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Ellingson
Radio Systems Engineering

Using a systems framework, this textbook provides a clear and comprehensive introduction to the
performance, analysis, and design of radio systems for students and practicing engineers.
Presented within a consistent framework, the first part of the book describes the fundamentals of
the subject: propagation, noise, antennas, and modulation. The analysis and design of radios
including RF circuit design and signal processing is covered in the second half of the book. The
former is presented with minimal involvement of Smith charts, enabling students to grasp the
fundamentals more readily. Both traditional and software-defined/direct sampling technology are
described, with pros and cons of each strategy explained. Numerous examples within the text
involve realistic analysis and design activities, and emphasize how practical experiences may
differ from theory or taught procedures. End-of-chapter problems are provided, as are a
password-protected solutions manual and lecture slides to complete the teaching package for
instructors.
STEVEN W. ELLINGSON is an Associate Professor at Virginia Tech. He received his PhD in
Electrical Engineering from the Ohio State University. He held senior engineering positions at
Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Raytheon, and the Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory
before joining the faculty of Virginia Tech. His research focuses on wireless communications and
radio frequency instrumentation, with funding from the National Science Foundation, the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the
commercial communications and aerospace industries. Professor Ellingson serves as a consultant
to industry and government on topics pertaining to RF system design and is an avid amateur radio
operator (call sign AK4WY).
“Radio Systems Engineering offers a comprehensive introduction to the architecture and
components of radio systems. It reviews all the fundamentals that students need to understand
today’s wireless communication systems, including modern modulation schemes, radio wave
propagation, and noise impact. It also covers all the blocks of modern radio transmitter and
receiver systems, such as antennas, filters, amplifiers, and signal processing. This textbook gives
engineering students a complete overview of radio systems and provides practicing wireless
engineers with a convenient comprehensive reference.”
PATRICK ROBLIN, Ohio State University
Radio Systems Engineering

STEVEN W. ELLINGSON
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom
Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.
It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest
international levels of excellence.
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107068285
© Cambridge University Press 2016
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no
reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2016
Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd. Padstow Cornwall
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Ellingson, Steven W., 1965– author.
Title: Radio systems engineering / Steven W. Ellingson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Description: Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2016.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016024246| ISBN 9781107068285 (Hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Radio. | Radio–Transmitters and transmission–Design and construction. | Radio–Receivers and reception–Design
and construction. |
Radio circuits–Design and construction. | Radio frequency modulation.
Classification: LCC TK6550 .E475 2016 | DDC 621.384–dc23 LC record
available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016024246
ISBN 978-1-107-06828-5 Hardback
Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/Ellingson
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet Web
sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or
appropriate.
 CONTENTS

List of illustrations
List of tables
Preface

1 Introduction
1.1 Radio: What and Why
1.2 The Radio Frequency Spectrum
1.3 Radio Link Architecture
1.4 Elements of a Radio Link
1.5 Modern Radio Design: Levels of Integration
1.6 Specifications in Modern Radio Design
1.7 Organization of This Book
Problems

2 Antenna Fundamentals
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Creation of Radio Waves
2.2.1 Physical Origins of Radiation
2.2.2 Radiation from Linear Antennas; Far-Field Approximations
2.2.3 Equivalent Circuit Model for Transmission
2.2.4 The Impedance of Other Types of Antennas
2.3 Reception of Radio Waves
2.3.1 Equivalent Circuit Model for Reception; Effective Length
2.3.2 Effective Aperture
2.4 Pattern and Reciprocity
2.4.1 Transmit Case
2.4.2 Receive Case
2.5 Polarization
2.6 Antenna Integration
2.6.1 Impedance Matching
2.6.2 Current Mode Matching; Baluns
2.7 Dipoles
2.7.1 General Characteristics
 2.7.2 The Electrically-Thin Half-Wave Dipole
2.7.3 Electrically-Thin Dipoles with λ/2 < L ≤ λ; Off-Center-Fed Dipoles
2.7.4 The Electrically-Thin 5/4-λ Dipole
2.7.5 Equivalent Circuits and Numerical Methods for Straight Dipoles of
Arbitrary Length and Radius
2.7.6 Planar Dipoles; Dipoles on Printed Circuit Boards
2.7.7 Other Dipole-Type Antennas
2.8 Monopoles
2.8.1 General Characteristics
2.8.2 The Ideal Electrically-Thin Electrically-Short Monopole
2.8.3 The Ideal Electrically-Thin Quarter-Wave Monopole
2.8.4 The 5/8-λ Monopole
2.8.5 Practical Monopoles
2.9 Patch Antennas
2.10 High-Gain Antennas
2.10.1 Beam Antennas; The Yagi
2.10.2 Reflectors
2.11 Arrays
2.12 Other Commonly-Encountered Antennas
Problems

3 Propagation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Propagation in Free Space; Path Loss
3.3 Reflection and Transmission
3.3.1 Reflection from a Planar Interface
3.3.2 Reflection from the Surface of the Earth
3.3.3 Scattering from Terrain and Structures
3.4 Propagation Over Flat Earth
3.4.1 A General Expression for the Wave Arriving at the Receiving Antenna
3.4.2 Flat Earth Path Loss; Breakpoint Analysis
3.5 Multipath and Fading
3.5.1 Discrete Multipath Model for Terrestrial Propagation
3.5.2 The Static Channel: Channel Impulse Response
3.5.3 The Dynamic Channel: Doppler Spread and Fading
3.5.4 Spatial Autocorrelation and Diversity
3.5.5 Summary
3.6 Terrestrial Propagation Between 30 MHz and 6 GHz
3.6.1 Radio Horizon
 3.6.2 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth
3.6.3 Fading Statistics and Coherence Time
3.6.4 Average Path Loss
3.7 Propagation Above 6 GHz
3.7.1 Increased Path Loss Due to Diminished Effective Aperture
3.7.2 Increased Path Loss Due to Media Losses; Attenuation Rate
3.7.3 Atmospheric Absorption
3.7.4 Rain Fade
3.8 Terrestrial Propagation Below 30 MHz
3.9 Other Mechanisms for Radio Propagation
Problems

4 Noise
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Thermal Noise
4.3 Non-thermal Noise
4.4 Noise Characterization of Two-Port Devices; Noise Figure
4.4.1 Single Two-Port Devices
4.4.2 Cascades of Two-Port Devices
4.5 External Noise
4.5.1 Antenna Temperature
4.5.2 Natural Sources of Noise
4.5.3 Anthropogenic Sources of Noise
Problems

5 Analog Modulation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sinusoidal Carrier Modulation
5.3 Complex Baseband Representation
5.4 Complex Baseband Representation of Noise
5.5 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
5.5.1 Modulation and Spectrum
5.5.2 Effect of Propagation
5.5.3 Incoherent Demodulation
5.5.4 Coherent Demodulation
5.5.5 Sensitivity of Coherent and Incoherent Demodulation
5.6 Single Sideband (SSB)
5.6.1 Generation of SSB
5.6.2 SSB as a Quadrature Modulation
5.6.3 Demodulation and Performance of SSB
 5.6.4 Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Modulation
5.6.5 Pilot-Assisted SSB and VSB
5.7 Frequency Modulation (FM)
5.7.1 Characterization of FM
5.7.2 Generation of FM
5.7.3 Demodulation
5.7.4 Preemphasis
5.7.5 Performance in Varying SNR; Threshold Effect
5.8 Techniques for Improving Audio
Problems

6 Digital Modulation
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Overview of a Digital Communications Link and Organization of this
Chapter
6.1.2 Motivation for Digital Modulation
6.2 Source Coding
6.3 Sinusoidal Carrier Modulation, Redux
6.4 Pulse Shapes and Bandwidth
6.4.1 Representation of Symbols as Pulses
6.4.2 Sinc Pulses and Intersymbol Interference
6.4.3 Raised Cosine Pulses
6.4.4 Spectral Efficiency
6.5 Representations of Signal Power, Noise Power, and SNR in Digital Modulations
6.5.1 Symbol Energy and Energy per Bit
6.5.2 The Eb/N0 Concept
6.6 Coherent Demodulation
6.6.1 Optimal Demodulation
6.6.2 Matched Filtering
6.6.3 Square Root Raised Cosine (SRRC) Matched Filtering
6.6.4 The Correlation Receiver
6.7 Demodulation of BPSK and OOK
6.7.1 Optimal Demodulation of BPSK
6.7.2 Optimal Demodulation of OOK
6.7.3 Incoherent Demodulation of OOK
6.8 Demodulation of QPSK
6.9 Demodulation of Higher-Order Phase-Amplitude Modulations
6.9.1 M-ASK
6.9.2 M-QAM
 6.9.3 M-PSK
6.10 Differential Detection
6.10.1 Concept
6.10.2 Performance
6.11 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)
6.11.1 Concept
6.11.2 Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK)
6.11.3 Demodulation and Performance
6.12 Tradeoff Between Spectral Efficiency and Energy Efficiency
6.13 Channel Coding
6.14 Communication in Channels with Flat Fading
6.14.1 Probability of Error in Flat Fading
6.14.2 Interleaving
6.14.3 Space Diversity
6.14.4 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
6.15 Communication in Channels with Intersymbol Interference
6.15.1 Zero-Forcing Equalization
6.15.2 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation
6.15.3 Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Equalization
6.16 Carrier Frequency, Phase, and Symbol Timing
6.16.1 Carrier Frequency Estimation
6.16.2 Carrier Phase Estimation
6.16.3 Symbol Timing
6.17 ATSC: The North American Digital Television Standard
6.17.1 Transmitter
6.17.2 Receiver
6.18 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA)
6.18.1 Fundamentals
6.18.2 Cellular CDMA
6.19 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
6.19.1 Concept
6.19.2 Implementation
Problems

