
Lark’s-Low, 4
Lead Coffins, 144, 145
Lead Ore, 31
Lead Pigs of, 32
Lead Smelting, 32
Lean-Low, 4
Leckhampton, 258
Lewes, 257
Liffs-Low, 4, 42
Lillebonne, 177
Lincoln, 257
Lincolnshire, 35
Lindenschmidt, 219, 265
Little Chester, 142, 168, 169, 190
Locks, 201, 292
Lollius, 135
Lomber-Low, 4
Londinières, 221
London, 135, 142, 143, 144, 148, 171, 175, et seq.
Long Low, 36
Lord’s Down, 7
Low, meaning of, 4
Low, (see Grave-mounds)
Lowsey-Low, 4
Lukis, Capt. 123
Lukis, F. C., 27

Mail, Coat of, 255, 256

Mauls, 109, et seq.
Mayence, 219
May-Low, 4
Medway, 160
Mick-Low, 4
Mickleover, 114
Middleton, 3, 33, 41, 123, 261
Minning-Low, 54, 141
Mirrors, 199, 290
Modelling Tools, 124
Money-Low, 4
Monsal Dale, 28, 86, 98
Mortimer, 43, 44, 97, 124
Moot-Low, 4, 127, 128
Mount Brown, 63
Mount Venus, 63
Musden-Low, 4
Mutti-Low Hill, 35

Nail-cleaners, 289
Necklace, Glass, 187, 232, et seq.
Necklace, Jet, 44, 123 to 126
Necklace, Jet, and Bone, 124
Needham-Low, 4
Needwood, 198
Nen, 152
Nether-Low, 4
New Forest, 149, 165
New Grange, 61, 66
Newhaven, 3, 256
Normandy, 174
North Elmham, 217
Northumberland, 46, 148
Nowth, 59

Ochre, 43
Off-Low, 4
Oghams, 61, 277
Otterham Creek, 162
Over Haddon, 284
Oxfordshire, 164
Ox-Low, 4
Ozengall, 144, 211

Painstor-Low, 4
Palstaves, 128
Paradis, 27
Parcelly Hay, 3, 25, 26
Pars-Low, 4
Parwich, 141
Peg-Low, 4
Pendants, Bone, 125, 126
Pendants, Enamelled, etc., 260 to 264
Pendants, Gold, 279
Pendants, Jet, 124 to 126
Penannular Brooch (see Fibulæ)
Phœnix Park, 63
Pigtor-Low, 4
Pike-Low, 4
Pinch-Low, 4
Pins, Hair, 290, 292
Pit Interments, 43, 44
Plymouth, 192, 193, 199
Pottery, Amphoræ, 171, 172
Pottery, Anglo-Saxon, 214 to 227
Pottery, Celtic, 83 to 108
Pottery, Domestic Vessels, etc., 170 to 174
Pottery, Drinking Cups, Celtic, 100 to 104
Pottery, Durobrivian or Castor, 151, 152 to 162
Pottery, Food Vessels, Celtic, 95 to 100
Pottery, Frankish, 214 to 227
Pottery, Hampshire, 151, 165, 166
Pottery, Handled Cups, Celtic, 107
Pottery, “Incense Cups,” Celtic, 104 to 107
Potters’ Kilns, 152, 154, 183
Potters’ Marks, 176, 177, 178
Potters’ Mortaria, 172, 173
Potters’ Punches, 227
Potters’ Sepulchral Urns, Celtic, 31, 34, 84 to 95
Potters’ Sepulchral Urns, Roman, 156 et seq.
Potters’ Sepulchral Urns, Saxon, 215 to 227
Potters’ Stamps, 177, 227
Potters’ Unguentaria, 171 to 174
Potters, Manufacture of, 84, 152 to 184, 227
Potters, Romano-British, 151 to 184
Potters, Salopian, 151, 164, 165
Potters, Samian, 151, 157 to 184
Potters, Upchurch, 151, 162, 163, 164
Potters, Yorkshire, 151, 166

Queen-Low, 4
Querns, 295, 296 (see also Grinders and Triturating Stones)

