MODULE IV

STRUCTURE

● A structure is a keyword that creates user defined data types in C.

● A structure creates a data type that can be used to group items of different types into a
single type.
● ie, Unlike an array, a structure can contain many different data types (int, float, char,
etc.).

Definition:-
● Structure in c is a user-defined data type that enables us to store the collection of
different data types.
● Each element of a structure is called a member.
● ‘struct’ keyword is used to create a structure.

Syntax:-
struct structure_name
{
data_type member1;
data_type member2;
.
.
data_type memberN;
};

Example:-
struct employee
{ int id;
char name[20];
float salary;
};
Declaring structure variable
There are two ways to declare structure variable:
1. By struct keyword within main() function
struct employee
{ int id;
char name[50];
float salary;
};
Give below code inside the main() function-
struct employee e1, e2;

2. By declaring a variable at the time of defining the structure.

struct employee
{ int id;
char name[50];
float salary;
}e1,e2;

Accessing members of the structure

By using . (member or dot operator)

Eg. e1.id

Example:-

#include<stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct employee
{ int id;
char name[50];
}e1; //declaring e1 variable for structure
int main( )
{
//store first employee information
e1.id=101;
strcpy(e1.name, "Arun");//copying string into char array
//printing first employee information
printf( "employee 1 id : %d\n", e1.id);
printf( "employee 1 name : %s\n", e1.name);
return 0;
}

Output:

employee 1 id : 101
employee 1 name : Arun

Array of Structures

● An array of structures in C can be defined as the collection of multiple structure

variables where each variable contains information about different entities.
● The array of structures is also known as the collection of structures.

Example of an array of structures that stores information of 5 students and prints it:-
#include<stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct student{
int rollno;
char name[10];
};
int main(){
int i;
struct student st[5];
printf("Enter Records of 5 students");
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
printf("\nEnter Rollno:");
scanf("%d",&st[i].rollno);
printf("\nEnter Name:");
scanf("%s",&st[i].name);
}
printf("\nStudent Information List:");
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
printf("\nRollno:%d, Name:%s",st[i].rollno,st[i].name);
}
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter Records of 5 students

Enter Rollno:1
Enter Name:Arun
Enter Rollno:2
Enter Name:Ram
Enter Rollno:3
Enter Name:Vijay
Enter Rollno:4
Enter Name:John
Enter Rollno:5
Enter Name:Sam

Student Information List:

Rollno:1, Name:Arun
Rollno:2, Name:Ram
Rollno:3, Name:Vijay
Rollno:4, Name:John
Rollno:5, Name:Sam
Structure and Pointer

● A structure pointer is defined as the pointer which points to the address of the
memory block that stores a structure.
● The declaration of a structure pointer is similar to the declaration of the structure
variable.
● So, we can declare the structure pointer and variable inside and outside of the main()
function.
● To declare a pointer variable in C, we use the asterisk (*) symbol before the variable's
name.
Syntax:
struct structure_name *ptr;

Initialization of the Structure Pointer:-

ptr = &structure_variable;

Example 1:
#include <stdio.h>
struct person
{
int age;
float weight;
};

int main()
{
struct person *personPtr, person1;
personPtr = &person1;

printf("Enter age: ");

scanf("%d", &personPtr->age);

printf("Enter weight: ");

scanf("%f", &personPtr->weight);

printf("Displaying:\n");
printf("Age: %d\n", personPtr->age);
printf("weight: %f", personPtr->weight);

return 0;
}

Example 2:
// C program to demonstrate structure pointer
#include <stdio.h>

struct point {
int value;
};

int main()
{

struct point s;

// Initialization of the structure pointer

struct point* ptr = &s;

return 0;
}

Example 3:
// C Program to demonstrate Structure pointer
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

struct Student {
int roll_no;
char name[30];
char branch[40];
int batch;
};

int main()
{

struct Student s1;

struct Student* ptr = &s1;

s1.roll_no = 2;
strcpy(s1.name, "Arun");
strcpy(s1.branch, "CHE");
s1.batch = 2022;

printf("Roll Number: %d\n", (*ptr).roll_no);

printf("Name: %s\n", (*ptr).name);
printf("Branch: %s\n", (*ptr).branch);
printf("Batch: %d", (*ptr).batch);
 return 0;
}

Structure and Function

passing structures to a function:-

#include <stdio.h>
struct student {
char name[50];
int age;
};

// function prototype
void display(struct student s);

int main() {
struct student s1;

printf("Enter name: ");

// read string input from the user until \n is entered

// \n is discarded
scanf("%s", s1.name);

printf("Enter age: ");

scanf("%d", &s1.age);

display(s1); // passing struct as an argument

return 0;
}

void display(struct student s) {

printf("\nDisplaying information\n");
printf("Name: %s", s.name);
printf("\nAge: %d", s.age);
}

Output:-

Enter name: Abin

Enter age: 21
Displaying information
Name: Abin
Age: 21

Program to return struct from a function:-

#include <stdio.h>
struct student
{
char name[50];
int age;
};

// function prototype
struct student getInformation();

int main()
{
struct student s;

s = getInformation();

printf("\nDisplaying information\n");
printf("Name: %s", s.name);
printf("\nRoll: %d", s.age);

return 0;
}
struct student getInformation()
{
struct student s1;

printf("Enter name: ");

scanf("%s", s1.name);

printf("Enter age: ");

scanf("%d", &s1.age);

return s1;
}

Passing struct by reference:-

 ● During pass by reference, the memory addresses of struct variables are passed to the
function.