7 Radio Link Analysis

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Friis Transmission Equation Revisited
7.3 Effective Radiated Power (EIRP and ERP)
 7.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio at the Input of a Detector
7.5 Sensitivity and G/T
7.6 Link Budget
7.7 Analysis of a 6 GHz Wireless Backhaul; Link Margin
7.8 Analysis of a PCS-Band Cellular Downlink
7.9 Analysis of an HF-Band NVIS Data Link; Fade Margin
7.10 Analysis of a Ku-Band Direct Broadcast Satellite System
7.11 Specification of Radios and the Path Forward
Problems

8 Two-Port Concepts
8.1 Introduction
8.2 s-Parameters
8.2.1 Derivation of s-Parameters
8.2.2 s-Parameters for Series and Shunt Impedances
8.2.3 s-Parameters for Transmission Lines
8.2.4 s-Parameters for Other Two-Ports
8.3 Intrinsic Properties of Two-Ports
8.4 Properties of Embedded Two-Ports
8.4.1 Reflection Coefficient for Embedded Two-Ports
8.4.2 Transducer Power Gain (TPG)
8.5 Stability and Gain
8.5.1 Instability and Oscillation
8.5.2 Determination of Stability
8.5.3 Simultaneous Conjugate Matching
8.5.4 Maximum Stable Gain
8.6 Cascaded Two-Ports
8.7 Differential Circuits
8.7.1 Applications of Differential Circuits
8.7.2 Interfaces between Differential and Single-Ended Circuits
8.7.3 Analysis of Differential Circuits
Problems

9 Impedance Matching
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Some Preliminary Ideas
9.3 Discrete Two-Component (“L”) Matching
9.4 Bandwidth and Q
9.5 Modifying Bandwidth Using Higher-Order Circuits
9.5.1 Increasing Bandwidth using Cascades of Two-Reactance Matching Circuits
 9.5.2 Decreasing Bandwidth Using “Pi” and “T” Circuits
9.5.3 Other Considerations and Variants
9.6 Impedance Matching for Differential Circuits
9.7 Distributed Matching Structures
9.7.1 Properties of Practical Transmission Lines
9.7.2 Impedance of Single-Port Transmission Line Stubs
9.7.3 Single-Stub Matching
9.7.4 Quarter-Wave Matching
9.8 Impedance Inversion
Problems

10 Amplifiers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Transistors as Amplifiers
10.2.1 Bipolar Transistors
10.2.2 Field Effect Transistors
10.2.3 Designing with Transistors
10.3 Biasing of Transistor Amplifiers
10.3.1 Bipolar Transistors
10.3.2 FETs
10.3.3 Beyond Common Emitter and Common Source
10.4 Designing for Gain
10.4.1 Bilateral Design to Meet a Gain Requirement
10.4.2 Unilateral Design to Meet a Gain Requirement
10.4.3 Taming Unruly Transistors: Unilateralization and Stabilization
10.5 Designing for Noise Figure
10.6 Designing for VSWR
10.7 Design Example: A UHF-Band LNA
10.7.1 Inductive Degeneration
10.7.2 Selecting an Operating Point and Establishing RF Design Parameters
10.7.3 Transistor Characterization
10.7.4 Transistor Output Conditioning
10.7.5 IMN Design
10.7.6 OMN Design
10.7.7 Bias Scheme
10.7.8 Bias Circuit Integration
10.7.9 Measured Results
10.8 Beyond the Single-Transistor Narrowband Amplifier
10.9 IC Implementation
 Problems

11 Linearity, Multistage Analysis, and Dynamic Range

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Characterization of Linearity
11.2.1 Linearity as Independence of Response
11.2.2 Linearity of Systems with Memoryless Polynomial Response
11.2.3 Gain Compression
11.2.4 Intermodulation; Third-Order Intermodulation
11.2.5 Second-Order Intermodulation
11.2.6 AM–PM Conversion
11.3 Linearity of Differential Devices
11.4 Linearity of Cascaded Devices
11.5 Stage/Cascade Analysis; Significance of Stage Order
11.6 Other Common Characterizations of Sensitivity
11.6.1 Minimum Discernible Signal (MDS): Concept and Zero-Input-Noise
Expressions
11.6.2 Minimum Discernible Signal (MDS): Non-Zero-Input-Noise Expressions
11.6.3 Noise Floor
11.7 Dynamic Range
Problems

12 Antenna Integration
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Receive Performance
12.2.1 Antenna Receive Model, Revisited
12.2.2 Signal Power Delivered by an Antenna to a Receiver
12.2.3 SNR Delivered to the Digitizer or Detector Assuming Conjugate Matching
12.2.4 SNR Delivered to the Digitizer or Detector when Two-Port Noise
Parameters are Available
12.3 Transmit Performance
12.3.1 VSWR
12.3.2 Transmit Efficiency
12.4 Antenna–Transceiver Impedance Matching
12.4.1 Fractional Bandwidth Concept
12.4.2 Resonant Antennas
12.4.3 Non-Resonant Broadband Antennas
12.4.4 Electrically-Small Antennas
12.5 How Small Can an Antenna Be?
12.6 Antenna Tuners
 12.7 Baluns
12.7.1 Consequences of Not Using a Balun
12.7.2 Balun Contraindications
12.7.3 Compact Baluns
12.7.4 Coaxial Choke Baluns
12.7.5 Other Commonly-Used Balun Types
Problems

13 Analog Filters and Multiplexers

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Characterization of Filter Response
13.3 Single-Reactance Lowpass and Highpass Filters
13.4 Single-Resonator Bandpass and Notch Filters
13.5 Discrete (LC) Filters – Specified Response
13.5.1 Butterworth Lowpass Filter Design
13.5.2 Butterworth Highpass Filter Design
13.5.3 Butterworth Bandpass Filter Design
13.5.4 Butterworth Bandstop Filter Design
13.5.5 Chebyshev Filter Design
13.5.6 Phase and Delay Response; Group Delay Variation
13.5.7 Other Specified-Response Designs and Topological Variants
13.6 Diplexers and Multiplexers
13.7 Distributed Filter Structures
13.7.1 Transmission Line Stubs as Single-Reactance Two-Ports
13.7.2 Quarter-Wave Stubs as Single-Resonance Two-Ports
13.7.3 Filters Composed of Quarter-Wave Sections
13.7.4 Specified-Response Filters Using Transmission Line Stubs
13.8 Other Filter Device Technologies
13.8.1 Coupled Resonator and Stepped Impedance Filters
13.8.2 Helical Filters
13.8.3 Coaxial Filters
13.8.4 Crystal Filters
13.8.5 Surface Acoustic Wave Devices and Dielectric Resonators
13.8.6 Mechanical and Ceramic Filters
13.8.7 Electronically-Tunable Filters
Problems
14 Frequency and Quadrature Conversion in the Analog Domain
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Frequency Conversion
 14.2.1 Downconversion; Low- and High-Side Injection
14.2.2 Upconversion
14.2.3 Image Frequency
14.3 Mixers
14.3.1 Square-Law Processing
14.3.2 Phase-Switching
14.3.3 Double-Balanced Diode Ring Mixers
14.3.4 IC Implementation
14.4 Quadrature Conversion
14.5 Image Rejection Mixers
14.5.1 Hartley Architecture
14.5.2 Weaver Architecture
Problems

15 Receivers
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion
15.2.1 Method of Operation
15.2.2 Sample Rate and Bandwidth
15.2.3 Quantization Noise
15.2.4 Characteristics of Practical ADCs
15.3 Requirements on Gain and Sensitivity
15.4 Preselection
15.5 Selectivity
15.6 Receiver Architectures
15.6.1 Lowpass Direct Sampling
15.6.2 Undersampling
15.6.3 Tuned RF
15.6.4 Single-Conversion Superheterodyne Architecture
15.6.5 The Half-IF Problem
15.6.6 Multiple-Conversion Superheterodyne Architecture
15.6.7 Other Superheterodyne Architectures
15.6.8 Direct Conversion
15.6.9 Near-Zero IF
15.6.10 Superheterodyne Architecture with Quadrature-Conversion Final Stage
15.7 Frequency Planning
15.8 Gain Control
15.8.1 AGC Strategy for a Single-Channel-Output Receivers
15.8.2 AGC Strategy for Multiple-Channel-Output Receivers
 15.8.3 AGC Strategy for Cellular CDMA Receivers
15.8.4 Power Measurement for AGC
15.8.5 Schemes for Varying Gain
15.9 Case Studies
15.9.1 AM/FM Broadcast Receivers
15.9.2 Television Tuners
15.9.3 HF Receivers
15.9.4 Cellular, WLAN, and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
Receivers
15.9.5 Quadrature Conversion RF/IF Receivers
Problems