Rains-Low, 4
Rangoon, 287
Rats’ Bones, 16, 87, 90
Ravens-Low, 4
Red Ochre, 43
Repton, 213
Ribden-Low, 4
Rick-Low, 4
Rigollot, 220
Ringham-Low, 4, 116, 119, 120
Rings, 235
Rings, Jet, 124, 126
Rochester, 147
Rocky-Low, 4
Rollrich, 71
Rolly-Low, 4, 34
Roman Arms, etc., 190, et seq.
Roman Cemeteries, 134, et seq.
Roman Coins, 55, 141, 187, 188
Roman Coins, as payment for passage over Styx, 136, 141
Roman Glass 184 to 188
Roman Personal Ornaments, 193, et seq.
Roman Population, 134, et seq.
Roman Pottery, 151 to 184
Romano-British Period, 134 to 201
Rouge, 43
Round-Low, 4, 32
Roundway Hill, 16, 100
Rusden-Low, 4
Runes, 241

Sacrifice of Infants, 106

Sacrifice of Slaves, 106
Sacrifice of Wives, 91, 106
Saint-Low, 4
Salona, 147
Salopian Pottery, 164, 165
Samian Ware, 175 to 184
Sancreed, 76
Sarcophagus, 143, et seq.
Scales and Weights, 292
Scambridge, 294, 295
Scarborough, 47
Scissors, 289
Scrapers of Flint, 121
Seax, 240, et seq.
Selzen, 219
Selzen, 265
Sepulchral remains, Anglo-Saxon, 202 to 298
Sepulchral remains, Celtic, 1 to 133
Sepulchral remains, Frankish, 221
Sepulchral remains, Danish, 44 to 50
Sepulchral remains, Romano-British, 134 to 201
Sepulchral Chambers, 146
Sepulchral Glass, 185
Sepulchral Inscriptions, 135, 148, et seq., 217
Sepulchral Urns (see Cinerary Urns)
Shandanagh, 63
Shears, 289
Shields, 243 to 248
Shields, Umbones of, 246, 247, 261
Shields, from MSS., 248
Shuttlestone-Low, 24, 130
Sibertswold, 247, 282
Sitting-Low, 4
Sitting position, 11, et seq.
Skeleton, positions of, 11, et seq.
Skins, interment in, 24, 35
Skull, Hitter Hill, 21
Skull, distributions of, 22
Skull, Long-Low, 39
Skull, Gristhorpe, 47
Sliper-Low, 5
Smerrill Moor, 12
Smith, C. R., 160, 164, 204, 216, 255
Southfleet, 144
Spear-heads, 190, 192, 243, 244
Spindle-whorls, 114
Staden-Low, 4
Staffordshire Barrows, 4, 86, 89, 92, 96
Stan-Low, 4
Stanshope, 132
Stanton Moor, 73
Sterndale, 33, 284
Stone Chambers, 27, 50, 55 to 71, 146, et seq.
Stone Circles, 10, 27, 34, 71 to 82
Stone Circles, Abney Moor, 75
Stone Circles, Abury, 71
Stone Circles, Arbor-Low, 3, 71, 82
Stone Circles, Berriew, 80
Stone Circles, Boscawen-Un, 80
Stone Circles, Brassington Moor, 74
Stone Circles, Channel Islands, 78
Stone Circles, Cornish, 75
Stone Circles, Dartmoor, 75
Stone Circles, East Moor, 75
Stone Circles, Elk-Low, 72
Stone Circles, Eyam Moor, 74
Stone Circles, Flax Dale, 71
Stone Circles, formation of, 71
Stone Circles, Froggatt Edge, 75
Stone Circles, Haitle Moor, 74
Stone Circles, Hathersage Moor, 75
Stone Circles, Isle of Man, 76, 78
Stone Circles, Mule Hill, 78
Stone Circles, “Nine Ladies,” 73, 74
Stone Circles, Penmeanmaur, 80, 81
Stone Circles, Rollrich, 71
Stone Circles, Sancreed, 76
Stone Circles, Stanton Moor, 73, 74
Stone Circles, Stonehenge, 71
Stone Circles, Trewavas, Head, 76
Stone Cists, 11, 17, et seq., 33, 36, et seq., 143, et seq.
Stone Coffins, 143, 144, et seq.
Stone Implements of, 109, et seq.
Stone, 92
Stoney Littleton, 67
Stonehenge, 71
Stowborough, 47
Strigils, 201
Studs, Bone, 122,126
Studs, Jet, 124, 126
Sussex, 146
Suttee, 91
Sutton Brow, 92
Swinscoe, 22
Swiss Lake Villages, 45
Swords, Roman, 190, 191
Swords Saxon, 236 to 242
Swords from MSS., 239, 240
Swordsman, 240

