Occupational Health and Safety

(MG-1008)
 Lecture Slides
 Week 03
Course Instructor:
Dr. Arslan Ahmed Amin

FAST National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences CFD Campus

WORKPLACE HAZARDS
 DEFINITIONS OF HAZARDS
• Anything or condition with the potential to cause
harm

• The potential of a substance, person, activity or

process to cause harm (injury or illness)

• Anything (material/substance, machine, methods or

matters) in the workplace that has the potential to
cause harm
 CATEGORIES OF HAZARD

• Safety – anything or condition that can cause

physical injury
• Health – any infective agent, substance
situation or condition that directly attacks the
body tissues causing occupational illness
• Environment – any pollution, waste including
noise in any form or quantity that impairs the
quality of the working environment, such as
dust, smoke, gases, radioactivity and odors
 TWO MAIN CLASSES

• Natural – (geological) a threat of a naturally occurring

event that will have a negative effect on people or the
environment. (flood, lightening, wildfires, earthquake, soil
erosion, high winds, hurricanes, volcanic eruption, sink holes,
tsunami, drought, famine, heat waves, climate change

• Manmade - (sociological) threats having an element of

human intent, negligence, or error; or involving a failure of a
human-made system. It results in huge loss of life and
property. It further affects a person's mental, physical and
social well-being. (fire, flood, crime, arson, civil disorder,
terrorism, war)
 OTHER CLASSES OF HAZARD
Technology –
A hazard originating from technological or industrial
conditions, including accidents, dangerous procedures,
infrastructure failures or specific human activities, that may
cause loss of life, injury, illness or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and
economic disruption, or environmental damage.
Structural collapse - Communication fallouts - Transportation
Electrical fallouts (explosions and outages) - Nuclear fallouts
CBRN warfare (chemical, biological, radiation and nuclear),
are threat of terror against a nation (mass destruction) -
Industrial Pollution - Fires
 OTHER CLASSES OF HAZARD

• Behavioral –This is a reaction by a person

subjected to specific conditions of work and
materials which result in physical harm (health
and injury). How people behave at work can
create hazardous conditions.
• Irresponsible behaviour (horseplay, pranks, etc,)
• Leaving objects in pathways that causes obstruction and
tripping
• Running and rushing to different points about the
workplace
• Using hazardous substances dangerously and carelessly
 Specifics of hazards

• Physical – doors, stairs, platforms, ladders, fire,

falling objects, manual handling, noise, vibration,
temperature, radiation, lighting, air quality.

• Mechanical – electricity, machinery, equipment,

pressure vessels, dangerous goods, forklifts, cranes

• Chemical – chemical substances, liquids, cleaning

agents, dust and fumes from processes, acids,
poisons, dangerous substances
 Specifics of hazards

• Biological – bacteria, viruses, pathogens, mould,

mildew, insects, vermin, fungi, animals

• Psychological – workplace stressors, ergonomics,

strain, overexertion
 MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDS
All aspects of the workplace should be
covered by a general risk assessment process
that will reveal the significant hazards present
and the control measures in place
Risk is:
“The likelihood of a substance, person, activity or
process to cause harm (injury or illness)”

Risk can be reduced, hazards are controlled by good management.

 HAZARD REDUCTION STEPS
1. IDENTIFICATION
Look for the hazard

2. ASSESSMENT and EVALUATION

Decide who might be harmed, how and to what extent

3. CONTROLS
Decide whether the existing precautions are adequate or more should be
done

5. MONITORING and REVIEWING

Periodic checking for continuous improvement
 IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDS
Information Sources
employees, unsafe acts, unsafe conditions,
operators, investors, stake holders, suppliers, guides,
MSDS, warnings, safety professionals, legislation,
unions, training, discussions, complaints, interviews,
inspections, accident/incident reports, investigations,
quality control, process observation, house keeping
observation, finish product, equipment manuals,
magazines, reading, feedbacks, surveys, audits,
records, common and natural senses, past
experience, good judgment, etc,.
 ASSESS AND EVALUATE THE HAZARDS
“consider its severity(consequences) probability and exposure”