16 Frequency Synthesis
16.1 Introduction
16.2 LC Feedback Oscillators
16.2.1 The LC Resonator
16.2.2 Sustaining Resonance Using Feedback
16.3 Design of LC Feedback Oscillators
16.3.1 Colpitts Topology
16.3.2 Analysis and Design of the Grounded Base Colpitts Oscillator
16.3.3 Alternative Implementations and Enhancements
16.4 Phase Noise, Spurious, and Reciprocal Mixing
16.5 Oscillators Using Crystals and Other High-Q Resonators
16.5.1 Crystal Oscillators
16.5.2 Temperature-Stabilized Crystal Oscillators
16.5.3 Resonator Technologies for Higher Frequencies
16.6 Variable-Frequency Oscillators and VCOs
16.7 Negative Resistance Oscillators
16.8 Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Synthesizers
16.8.1 Integer-N Synthesizers
16.8.2 Fractional-N Synthesizers
16.8.3 Dividers, Phase Comparators, Loop Filters, and Prescalers
16.8.4 PLL Design Considerations
16.9 Direct Digital Synthesis
16.10 IC Implementation of Oscillators and Synthesizers
Problems

17 Transmitters
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Architectures
 17.3 Digital-to-Analog Conversion
17.3.1 Method of Operation
17.3.2 Sample Rate, Bandwidth, and sinc Distortion
17.3.3 Quantization Noise and Dynamic Range
17.4 Power Amplifiers
17.4.1 Efficiency vs. Linearity
17.4.2 Class A; Linear vs. Quasi-Linear Operation
17.4.3 Harmonic Filtering
17.4.4 Class B
17.4.5 Class AB and Conduction Angle
17.4.6 Class C
17.4.7 The Rest of the Alphabet: High-Efficiency Non-linear PAs
17.4.8 Repurposing Non-Linear PAs as Quasi-Linear PAs
17.5 Considerations in PA Design
17.5.1 Supply Voltage
17.5.2 Load Impedance Matching
17.5.3 Source Impedance Matching, Buffers, and Drivers
17.5.4 PAPR and Back Off
17.5.5 Power Control
17.6 PA Linearization
17.6.1 Consequences of PA Non-Linearity
17.6.2 Predistortion
17.6.3 Feedforward Linearization
17.6.4 Feedback Linearization
17.7 Quadrature-Coupled and Parallelized Amplifiers
17.7.1 Quadrature Hybrids
17.7.2 Combining Using Transformers
Problems

18 Digital Implementation of Radio Functions

18.1 Introduction
18.2 Single-Rate Filters
18.2.1 FIR Filter Fundamentals
18.2.2 FIR Filter Design Using Windows; The Kaiser Method
18.2.3 Other Methods for FIR Filter Design and Applications
18.2.4 Digital Filters with Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Elliptic Responses
18.2.5 Reducing Computational Burden
18.3 Multirate Filters
18.3.1 Integer-Rate Decimating FIR Filters
 18.3.2 Integer-Rate Interpolating FIR Filters
18.3.3 Non-Integer and Large-R Techniques
18.4 Quadrature Upconversion and Downconversion
18.4.1 FS/4 Quadrature Downconversion
18.4.2 FS/4 Quadrature Upconversion
18.4.3 Multirate Quadrature Downconversion From Other IFs
18.5 Applications in Digital Modulation
18.5.1 Pulse Shaping
18.5.2 Symbol Timing Recovery
18.5.3 Adaptive Equalization
18.5.4 Carrier Frequency Tracking
18.6 DSP Hardware Technologies
18.6.1 CPUs, Their Limitations, and Alternatives
18.6.2 Special-Function ICs
18.6.3 FPGAs
18.6.4 ASICs
Problems

Appendix A Empirical Modeling of Mean Path Loss

A.1 Log-Linear Model for Mean Path Loss
A.2 Hata Model
A.3 COST231-Hata Model
A.4 Other Models

Appendix B Characteristics of Some Common Radio Systems

B.1 Broadcasting
B.2 Land Mobile Radio
B.3 Mobile Telecommunications
B.3.1 General Characteristics
B.3.2 First-, Second-, and Third-Generation Cellular Systems
B.3.3 Fourth-Generation Cellular Systems (“4G”) and LTE
B.3.4 Fifth-Generation Cellular Systems (“5G”)
B.4 Wireless Data Networks
B.4.1 IEEE 802.11 and 802.11b
B.4.2 IEEE 802.11a, -g, and -n
B.4.3 IEEE 802.11ac and -ad
B.4.4 Longer-Range Systems: IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) and 802.11af (TVWS)
B.4.5 Future Trends
B.5 Short-Range Data Communications
 B.5.1 Bluetooth
B.5.2 ZigBee
B.5.3 Automotive Applications: RKE and TPMS
B.6 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
B.7 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
B.8 Radar, Remote Sensing, and Radio Astronomy