Taddington, 67, 69
Tara Brooch, 278
Thirkel-Low, 4
Thirsk, 92
Thoo-Low, 4, 5
Three-Lows, 5
Thumb Flints, 121
Tile Tombs, 147, 148
Tissington, 13, 211, 236, 247
Toothpicks, 289
Torques, 133, 196 to 199
Totmans-Low, 4
Tree-Coffins, 44, 45, 50
Trentham, 89, 96
Triturating Stones, 114, 295, 296
(see also “Querns”)
Tump, meaning of, 4
Tumuli, Chambered, 55 to 71
(see Grave-mounds)
Tumulus, Etruscan, 55
Twin-Barrows, 37, 78, 79
Tweezers, 201, 289

Uley, 70
Umbones of Shields, 246, 247, 261
Upchurch, 162, et seq.
Upchurch, Pottery, 162 to 164
Upright position, 11, et seq.
Uriconium, 137, (see also Wroxeter)

Vale, 27
Vole, Water, 16, 89, 90

Ward-Low, 5, 34
Warry-Low, 5
Water Rat, 16, 89, 90
Water Vole, 16, 89, 90
Wath, 47
Wedgwood, F., 258
Weights, 292
Wellbeloved, 163
Wellow, 67
West Lodge, 157
Westwood, 253
Wetton, 193
 Whetstones, 114
White-Low, 5
Willoughby, 113
Wilson, C. C., 278
Wiltshire Barrows, 2, 16, 100
Winster, 3, 111, 211, 268, 269, 295, 296
Withery-Low, 5
Woolaton, 109
Woollen Cloth, 45
Wool-Low, 5
Worsaae, 255
Worsley, Miss, 295
Wright, T., 135, 151, et seq., 176, et seq., 216
Wroxeter, 137, 141, 147, 162 to 165
Wyaston, 210, 233
Wye, 28
Wykeham, 98

Yarns-Low, 5
York, 142, 143, 144, et seq.
Yorkshire Barrows, 2, 5, 7, 25, 35, 44, 47, 97, 164
Yorkshire Pottery, 151
Youlgreave, 33

Watson & Hazell, Printers, London and Aylesbury.

Dedicated to the Right Hon. LORD LYTTON.

In One handsome Volume, Foolscap 4to., cloth gilt,
price 25s.
 W O M A N K I N D
IN WESTERN EUROPE,
from the Earliest Ages to the Seventeenth Century.
By THOMAS WRIGHT, M.A., F.S.A.
Illustrated with numerous Coloured Plates and Wood
Engravings.

“It is something more than a drawing-room ornament. It is an

elaborate and careful summary of all that one of our most learned
antiquaries, after years of pleasant labour, on a very pleasant
subject, has been able to learn as to the condition of women from
the earliest times. It is beautifully illustrated, both in colours—mainly
from ancient illuminations—and also by a profusion of woodcuts,
portraying the various fashions by which successive ages of our
history have been marked.”—The Times.

“We should be at a loss to find words of excessive praise for the

learning, judgment, and delicate art with which the author has
gathered, arranged, and presented the multifarious materials of a
fascinating narrative, that would be told effectively by the
embellishments of the book, even if the illustrations were not
accompanied with words of explanatory text.”—Athenæum.

“This is much more than a pretty illustrated book. It is a repertory of

antiquarian literature on the costume, social habits, domestic
pursuits, and position of the sex, and the illustrations are from all
sorts of recondite sources—MS. illuminations of the Romances,
Psalters, and Chronicles. It reflects great credit on the writer, whose
vast stores of information and research have been, in this instance,
well employed. The volume is quite an encyclopædia on a special
subject.”—Saturday Review.

“As a work of art, no less than of literary elucidation, this book is

perfect in all its parts, and most honourable to its publishers.... The
letterpress enhances the value of the work itself a hundredfold, as
might have been expected from so well known and learned an
antiquarian as Mr. Wright, whose participation in so choice a work
makes it in every respect worthy of a place in every public and well-
selected library, where art and literature are alike patronized and
admired.”—Bell’s Weekly Messenger.