#include <stdio.h>
struct Complex
{
float real;
float imag;
} com;

void addNumbers(com c1, com c2, com *result);

int main()
{
com c1, c2, result;

printf("For first number,\n");

printf("Enter real part: ");
scanf("%f", &c1.real);
printf("Enter imaginary part: ");
scanf("%f", &c1.imag);

printf("For second number, \n");

printf("Enter real part: ");
scanf("%f", &c2.real);
printf("Enter imaginary part: ");
scanf("%f", &c2.imag);

addNumbers(c1, c2, &result);

printf("\nresult.real = %.1f\n", result.real);
printf("result.imag = %.1f", result.imag);

return 0;
}
void addNumbers(com c1, com c2, com *result)
{
result->real = c1.real + c2.real;
result->imag = c1.imag + c2.imag;
}

Union in C

● A union is a special data type available in C that allows to store different data types in
the same memory location.
 ● Unions provide an efficient way of using the same memory location for
multiple-purpose.

Syntax:

union [union name]

{
member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
};

(OR)

union [union name]

{
member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
}union variable declaration;

Example:

union abc
{
int a;
char b;
}var;
int main()
{
var.a = 66;
printf("\n a = %d", var.a);
printf("\n b = %d", var.b);
}

Advantages of union

● It occupies less memory compared to the structure.

● When you use union, only the last variable can be directly accessed.
● Union is used when you have to use the same memory location for two or more data
members.
● It enables you to hold data of only one data member.
Enumerated data type

● Enumeration (or enum) is a user defined data type in C.

● It is mainly used to assign names to integral constants, the names make a program
easy to read and maintain.

// An example program to demonstrate working of enum in C

#include<stdio.h>

enum week{Mon, Tue, Wed, Thur, Fri, Sat, Sun};

int main()
{
enum week day;
day = Wed;
printf("%d",day);
return 0;
}

Output:
2

// Another example program to demonstrate working of enum in C

#include<stdio.h>

enum year{Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec};

int main()
{
int i;
for (i=Jan; i<=Dec; i++)
printf("%d ", i);

return 0;
}

Output:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

File
A file is a container in computer storage devices used for storing data. Or, A File can be used
to store a large volume of persistent data.

Why are files needed?

● When a program is terminated, the entire data is lost. Storing in a file will preserve
your data even if the program terminates.
● If you have to enter a large amount of data, it will take a lot of time to enter them all.
● However, if you have a file containing all the data, you can easily access the contents
of the file using a few commands in C.
● You can easily move your data from one computer to another without any changes.

Types of Files

1. Text files
● Text files are the normal .txt files.
● You can easily create text files using any simple text editors such as Notepad.
● When you open those files, you'll see all the contents within the file as plain text.
● You can easily edit or delete the contents.

2. Binary files
● Binary files are mostly the .bin files in your computer.
● Instead of storing data in plain text, they store it in the binary form (0's and 1's).

The following operations can be performed on a file.

Creation of the new file

Opening an existing file
Reading from the file
Writing to the file
Deleting the file

Following are the most important file management functions:-

How to Create a File:-
Whenever you want to work with a file, the first step is to create a file. A file is nothing but
space in a memory where data is stored.

FILE *fp;
fp = fopen ("file_name", "mode");

fopen is a standard function which is used to open a file.

● If the file is not present on the system, then it is created and then opened.
● If a file is already present on the system, then it is directly opened using this function.
Example:

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen ("data.txt", "w");
}

How to Close a file:-

● One should always close a file whenever the operations on file are over. It means the
contents and links to the file are terminated. This prevents accidental damage to the
file.
Syntax:
fclose (file_pointer);

Example:

FILE *fp;
fp = fopen ("data.txt", "r");
fclose (fp);

Writing to a File:-

Library functions to write to a file:

 ● fputc(char, file_pointer): It writes a character to the file pointed to by file_pointer.
● fputs(str, file_pointer): It writes a string to the file pointed to by file_pointer.
● fprintf(file_pointer, str, variable_lists): It prints a string to the file pointed to by
file_pointer. The string can optionally include format specifiers and a list of variables
variable_lists.

Reading data from a File:-

● fgetc(file_pointer): It returns the next character from the file pointed to by the file
pointer. When the end of the file has been reached, the EOF is sent back.
● fgets(buffer, n, file_pointer): It reads n-1 characters from the file and stores the string
in a buffer in which the NULL character ‘\0’ is appended as the last character.
● fscanf(file_pointer, conversion_specifiers, variable_adresses): It is used to parse and
analyze data. It reads characters from the file and assigns the input to a list of variable
pointers variable_adresses using conversion specifiers. Keep in mind that as with
scanf, fscanf stops reading a string when space or newline is encountered.

Command Line Arguments

● It is possible to pass some values from the command line to C programs when they
are executed.
● These values are called command line arguments.
● The command line arguments are handled using main() function arguments where
argc refers to the number of arguments passed, and argv[] is a pointer array which
points to each argument passed to the program.

Example:-
#include <stdio.h>

int main( int argc, char *argv[] ) {

if( argc == 2 ) {
printf("The argument given is %s\n", argv[1]);
}
else if( argc > 2 ) {
printf("Too many arguments given.\n");
}
else {
printf("One argument expected.\n");
}
}
Output:-
./a.out hai
The argument given is testing

./a.out
One argument expected

Notes:
argc - argc (ARGument Count) is int and stores number of command-line arguments passed
by the user including the name of the program. So if we pass a value to a program, value of
argc would be 2 (one for argument and one for program name).

argv - argv(ARGument Vector) is array of character pointers listing all the arguments.