References
Index
 ILLUSTRATIONS

1.1 Top to bottom: Simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex radio links. “TX” represents a
transmitter, “RX” represents a receiver.
1.2 Topologies: (a) broadcast, (b) point-to-point. This is a physical perspective; what users
perceive depends on the multiple access technique.
1.3 A repeater topology: Point-to-point to the repeater, broadcast from the repeater.
1.4 Multiple access strategies: (a) FDMA, (b) TDMA.
1.5 CDMA. In DSSS form, users are separated by spreading code; in FHSS form users are
separated by hopping sequence.
1.6 A cellular telecommunications system. Each circle represents a coverage cell served by a
base station. Sets of cells which do not overlap (e.g., the cells shaded in this figure) are in
principle able to use the same frequencies without interference.
1.7 A high-level representation of a radio link (chapter numbers are indicated for quick
access to discussions of these particular topics).
1.8 A simple transmitter.
1.9 A transmitter employing digital baseband processing.
1.10 An all-analog receiver.
1.11 A receiver employing digital baseband processing.
1.12 Levels of integration: (a) An all-analog Citizen’s Band (CB) handheld radio exhibiting a
relatively low level of integration; (b) A modern cellular handheld phone with digital
baseband processing, exhibiting a relatively high level of integration. Shown
approximately to scale.
2.1 Evolution from a transmission line to a dipole. A possible current distribution is shown
along side the conductors.
2.2 The ẑ-directed point current moment located (a) at r = 0, (b) at r = ẑz′.
2.3 Current distribution for the electrically-short dipole (ESD).
2.4 Equivalent circuit representing an antenna in transmission.
2.5 Example 2.1: Impedance of an electrically-thin ESD (L = 1 m, a = L/1000, and σ = 3 ×
106 S/m) in the HF-band.
2.6 Equivalent circuit representing an antenna in reception. As in transmission, ZA = RA +
Rloss + jXA.
2.7 Directivity of the ESD in the E-plane (left) and H-plane (right). Linear scaling.
2.8 Generation of right-circular polarization using orthogonally-oriented dipoles fed 90◦ out
of phase.
2.9 Current distributions for straight thin dipoles of the indicated lengths, computed using
 Equation (2.49).
2.10 Impedance as a function of frequency for a straight dipole with L/a = 10 000 (quite thin).
Top: real component; bottom: imaginary component.
2.11 Center-fed and offset-fed full-wave dipoles.
2.12 An equivalent circuit representing the impedance of a lossless straight dipole, from [77].
2.13 A planar dipole implemented on a printed circuit board.
2.14 Other commonly-encountered dipole-type antennas.
2.15 Relationship between dipoles and monopoles from the perspective of image theory. In this
figure, the midpoint of the dipole and ground plane of the monopole lie in the z = 0 plane.
2.16 Practical monopoles: (a) mounted on the roof and trunk of a sedan, (b) a mobile radio
base station QWM using four radials in lieu of a ground screen.
2.17 Patch antennas.
2.18 Mobile phones for 900/1800/1900 MHz GSM cellular systems using PIFA-type antennas.
All dimensions are in mm. ©2012 IEEE. Reprinted, with permission, from [67].
2.19 Features of the pattern of a typical high-gain antenna.
2.20 Evolution from dipole to a beam antenna: (a) dipole, (b) adding a reflector, (c) adding a
director. A practical example of a beam antenna having multiple directors to further
increase gain is shown in (d).
2.21 A gamma match being used to interface coaxial cable to the driven element of a Yagi.
2.22 Use of a paraboloidal reflector to increase the directivity of a low-gain antenna (the feed).
2.23 Practical reflector antennas: (a) SHF-band terrestrial microwave data link antennas (feed
and reflector surface covered by a radome). (b) A small offset-fed Ku-band antenna used
for satellite communications in support of retail operations.
2.24 Use of multiple antennas in a linear array to increase directivity (transmit case).
2.25 The antenna tower of a modern cellular cite, supporting several UHF and SHF-band
cellular systems.
2.26 Other commonly-encountered antennas: (a) the horn, (b) axial-mode helix, (c) normal-
mode helix, and (d) loopstick.
3.1 Scenario for the development of the Friis transmission equation.
3.2 Plane wave incident on a planar boundary between free space (top) and a lossy dielectric
(bottom). Note ê ⊥ points toward the viewer.
3.3 Magnitude of reflection coefficients for typical Earth ground at frequencies in
the upper VHF band and above. Phase is also indicated.
3.4 Types of scattering from buildings.
3.5 Geometry for two-ray propagation associated with ground reflection.
3.6 Electric field intensity (rms) at a mobile station antenna 2 m above the ground in response
to a base station antenna 15 m above the ground, at 450 MHz. The two solid curves
correspond to the ⊥ and ǁ polarizations (Solution to Example 3.2). The two dashed
curves are solutions computed assuming free space propagation (Equation (3.19)) and
approximate flat Earth (two-ray) propagation (Equation (3.36)).
3.7 Same as Figure 3.6, except now with both antennas 2 m above the ground (Solution to
 Example 3.3).
3.8 A measured power delay profile (PDP) for a 850 MHz link between antennas at heights
9.1 m and 1.8 m, separated by about 1 km in a small US city. ©1988 IEEE. Reprinted,
with permission, from [15].
3.9 Power delay profiles (PDPs) representative of a radio link between a base station and a
mobile station in (a) rural and suburban environments and (b) environments consisting of
tall buildings or hilly terrain. See Examples 3.5 and 3.6.
3.10 Frequency response |H(ω)| corresponding to the CIRs depicted in Figure 3.9, plotted in
dB relative to mean value over the displayed span.
3.11 Determining the change of path length due to a transmitter, receiver, or scatterer moving at
a constant velocity. Note we assume that the elapsed time Δt is vanishingly small such that
ϕn remains approximately constant.
3.12 A simulation of |γ(t)| for f = 871 MHz and v = 24 km/h (see Example 3.9).
3.13 CDF of observed values of |γ | /γ from the example described in Figure 3.12.
3.14 Spatial autocorrelation in Rayleigh fading. Note that this is equivalently the temporal
autocorrelation using the change of variables indicated by Equation (3.70).
3.15 Radio horizon for an antenna located at point a. Point b shares a radio horizon with point
a, whereas point c is below the radio horizon of point a.
3.16 Extension of a radio link beyond radio horizons by diffraction from intervening terrain.
3.17 Skywave propagation in the HF band. Letters indicated named layers of the ionosphere.
4.1 Thévenin model of a realistic (noisy) resistor.
4.2 Circuit models used to develop the concept of equivalent noise temperature.
4.3 Noise characterization of a two-port device in terms of noise figure.
4.4 Noise characterization of a two-port device, now in terms of noise temperature.
4.5 A two-stage cascade to be analyzed in terms of noise temperature.
4.6 Antenna temperature concept.
4.7 Anthropogenic noise modeled as median antenna temperature using the parameters given
in Table 4.2. Also shown is the Galactic background antenna temperature (b = 4.60 × 107
K·MHz−a, a = −2.3, computed from Equation (4.29)), for comparison.
5.1 Equivalent representations of the conversion of the complex baseband signal s(t) to sRF(t).
(a) From Equation (5.2) (double lines are used to indicate the in-phase and quadrature
components of complex-valued signals); (b) from Equation (5.6).
5.2 Equivalent representations of the conversion of sRF(t) to s(t).
5.3 DSB-LC AM waveform sRF(t) for m(t) = cos(ωmt) and ka = 0.5: (a) m(t), (b) sRF(t), with
the envelope indicated by a dashed line.
5.4 Representation of AM signals in complex baseband form in the complex plane: (a) the
DSB-LC signal in Figure 5.3, (b) the DSB-SC signal in Figure 5.6.
5.5 DSB-LC spectra. (a) An example message signal spectrum, (b) spectrum of the associated
DSB-LC AM signal, |SRF(ω)|.
5.6 DSB-SC AM waveform sRF(t) for m(t) = cos(ωmt): (a) m(t), (b) sRF(t), with the envelope
 indicated by a dashed line.
5.7 Complex baseband representation of received (a) DSB-LC and (b) DSB-SC AM signals,
accounting for propagation, for maximum |kam(t)| = 0.5.
5.8 Incoherent demodulation of a DSB-LC AM signal in complex baseband representation.
5.9 Envelope detection in the analog domain using a diode detector.
5.10 Coherent demodulation of AM in complex baseband representation.
5.11 AM demodulation by product detection.
5.12 Open-loop estimation of carrier phase, suitable for all forms of AM. Here, x(t) = s(t) ·
gpejϕp + noise, and “arg(·)” is shorthand for the four-quadrant arctan function.
5.13 Costas loop method for coherent demodulation of AM, in complex baseband
representation.
5.14 Costas loop method for coherent demodulation of AM, operating on the received signal in
bandpass form.
5.15 (a) Vectorial summation of s(t) and n(t) in the complex plane; (b) s(t)+n(t) after
derotation.
5.16 SSB interpreted as DSB-SC with a suppressed sideband. Here, generating USB by
bandpass-filtering DSB-SC.
5.17 Weaver method for generation of SSB modulation. Here, USB.
5.18 Spectra at various stages in the Weaver modulator of Figure 5.17. Here, USB.
5.19 Hartley method for generation of SSB modulation; in this case, USB.
5.20 Spectra at various stages in the Hartley USB modulator of Figure 5.19.
5.21 Phase-locked loop (PLL) method of FM demodulation. Here the VCO/NCO is generating
a slightly-delayed estimate of the carrier and the multiplier is being used as the phase
comparator.
6.1 Overview of a digital communication link.
6.2 Constellation diagrams for the modulations shown in Table 6.2.
6.3 (a) An ill-advised assignment of dibits to symbols in QPSK. (b) A better assignment
employing Gray coding.
6.4 Left: The two QPSK constellations used in -QPSK. Right: All possible transitions from
A1 to the next symbol.
6.5 Scheme for generating pulse-shaped digital modulation.
6.6 Rectangular pulse. Left: Time domain. Right: Frequency domain.
6.7 Sinc pulse. Left: Time domain. Right: Frequency domain.
6.8 Specification of the spectrum G(f) of the raised cosine pulse. Here, r = 0.5.
6.9 Raised cosine pulse waveform (bottom) and spectrum magnitude (top).
6.10 Comparison of the spectrum of the sinc (r = 0) and r = 0.35 raised cosine pulses after
truncation to an interval of ±2T centered around the MET.
6.11 Coherent demodulation of digital phase-amplitude modulations by matched filtering in
complex baseband representation.
6.12 Demodulation of BPSK and OOK.
6.13 PDFs for BPSK symbols assuming zero-mean Gaussian noise. The horizontal axis is in
units of Here, The shaded area is the probability of symbol error
when s1(t) has been sent.
6.14 Probability of bit error Pb as a function of Eb/N0 for BPSK and OOK.
6.15 PDFs for OOK symbols assuming zero-mean Gaussian noise. The horizontal axis is in
units of Here, The shaded area is the probability of symbol error
when s1(t) has been sent.
6.16 Incoherent demodulation of OOK. Note derotation is not required. As a practical matter, it
is probably easier to calculate magnitude-squared (|·|2) as opposed to magnitude (|·|) and
then adjust the AGC or symbol decision threshold accordingly.
6.17 Symmetric M-ASK. In this case, M = 4. Capital letters index the symbols, whereas Roman
numerals index the associated decision regions.
6.18 Probability of bit error as a function of Eb/N0 for M-ASK.
6.19 Probability of bit error as a function of Eb/N0 for M-QAM.
6.20 Probability of bit error as a function of Eb/N0 for M-PSK.
6.21 Differential detection, assuming a phase-only modulation.
6.22 Probability of bit error for differentially-detected BPSK (DBPSK) compared to
optimally- (coherently-) detected BPSK.
6.23 Correlation between FSK symbols as a function of normalized frequency spacing Δf · T.
6.24 Bandpass incoherent demodulation of M-FSK with rectangular pulse shaping.
6.25 Probability of bit error for incoherently-detected orthogonal M-FSK compared to
optimally- (coherently-) detected BFSK.
6.26 Maximum normalized capacity as a function of Eb/N0.
6.27 Performance of modulations relative to the Shannon bound. Each modulation is plotted at
the Eb/N0 for which it achieves 0.1% BER and taking ηB (FNBW basis, rectangular or r =
1 pulses) as C. Note spectral efficiency is now plotted in log scale.
6.28 Performance of BPSK in a flat fading channel having Rayleigh-distributed magnitude.
6.29 A simple example of interleaving having depth 5 and length 7.
6.30 Amelioration of a burst error (×s) by deinterleaving.
6.31 Diversity combining within a coherent receiver.
6.32 Performance of MRC for BPSK in Rayleigh flat fading.
6.33 Optimal (MLSE) receiver for propagation channels experiencing significant ISI.
6.34 MMSE receiver for propagation channels experiencing significant ISI.
6.35 Band-edge scheme for tracking carrier frequency.
6.36 Open-loop generation of a symbol clock.
6.37 An example of symbol timing synchronization by evaluating candidate downsampled
decision metrics.
6.38 Spectrum of an ATSC broadcast signal (WPXR in Roanoke, VA, centered at 605 MHz).
Actual measured spectrum, vertical scale in dB.
6.39 8-VSB as implemented in ATSC.
6.40 One possible scheme for demodulating an ATSC 8-VSB signal.
6.41 Same as Figure 6.38, but taken just a few minutes later. Strong time-resolved multipath is
now evident, whereas only a slight amount of frequency-selective fading was evident