“We cannot justly class Mr. Wright’s ‘Womankind’ amongst the

ephemeral books of the season; yet it is admirably suited to answer
the purpose of a gift-book—and much more; and it would be unfair
to leave it until its less solid neighbours had been cleared out of
hand. The high antiquarian renown of the author would alone
guarantee that we should have no frivolous, superficial dissertation
on the mere outward phenomena of ‘femininity’ in past times—no
mere sentimental declamation in favour of woman’s advancement to
a social place which she never before claimed. On the contrary, we
have a faithful, unshrinking, photographically minute account of the
relations between women and men, and of female manners, dress,
social duties, and position, literary achievements, and participation in
public life, from the date at which authentic history takes cognizance
of the condition of the European nations.... Mr. Wright’s
‘Womankind’—like the ideal of the gentle sex—is fitted, not for the
festive season alone, but for every time.”—Daily Telegraph.

“The author’s name, on whatever subject he writes, is a guarantee

for thorough scholarship, solid information, lucid exposition, and
careful delineation; and in this work all these qualities are
conspicuous. Mr. Wright believes, and with good reason, ‘that a
history of the female sex, in that particular division of mankind to
which we ourselves belong, would not be unacceptable to the
general reader.’ Such a history he has here produced, and in doing
so, has left nothing to be desired.... In every sense this is a splendid
book, for which we heartily thank Mr. Wright.”—Illustrated Times.

“Never has history been made more charming than in this excellent
volume. Whatever page is opened, some pleasant little narrative,
historic or romantic; some sketch of the womankind of Chaucer’s
days, or of the heroines of the Romaunt of the Rose; some striking
pictures of Anglo-Saxon life, or some quaint costumes, or ever-
changing fashions, constantly attract, and interest, and inform.”—
Birmingham Daily Post.

“To the general public, the appearance of such a work is a surprise,

the more agreeable because, while it is the work of an accomplished
scholar, who has nowhere deviated from the scholar’s path to win
ephemeral applause, it nevertheless appeals to universal sympathies,
and so abounds in attractions as to demand to be regarded as
emphatically the book of the season.”—Gardeners’ Magazine.

“Externally and internally it is absolutely splendid, the binding and

illustrations being a perfect marvel of beauty and richness. But in the
interest of its subject, as well as in its mode of treatment, Mr.
Wright’s present work will command the respect and praise of the
man of letters and the philosopher, quite as much as it is sure to
enlist the sympathies and extort the admiration of a less exacting
class of readers. The book is beautifully written, the style being at
once chaste and ornate.”—Eddowes’s Shrewsbury Journal.

“It is one of the most interesting, instructive, and valuable books of

the nineteenth century. At this particular period of the agitation of
woman’s rights, we may say in truth that this book is a treasury of
knowledge to the historian, the politician, the moral philosopher, and
the reformer; while, at the same time, in its romantic incidents
illustrative of social life in different ages of Western Europe, it
surpasses in interest the most skilful and attractive fictions of the
day.”—New York Morning Herald.
GROOMBRIDGE & SONS, 5, PATERNOSTER ROW,
LONDON.
 FOOTNOTES:
1 Of this stone circle, one of the next in importance to
Stonehenge, an account will be given in a future chapter.

2 This remarkable barrow was excavated by Mr. Warne, and

a fully detailed account given by him in his valuable work,
the “Celtic Antiquities of Dorset,” from which the
illustration is taken.

3 See Crania Britannica, one of the most valuable

ethnological works ever issued.

4 It will be well to bear in mind that when “rats’ bones” are

mentioned, it must be understood that they are the
bones, not of the common rat, but of the water-vole or
water-rat. They are very abundant in Derbyshire barrows,
and, indeed, are so frequently found in them, that their
presence in a mound is considered to be a certain
indication of the presence of human remains. “The
barrows of Derbyshire, a hilly, almost mountainous,
county, abounding with beautiful brooks and rills,
inhabited by the water-vole, were made use of for its
hybernacula, or winter retreats, into which it stored its
provisions, and where it passed its time during the cold
and frosty season. It is a rodent, or gnawer, or vegetable
eater, and, as I have described elsewhere, has a set of
grinding-teeth of the utmost beauty, and fitted most
admirably for the food on which it lives. The part of the
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