Once identified, determine how harmful the hazard

can be;
• The likelihood to cause harm
• Under what conditions it can occur?
• What type of harm can occur?
• Who or how many workers can be harmed?
• What may be the extent of the harm or injury?
• Is there a history of problem, accidents or dangerous
occurrence from the hazard?
• What monitoring is needed to evaluate the risk?
 HAZARD ELIMINATION AND CONTROLS

At the source The Worker

Along the path

Barriers Automated or remote controls

1. Elimination Absorption Rotation or Rescheduling
2. Substitution Dilution Personal Protective Equipment
3. Redesign Guards
4. Isolation Screens
5. Automation Exhaust systems
 ENGINEERING CONTROLS
“Removing the hazard prom the worker”

Designing the workplace and process, also

ensure professional installation of machine
and equipment.
(isolation, lockouts, design, monitoring and warning
equipment, process and procedural changes)
• Knowledge
• Maintenance
• Plant and equipment
 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
“Removing the worker from the hazard”
• Accident/Incident reporting procedures
• Effective safety policy
• Develop rules, standards and safe systems of work
• Performance measurement
• Training and education
• Good communication
• Use of job safety analysis
• Housekeeping and maintenance
• Monitor performance and follow-up short comings
• Quality assurance and safety
• Purchasing
 Personal Protective Equipment
“Protecting the worker from the hazard”
• Insulate the worker.
• Use only when all options are exhausted, and the hazard cannot be
corrected through substitution or design.
Selection:
1. Where there is no immediate way to control the hazard by more
effective means.
2. When employed as a temporary measure, while more effective
solutions are being installed.
Its short comings:
It cannot eliminate or reduce the hazard
If it fails the worker is exposed to the full destructive effects of the hazard
It may be too cumbersome and can interfere with the worker’s ability to
perform the task, thus compound the problem
 PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION
“HIERACHY OF CONTROLS”
1. AVOIDANCE
2. EVALUATING THE RESIDUAL HAZARDS
3. COMBATING AT THE SOURCE
4. ADAPTING THE WORK TO THE INDIVIDUAL
5. ADAPTING TO TECHNNICAL PROGRESS
6. SUBTITUTION
7. DEVELOP A COHERENT INVOLVING ALL ASPECTS AT WORK
8. COLLECTIVE PROTECTION OVERIDES INDIVIDUAL
PROTECTION
9. APPROPRIATE INSTRUCTIONS TO ALL EMPLOYEES
 MONITORING AND REVIEWING

Controls must be reviewed periodically

• Monitor and review when condition changes;

New machinery
Change in process
New hazards
New information
Change in legislation
Change in workforce
New employees
Post accident risk assessment
 EFFECTIVENESSS OF CONTROLS
• Where hazards cannot be eliminated, control measures must be
implemented to reduce it to an acceptable level.
• Hazards should be controlled by applying contemporary,
comprehensive and proactive management systems than reactive
responses.

Effectiveness must meet these standards;

1. It must be sufficient to prevent the hazard from causing harm
2. It must protect everyone who can be harmed from the hazard
3. It must not create new hazards, or production and quality control
problems
4. It must not create a hazard to the environment or the community
of the workplace situation
 ROUTES OF ENTRY
Chemical and biological hazards can be transported into the
human body by various agents, pathogens and other forms,
through the four main routes of entry;

1. Inhalation – taken into the body through the lungs

2. Absorption - taken into the body through the skin
3. Ingestion - taken into the body orally
4. Injection (direct entry) - taken into the body
through broken skin
ROUTES OF ENTRY
 ROUTES OF ENTRY
The most common route of entry is inhalation
since all organisms must breathe in oxygen to
live.
Hazards that cause immediate harm such as an
injury from an accident are termed “acute”,
while “chronic” hazards where the harm is
not experienced immediately due to prolong
exposure to the health hazards.
 Responsibility and Support

Prevention is the first and safest and also the

most effective measure of control for
safety, health and environment hazards.
Safety professionals must become familiar
with health and safety issues in the workplace
because its their responsibility to manage the
safety and health matters, or solicit the
services of specialist of specific safety
situations for successful safety management.