previously.
6.42 Spreading in a DSSS system.
6.43 Despreading in a DSSS system.
6.44 Rake receiver for exploiting resolvable ISI in DSSS communications systems.
6.45 A generic block diagram of an OFDM system.
7.1 System model for determining the signal to noise ratio at the input to a receiver’s detector.
Quantities indicated by the left column of block arrows are expressed as power spectral
densities referred to the input of the receiver; on the right as power delivered to the
detector.
7.2 range (R) for rb = 0.1, 1, and 10 Mb/s in the hypothetical PCS system of Section
7.8. The shaded area indicates the range of that might reasonably be proposed as an
operating point for this system. The horizontal dashed line is the required for
−2
QPSK to achieve BER= 10 in Rayleigh fading without channel coding or interleaving.
7.3 Tradeoff between dish diameter and LNB noise figure in the DBS system of Section 7.10.
8.1 A two-port.
8.2 Voltage waves incident and reflected at the terminals of a two-port; d is defined to be zero
at the port and increases with increasing distance from the port.
8.3 Power waves used in the s-parameter description of a two-port. Note the values of the
power waves are specified to be the values exterior to the two-port; that is, on the
transmission line side of the terminals of the two-port.
8.4 Two-ports consisting of a (a) series impedance and (b) shunt impedance.
8.5 A voltage wave on an uninterrupted transmission line (top) replaced by a Thévenin
equivalent circuit at d = 0+ (bottom).
8.6 A matched transmission line represented as a two-port.
8.7 Conversion between z-parameters and s-parameters: z-parameters are normalized to Z0,
so multiply by Z0 to get Z-parameters in impedance units.
8.8 Conversion between y-parameters and s-parameters: y-parameters are normalized to Y0 =
1/Z0, so divide by Y0 to get Y-parameters in admittance units.
8.9 Conversion between h-parameters and s-parameters: h-parameters are normalized to Z0,
so H11 = h11Z0, H12 = h12, H21 = h21, H22 = h22/Z0.
8.10 Definitions of the embedded reflection coefficients Γin (top) and Γout (bottom).
8.11 Quantities used in the definition of TPG: (a) PA, the power available from a source, and
(b) PL, the power delivered by a two-port to a load.
8.12 Shaded areas indicate values of ΓS (left) and ΓL (right) that yield a stable embedded two-
port. The unit circle is indicated by the dashed line. The arcs indicate where an input or
 output reflection coefficient becomes 1. In this example, the two-port is the Avago AT-
41511 transistor at 1 GHz; see Table 8.1.
8.13 Finding values of ΓS and ΓL that correspond to a stable embedded two-port using the
stability circle method. This example uses the same two-port and frequency considered in
Figure 8.12.
8.14 Conversion from s-parameters to t-parameters and vice versa.
8.15 Gain as a function of the value of the stabilization resistor in Example 8.13.
8.16 Single-ended (a) vs. differential (b) circuit topology. The loads in (b) can, of course, be
combined into a single load ZL.
8.17 A DC-offset sinusoid represented as (a) a single-ended signal (vL measured with respect
to a physical datum), and (b) a differential signal (vL = v+ − v−).
8.18 Following up the example from Figure 8.17: Effect of impulsive common-mode
interference on single-ended vs. differential circuits.
8.19 Two ways a transformer can be used as a balun.
9.1 A summary of the impedance matching problem. ZS = RS + jXS and ZL = RL + jXL. For
conjugate matching, and For reflectionless matching, Zin = ZS and
Zout = ZL.
9.2 Lossy matching of real impedances using a series or parallel resistance. Note that these
matching two-ports are not reciprocal; i.e., only the left-facing port is matched.
9.3 Matching real impedances using a transformer having a turns ratio of
9.4 Matching a complex source impedance by first canceling the imaginary part of the source
impedance.
9.5 The reactances of a 1 μH inductor, a 100 pF capacitor, and the series combination of the
two. Note that the reactance cancels at only one frequency (here, about 16 MHz).
9.6 Options for discrete two-component “L” matching.
9.7 Options for conjugate matching of 1.2 − j450.3 Ω to 50 Ω at 30 MHz (Example 9.1).
9.8 Options for matching 5000 Ω to 50 Ω at 75 MHz (Example 9.2).
9.9 Frequency response of the matching circuits obtained in Example 9.2 (see also Figure
9.8). Curve (a) corresponds to the parallel capacitor solution, and therefore has lowpass
response. Similarly curve (b) corresponds to the parallel inductor solution, and therefore
has highpass response.
9.10 An “L-L” design for matching for 5000 Ω to 50 Ω at 75 MHz with increased bandwidth
(Example 9.3).
9.11 Frequency response of the “L-L” match shown in Figure 9.10, compared to the “L” match
of Figure 9.8(a).
9.12 Left: Development of a “Pi” circuit using back-to-back parallel-first “L” circuits. Right:
Development of a “T” circuit using back-to-back series-first “L” circuits.
9.13 A Pi design for matching for 5000 Ω to 50 Ω at 75 MHz with decreased bandwidth
(Example 9.4).
9.14 Frequency response of the “Pi” match shown in Figure 9.13, compared to the “L” match of
 Figure 9.8(a).
9.15 Matching a 10 kΩ differential source impedance to a 100 Ω differential load impedance at
75 MHz (Example 9.5).
9.16 A transmission line having characteristic impedance Zc terminated by a load impedance
ZL.
9.17 Microstrip line, shown in cross section.
9.18 Relationship between characteristic impedance Zc and width W for FR4 (h = 1.575 mm,
nominal ɛr = 4.5) using Equation (9.26). Also shown are the characteristic impedances
computed assuming relative permittivity which is 10% greater and 10% less than the
nominal value.
9.19 Single-stub technique for matching a load impedance ZL to a source impedance ZS = 1/YS.
As in other matching circuits, for a conjugate match and Yin = YS for a
reflectionless match.
9.20 Design of the transmission line section of the single-stub match of Figure 9.19: l1 is
selected to make G1 = GS.
9.21 Design of the stub section of the single-stub match of Figure 9.19: l2 is selected to make
Bstub = −BS − B1 for a conjugate match or Bstub = +BS − B1 for a reflectionless match.
9.22 Implementation-independent solution to the single-stub matching problem of Example 9.6.
9.23 Solution to the single-stub matching problem of Example 9.6 as microstrip on FR4.
9.24 An impedance inverter using discrete reactances.
10.1 Circuit schematic depiction of an NPN BJT. The PNP variant is indicated by changing the
direction of the arrow on the emitter.
10.2 Equivalent circuit for forward-active region operation of the NPN BJT.
10.3 Circuit schematic depiction of an N-channel FET. Some N-channel FET varieties are
indicated with the arrow on the source terminal facing outward (analogous to a PNP
bipolar symbol). P-channel variants are indicated by reversing the direction of the arrow
on the gate, or moving the arrow from source to drain. Some transistors of both varieties –
in particular, MOSFETs – are sometimes shown with a fourth (“body”) terminal.
10.4 Fixed biasing of a bipolar transistor in common emitter configuration (not recommended).
Shaded components are associated with RF/DC isolation.
10.5 Collector feedback stabilization, a self-biasing technique here applied to a bipolar
transistor in common emitter configuration.
10.6 Emitter degeneration for a bipolar transistor in common emitter configuration.
10.7 Voltage divider bias with emitter degeneration for a bipolar transistor in common emitter
configuration.
10.8 Self bias with base voltage divider. R3 is optional and will be part of small-signal circuit;
this is sometimes useful in stabilizing the transistor (see Section 10.4.3).
10.9 Self-biasing a FET with VGS > 0 (see Example 10.5).
10.10 Self-biasing a FET with VGS < 0 (see Example 10.6).
10.11 Alternatives to common emitter and common source configurations for NPN (bipolar) and
N-channel (FET) transistors.
10.12 Small-signal amplifier design problem.
10.13 IMN candidates for Example 10.7. Impedances indicated are those looking into the
labeled port.
10.14 OMN candidates for Example 10.7. Impedances indicated are those looking into the
labeled port.
10.15 Completed maximum-gain amplifier (Example 10.7).
10.16 Example 10.8: The available gain circle is shown lower left. The circle in the upper right
are the ΓLs associated with each ΓS on the available gain circle.
10.17 Completed design for Example 10.8. All stripline has characteristic impedance equal to
Z0.
10.18 Unilateral gain circle for Example 10.9.
10.19 Completed LNA small-signal design for Example 10.10.
10.20 Stability circles for the LNA design problem of Example 10.11.
10.21 Noise figure circles for the LNA design problem of Example 10.11. Also shown is the
output stability circle.
10.22 Available gain circles for the LNA design problem of Example 10.11. Also shown is the
output stability circle and Γopt.
10.23 The completed UHF-band LNA based on the NXP BFG540W Si BJT. See Figure 10.31
for schematic. The transistor is the rectangular four-terminal device near the center of the
board. RF and DC input on left, RF output on right. The ruler along the bottom is marked
in inches (top) and centimeters (bottom).
10.24 Presumed s-parameters and actual noise parameters for the BFG540W with inductive
degeneration in the UHF-band LNA example. Z0 = 50 Ω.
10.25 Stability circles for the UHF-band LNA example. Also shown are Γopt, and ΓL for an
output conjugate match when ΓS = Γopt.
10.26 Analysis of TPG (top panel) and input VSWR (bottom panel) for the proposed transistor
in cascade with an output series resistor of the indicated value for the UHF-band LNA
example. The cascade schematic shown in inset of bottom panel. TPG and VSWR are
computed for the minimum noise figure input termination and conjugate-matched output
termination. The border between unconditional and conditional stability corresponds to
the discontinuity in the TPG curve at ≅ 90 Ω.
10.27 Analysis of TPG (top panel) and input VSWR (bottom panel) for the proposed transistor
in cascade with an 4.7 pF output capacitor in parallel, followed by a series resistor of the
indicated value, for the UHF-band LNA example. The cascade schematic is shown in inset
of bottom panel. TPG and VSWR are computed for the minimum noise figure input
termination and conjugate-matched output termination.
10.28 Preliminary (RF) schematic, including IMN, transistor, output conditioning stage, and
OMN.
10.29 Performance of the preliminary design using the proposed OMN, varying the value of the
 series capacitor.
10.30 Preliminary design of a self-bias circuit for the UHF-band LNA example; DC equivalent
circuit shown. As explained in the text, we end up setting R3 = 100 Ω and R2 = 22 kΩ.
10.31 Schematic of the completed UHF-band LNA shown in Figure 10.23.
10.32 Measured gain (|s21|) of the completed UHF-band LNA. Markers indicate the result
predicted using the presumed s-parameters of the transistor (VCE = 4 V, IC = 10 mA, no
emitter induction) for the frequencies at which these data are available.
10.33 Measured input VSWR (top) and output VSWR (bottom) of the completed UHF-band
LNA. The markers indicate the results predicted using the presumed s-parameters of the
transistor (VCE = 4 V, IC = 10 mA, no emitter induction) for the frequencies at which these
data are available.
10.34 The GALI-74 MMIC. Left: Typical application circuit (Rbias sets IC); right: As
implemented on a PCB. The ruler along the bottom is marked in inches (top) and
centimeters (bottom).
11.1 Transfer functions for linear and compressive systems, and 1 dB compression point.
11.2 Third-order intercept point concept. Note by plotting the magnitude of the IM3 in log–log
form, the factor A3 becomes 3 log A; thus the slope is three times the linear gain A → log
A.
11.3 Relationship between input P1dB and IIP3 from a survey of 271 commercially-available
MMIC amplifiers at 50 MHz operated at the recommended bias conditions, determined
from datasheets. The dashed line shows the expected relationship from Equation (11.18).
Dots indicate single-ended amplifiers and diamonds indicate differential amplifiers.
11.4 Second-order intercept point.
11.5 Relationship between IIP2 and IIP3 for the subset of MMIC amplifiers in the survey (see
caption of Figure 11.3) for which IIP2 is also reported. The dashed line shows the best
linear-in-dB fit to the data. Dots indicate single-ended amplifiers and diamonds indicate
differential amplifiers.
11.6 A differential two-port device.
11.7 A two-stage cascade to be analyzed in terms of third-order intercept point.
11.8 Noise floor. Note that the apparent level of the noise floor depends on the resolution
bandwidth (ΔB), whereas the apparent level of the signal is independent of ΔB as long as
the signal bandwidth is less than ΔB.
11.9 Defining condition for SFDR, depicted in terms of output spectrum.
11.10 SFDR in terms of the relationship between output-referred power Pout and input-referred
power Pin.
12.1 Model for receiving antenna. The temperature for calculation of noise contributions is
indicated next to each resistance.
12.2 Model for receiving antenna, revised from Figure 12.1 to show external and internal noise
as explicit series voltage sources.
12.3 Estimated effective length for the antenna in Example 12.1. Note that the expected value of
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 II
OLD MAN GULLY’S HANT

“Put some bread crumbs on top of the barrel, Willis, and less see if
he can peck it off,” suggested Mary Van in baby treble.
The Langshan seemed to understand, for he watched Willis with
interest as he crumbled the bread; and after due consideration, and
with an almost human scorn towards the hens, measured his steps
to the barrel, and stretching his long neck, removed every crumb
from the top. After this he slowly raised one foot as though to return
to the company of hens, but changing his mind, stood with the foot
poised in air and one eye apparently fixed upon Phyllis.
“Come on, chillun, I ain’ gwine stay hyah an’ let dat ole chicken
conjur me.”
“I don’t want to go, Mammy, I want to stay and feed the chickens,”
protested Willis.
“I want to see him eat off the barrel some more,” pleaded Mary Van.
“Dat rooster ain’t no chicken, I tell yer, ’tain’ nuthin’ in dis worl’ but
er hant.”
This closed the argument, for they felt the mysterious influence of
“hants” that was upon Phyllis, hence they followed like the meekest
of lambs until she stopped at her own room in the yard. After stirring
some embers to a flickering sort of blaze, she looked insinuatingly
about her and broke into an excited whisper: “Whinsomev’r yer sees
enything right shiny black, widout er single white speck on hit
nowhar, you kin jes put hit down in yo’ mine, dats er hant! ’Tain’ no
use ter argufy erbout it; dem’s de creeturs dat speerets rides whin
dey comes back ter dis worl’. An’ ’twas one er dem same black,
biggity Langshans dat ole man Gully’s hant come back inter.” Phyllis
had taken her seat by this time, and the children had scrambled into
her lap. “Sakes erlive! You all mos’ claw me ter death. How yer
’speck erbody ter be hol’in’ two growd up fokes like youall is?” But
the children continued to climb, one on each knee. Phyllis put out
her foot and dragged a chair in front of her. “Hyah stretch yer foots
out on de cheer, an’ mebby ef yer sets still, I kin make out ter hole
yer.”
“Mammy, where do hants stay?” asked Willis.
“Hants is ev’r whars,” she looked about her; “dis hyah room right full
uv ’em now.”
Mary Van’s head was immediately buried on the old woman’s
shoulder, while Willis’s arms locked tightly around her neck.
“Yas,” she continued, in low mysterious tones, “dis whole wurl’s
pack’d full uv ’em, but ’tain’ no use ter git skeer’d, long es dey ain’
got no bisnes’ wid you. De time ter git skeer’d is whin you sees ’em!”
(A scream from Mary Van answered by a tremor from Willis.) “Some
fokes doan git skeer’d den, kaze dey knows ’tain’ no use ter git
skeer’d er good speerets—hit’s jes dese bad hants dat does de
damage.”
“Tell us about a good, good spirit, Mammy,” came in muffled tones
from Mary Van.
“Cause we don’t want to hear about bad old hants,” finished Willis.
“How yer speck me ter tell yer enything wid you chokin’ me, an’ Ma’y
Van standin’ on her haid on m’ should’r. Set up like fokes—you hole
dis han’ an’ let Ma’y Van hole dis un, an’ I’ll tell yer ’bout old man
Gully’s hant.”
“Ole man Gully wus de biggites’ creetur’ you ev’r seed; he jes
nachilly so biggity he ’fuse ter do er lick er wurk. Plantin’ time er
harves’ time ain’ make no diffunce ter ole man Gully. He set up on
his front po’ch an’ smoke his pipe, an’ read de newspaper an’ eat
same es one dese ole buckshire hogs, whilst his old lady, an’ de
chilluns, an’ der ole nigg’r Abe, done all de wurk.
“Ole Miss Gully wus pow’ful sot on de ole man; she think he’s de
mos’ pow’fules’ gran’ man in de wurl. Ef he say ‘I wants er chaw er
’bark’r,’ de ole lady’d break her neck runnin’ ter de fiel’ ter tell Abe
ter take de mule out’n de plow an’ fly ter town fur de ’bark’r. Den
she’d git de old broke down steer an’ go ter plowin’ tell Abe come
back. All dis time ole man Gully snoozin’ on de po’ch in de cool. Ef er
rainy spell come an’ spile de wheat, er ef fros’ come an’ kill de fruit,
ole man Gully ’buse de ole lady an’ de chilluns, an’ say ef dey had er
done like he tole ’em hit nuv’r wud er hap’n’d.
“One day long ’bout de mid’le er de sum’r, Mist’r Gully say he bleeg
ter have some possum vit’als. Cose nobody doan eat no possum dat
time de ye’r, an’ ’taint’ no time ter hunt ’em nuthe’r, but ole man
Gully says, ‘I wants de possum,’ an’ dat wus ’nuf fur de Gullys. Abe
an’ de chillun stops all de wurk on de farm an’ go possum huntin’.
Dey hunts all day, an’ dey hunts all night ’fo’ dey so much es come
’crost er single possum track. Bimeby, att’r day had mos’ give out,
hyah come er big lean, lank ole possum up er ’simmon tree full er
green ’simmons. Dey runs home quick an’ giv’ hit ter dey ma, an’
Lawsee! by de time dat possum an’ tat’rs ’gun ter cookin’ up good,
de smell uv hit jes nachally make Abe an’ dem chilluns mouf dribble
tell dey can’ do er lick er wurk fur standin’ ’roun’ de kitchen smellin’
dat possum. Miss Gully had er plenty er fat meat an’ sop fur de
chillun, but dat big deesh er possum an’ tat’rs at de haid er de table
done steal all der appertite, an’ dey wus settin’ dar turnin’ ov’r in der
mines which one gwine git de bigges’ piece.
“Pres’ntly Mist’r Gully sorter cla’r his thoat an’ push his plate erway
an’ pull de deesh closter ter ’im an’ cas’ er eye ’roun’ de table sorter
mad like, an’, honey, dem chillun know right den an’ dar dat dey got
ter eat fat meat an’ sop fur sup’r, er dee doan git no sup’r. De bigges’
boy sorter wipe his eyes er lit’le, an’ de nex’ two chillun, dey out an’
sniffle. De ole lady twis’ her mouf like she tryin’ ter say ‘doan spile
yo’ pa’s sup’r.’ An’ de ole man make out he ain’ heah nuthin’ nur see
nuthin’. Pres’ntly he look up wid his mouf right full er tat’rs an’
possum an’ see de chillun’s eyes feas’in’ on ’im, an’ der moufs
wurkin’ like his’n, an’ he feel sorter ’shame. He swaller hard he do,
like he’s fixin’ ter give ’em some, den he change his mine an’ say,
‘G’long in de yard, chillun,—Pappy’s sick, let Pappy eat de possum.’”
“Make Mister Gully give them some, Mammy,” said Willis indignantly.
“He hatt’r go back like Niggerdemus an’ be born’d ergin ef he do.
Nor suhree, he eat up ev’y speck er dat possum, an’ he sop up ev’y
drap er dat gravy too; den he stretch hissef an’ say he ’speck he’ll
g’long ter bed an’ try ter git er good night’s res’. Den all de fambly
hatt’r g’long ter baid too, so de old man kin git ter sleep. Bimeby,
long’ ’bout time de moon sot, hyah come sump’in’ nuth’r knockin’—
knockin’—knockin’, on de wind’r blines.
“‘Who dat?’ sez ole lady Gully.
“Sumpin’ nuth’r keep er knockin’ an’ er knockin’. Bimeby de old dog
’gun ter howlin’, an’ de chickens ’gun ter crowin’, an’ de pigs ’gun ter
squealin’, an’ de kitchin do’ blow’d wide op’n, an’ de sumpin’ nuth’r
come tippitty, tippitty, tip, ’long up de hall.
“‘Who dat?’ sez ole lady Gully ergin.
“De sump’in’ nuth’r keep er comin’ tippitty, tippitty, tip, right ’crost de
ole lady’s foots on de baid. She holl’r an’ squall fur de ole man an’ de
chillun’ ter come kill hit. De chillun an’ Abe come er runnin’ but de
ole man ain’ stirry er speck.
“‘Lawsee mussy! Light de candle quick,’ sez she.
“An’ whut ’twus you ’speck dem chillun foun’?”
“What, Mammy?” came in a chorus.
“Er big ole Langshan rooster, jes like dat varmint out yond’r. Yas suh,
dar hit sot on de foot er de baid, quoilin’ an’ grumblin’ like fokes. De
ole lady tell Abe ter run Langshan out ’fo’ he wake up de ole man,
but Lawd er mussy! Abe ’gun ter howlin’: ‘Oh! my Lawd, Marst’rs
daid! Marst’rs daid! an’ dis hyahs his hant!’ Sho’ nuff de ole man wus
layin’ dar stiff an’ stark daid!”
“Is Papa’s rooster old man Gully, Mammy?” whispered Willis.
“Hit mout not be dis same ole man Gully, son, but hit’s some ole
man Gully, sho’ es you born. Well, de ole lady she ’gun ter moanin’
an’ takin’ on tur’bl’, she did, an’ de Langshan he settin’ up cluckin’
an’ quoilin’ tell nobody can’ heah der own ye’rs. Dey darsn’t ter drive
’im out—nor suh, eb’n de und’r tak’r skeerd ter do dat, so ’tain’t long
’fo’ dat ole Langshan chick’n boss ev’ythin’ on de farm. Yas suh, I tell
yer, Abe an’ dat ole ’oman act scand’lous ter dat chickin. De ole lady,
she love hit, but Abe, he jes nachelly skeer’d er de hant. Dey nuv’r
raise sich er crap b’fo’, ’caze dat rooster scratchin’ all ov’r de fiel’, an’
Abe say he know whut you doin’ wheth’r he lookin’ at yer er not.
“Ev’y time Langshan ’ud speak sof’ ter de hens, Miss Gully’d holl’r ter
Abe, ‘Yer marst’r want some fresh wat’r, run quick,’ Whinsomev’r
Langshan’d crow, she run an’ git him mo’ vit’als. Oh, I tell yer dem
dominicker hens whut kep’ comp’ny wid him sholy got fat an’ lazy
eatin’ all day an’ doin’ nuthin’ but cacklin’ conversation wid him. An’
dey’s er heap er fokes in dis town too, dat doan do no mo’ dan dem
hens does.”
“Did the children call Langshan papa?” interrupted Willis.
“Nor, darlin’, dem boys doan b’leef in hants, an’ dey tell dey ma dat
de rooster jes foolin’ her, but she crack ’em crost de haid wid de
broom stick, an’ dey darsn’t say so no mo’.
“Long ’bout Chris’mus time Miss Gully wus took down wid de
rumatiz. She can’t lif’ er finger, let lone git up, so she tell Abe ter
bring de ole man up in de house. Yas suh, dat rooster strut hissef all
ov’r dat house. He peck at hissef in de lookin’ glass, an’ he light up
on de pianny in de parler; he fly up on de baid an’ peck Miss Gully’s
nose, an’ she tell Abe de ole Man’s lovin’ her. Hit sho’ wus cur’us
’bout dat rooster, caze ev’y time de doct’r come, he hop up on de
foot er de baid an’ cluck, an’ cluck tell de doct’r git up an’ go. One
day de doct’r tell Miss Gully she gwine die. She sorter cry ’bout hit er
spell, den she sont fur de ole man’s hant. Abe he go an’ shoo de
roost’r in de room, but he can’t make him fly on de baid. Abe he
tiptoe an’ wave his han’s sof’ like b’hime him, but de rooster run
und’r de baid an’ cackle, an’ cluck, an’ make so much fuss dat de
boys wanter run him out, but Miss Gully say he talkin’ ter her. She
answer back ter him, ‘Yas, suh,—dat’s right,—yas, suh, I’m gwine do
jes like you says.’ She keep er gwine on dat erway er long time, tell
bimeby she tell Abe ter go git lawyer Clark ter make her er will. She
say de ole man say she got ter give him all de money, dat de
chillun’ll spen’ hit ef she don’t. De lawyer argufy wid her ’bout doin’
sich er trick es dat, but he thowin’ ’way his bref, caze by de time he
git thu’ wid dat speech, Miss Gully wus done daid.”
The children took a long breath. “Did the hant kill her, Mammy?”
“Hit conjur her so she dunno whut she doin’, jes like dat ole chickin
try ter do me.”
 “DAT OLE ROOST’R SQUATTIN’ UND’R DE BAID
AIN’ NUV’R TAK’N HIS EYES OFF’N ABE.”

“Did the children cry when their mama died?” came tremulously
from Mary Van.
“Dey car’ied on right sharply, caze she wus er good ole ’ooman ’fo’
she got conjured, an’ she wus jes doin’ what she think wus right
den; but der cryin’ wusn’t nuthin’ ter dat nigg’r Abe howlin’ an’
moanin’ ov’r in de cornd’r. Yer see dat ole roost’r squattin’ und’r de
baid ain’ nuv’r tak’n his eyes off’n Abe, an’ Abe want ’im ter g’long
an’ keep comp’ny wid somebody else sides him. So he holler’, ‘Mistis,
fur de Lawd’s sake make Marst’r g’long wid yer.’ Den de ole rooster
start ter cluckin’ an’ fussin’, an’ hit ’pear dat he fixin’ ter go to’ards
Abe. Abe he start ter hol’rin’: ‘Nor suh, nor suh, I doan want yer ter
g’way fum hyah! I wants Mistis ter come back in one dese big
Langshan hens, so you won’t git so lonesome, dat’s whut I wants.’
De rooster keep on er cacklin’ an’ er fixin’ ter fly out’n de wind’r, but
Abe think he gwine jump on him, an’ he yell, ‘Please suh, doan hu’t
Abe, Marster, caze whin I dies, I’m gwine come back in one dese
fine gooses, an’ wait on yer plum tell jedgement.’”
“Did old Langshan get all the money, Mammy?” the financial side
appealing to Willis.
“He git much uv hit es hit take ter buy pizen ter make er conjur pill
ter kill him wid.”
“Can you kill a hant?” he asked incredulously.
“Yer can’t kill ’em ’zackly, but yer kin run ’em inter sum uth’r creet’r,
dat is ef de conjur pill wurk.”
“Mammy,” began both children at once.
“Hole on,—jes one ax at er time—let de lady have de fus time, caze
you’se Mammy’s man. Now den, ax yer sayso, Ma’y Van.”
“Did Miss Gully turn to a hen?”
“She done bin eat up long ergo ef she did,” then turning to Willis,
“Whut’s Mammy’s man got ter ax?”
“I want to know how Abe turned to a goose.”
“Abe didn’t hatt’r turn ter no goose ertall, caze de Lawd done
alreddy born’d him er goose.—Come on now, an’ less play in de
yard.”
 III
JACK O’ LANTERN AND THE GLOW
WORM

“Mammy, you cut m’ Jack-my-Lantern for me.” Willis was struggling

to carve features in a huge pumpkin.
“I tole yer ter let Zeek make dat foolish lookin’ thing,” grumbled
Phyllis, faithfully striving however to cut the pumpkin according to
Willis’s instructions.
“Make Mary Van one too,” he demanded.
“I got one,” and Mary Van blew into the kitchen door with a gust of
chilly wind, “and Papa’s made a pretty one for you too, Willis—ain’t
you glad?”
“Whut you all think dem Jacky-Lanterns is enyhow?” Phyllis asked
with an air of mystery.
“They are—” Willis hesitated, “they are—funny pretties,” he finished.
“Dey ain’ nuthin’ funny ’bout er show nuff Jack-my-Lantern, I kin tell
yer dat fur sartin an’ sho!” Her face assumed a grave expression,
“and—take keer, boy, Kitty’ll spill hot greese on yer,” making a dive at
Willis in time to save the cook from stumbling. “Come on out er dis
hyah kitchen,—’tain’ no place fur chillun no how.”
“Mammy, less go over to Mary Van’s and get m’ Jack-my-Lantern,”
coaxed Willis, as Phyllis directed the way toward the nursery.
“Nor, yer doan need hit tell dark. Jack-my-Lanterns doan come out
’cep’in’ at night. Leastways fokes doan see em.”
“Jack-my-Lanterns ain’t anything but big old pumpkins, are they,
Mammy Phyllis?” Mary Van asked to reassure herself.
“Dat dey is,” the old nurse’s expression grew fearful and cunning.
“Dey’s de wuss sorter hants—dat’s whut dey is.”
This ended the contention of going to Mary Van’s.
“You memb’rs,” she began after an ominous silence, “ole man Gully’s
hant, doan yer?”
“Old Langshan rooster, Mammy?” Willis whispered.
“Dat’s de ve’y hant—yas suh—ole lady Gully ain’t skeercely in her
grave ’fo’ dat rooster hant start ter gwine down in de cellar—an’
peckin’ ’roun’ like he huntin’ fur sumthin’.
“Abe tell de boys he seen de ole man take er bag er gole down dar
onct, an’ he ’speck old Langshan know whar he berry hit—but
howsumev’r dat is—one thing wus sho’—dat rooster peck in one
cornder er dat celler, tell dem boys pis’n him.”
The children moved closer to Phyllis. “Mammy, did he come back in
another rooster?”
“No, ma’m, he didn’t,—he say he nuv’r speck ter come back in no
mo’ creeturs ter git pis’n’d ergin. ‘De nex’ time I comes back,’ sez he,
‘hit’s gwine be in sumthin’ nuth’r fokes can’t projick none er der
dev’ment wid.’ Ahah,—an’ yer knows whut dat is, doan yer?”
Both little heads shook a trembling negative.
“Well, hit’s er Jack-my-lantern!” said Phyllis, and at her solemn
statement the children looked aghast.
 “HEP! HEP!—SOMEBODY COME HOPE ME!”

“Yas, ma’m,—an yas, suh,” she bowed to each in turn, “he come
back straight es he kin float hissef ter de swamp down yond’r on yo’
granpa’s rice plantation.” She waited for this to be entirely absorbed
by her eager little listeners, then added: “I seen ’em m’sef winkin’,
an’ blinkin’ all erbout dar,” suiting facial contortions to her words.
“One day Miss Gully’s bigges’ boy went down in de cell’r ter git some
tat’rs fur dinn’r, an’ fus’ thing yer know he start ter yellin’ ‘Hep! hep!
—Somebody come hope me!’
“Abe an’ de uth’r boys wint down dar, an’ seed de boy layin’ flat on
de floo’ whar de hant thow’d him—”
“Mammy, lemme get in your lap,” begged Mary Van, while Willis
jumped on one of her knees. Mary Van followed suit, and before
Phyllis could reply they had cuddled upon her, almost taking her
breath.
“Sakes erlive! you all gittin’ ’way wid me wusser’n dem hants done
de Gully boys.”
“Go on, Mammy,” they both urged.
“Well, Abe an’ de uth’r two boys fotch him up sta’rs an’ lay him on
his ma’s baid. Dey lef’ him er minute ter go git some cam’fer, an’
when dey come back, dar sot er crow on de haid er de baid tellin’ de
boy:
“‘Go foll’r de light,
Don’ feer ter fight,
An’ yer’ll git er bag er gole!’
“He git up, he do, an’ go out de do’, but hit’s s’ dark he tell de crow
he can’t see how ter git erlong. Jes den Jacky-Lantern flash up an’
say:
“‘Foll’r me, sonny,
I got de money.’
“De boy run up ter de light, but hit go out jes es he git clost up ter
hit. He say: ‘Hole on dar, whar yer takin’ me?’ Jacky-Lantern say
“‘Foll’r me, sonny,
I got de money.’
“Johnny Squinch Owel fly b’fo’ him an’ say:
“‘Unch-oo, unch-oo,
Doanchu go, doanchu go!’
“Boy tell him, ‘Git out’n m’ way, Johnny, I’m atter money—I ain’ got
no time ter talk ter you.’
“Johnny, he keep er foll’rin’ de boy an’ holl’r:
“‘Unch-oo, unch-oo,
Doanchu go, doanchu go.’
“Jacky-Lantern light up ergin, an’ de boy start up runnin’. ‘I’ll git yer
dis time,’ he say; but Jacky-Lantern drap down in de groun’ ev’y time
he git enywhars near ’bouts him, an’ Willie Wisp pop up way ov’r de
uth’r side.”
“Who was Willie Wisp, Mammy?”
“He wus er nuth’r hant dat tak’n up wid ole man Gully. When de boy
see Jacky-Lantern pop up hyah, an’ Willie Wisp pop up dar,—he
jump fus’ dis erway, an’ dat erway tell—”
“What was the boy’s name?” asked Willis.
“Lemme see, I b’leef dat boy name Jack.”
“No, Mammy, Jacky-Lantern’s name, Jack,” Willis reminded her.
“Dat’s so.” She dropped her head on one side: “Dat Gully boy’s
name, Bill—Bill Gully’s his name. Dem uth’r two boys an’ Abe takes
atter Bill an’ holl’r ter him ter let dem hants erlone, but Bill tell ’em
ter ’ten’ ter der own biznes, dat he atter gole.
“Dey holl’r back, ‘Dey’s er plenty er gole in de cell’r—come on back
an’ hope dig hit out.’
“‘I doan want no lit’le gole you fines at home,’ sez Bill.
“Abe he holl’r back ergin, ‘Please, suh, come back, dar’s er heap mo’
hyah dan you kin git dar.’
“But he so tie’d runnin’ fus’ atter Jacky-Lantern, an’ den atter Willie
Wisp, dat he hatt’r stop an’ blow er lit’le. Abe an’ de boys dey kotch
up wid him, an’ dey tussels consid’rble tryin’ ter git him back, but dat
boy Bill skuffle scand’lus. He thow ev’y one uv ’em flat in de mud.
“‘You all ain’ nuthin’ but er passel er gooses,’ he say, ‘talkin’ ’bout
huntin’ gole at home. Don’t yer know yer got ter fight an’ scratch,
an’ run, an’ keep er gwine tell yer gits ter whar dese hyah gol’ lights
lives—den yer fines de bag er gole?’
“Fo’ de boys an’ Abe kin git dersefs up of’n de groun’ whar Bill knock
’em, Bill wus gwine like er race hoss atter Jacky-Lantern. Bimeby de
groun’ ’gun ter git pow’ful sof’, an’ Bill, his foots ’gun ter sink down
tur’bul. He can’t go fas’ no mo’,—I tell yer de trufe, hit wus all Bill
cud do ter pull hisse’f erlong.”
“What was the matter with Bill, Mammy Phyllis?” whispered Mary
Van.
“He in de swamp, honey, whar de groun’ wus mirey,—an’ hit wus full
er hants too. Bill feel er hot flash pass him, an’ er Jacky-Lantern’d
pop up—hyah come ernuth’r hot sumthin nuth’r, an’ Willie Wisp ’u’d
pop up right ’long side er him.
“Bill say, ‘Is dis whar yer lives?’
“Jacky say:
“‘Foll’r me, sonny,
I got de money.’
“Johnny Squinch hoot up in de tree: ‘Unch-oo, Doanchu go.’
“Brer Bull Frog holl’r: ‘Go back, go back.’
“Ole lady Gully’s hant come up in er big ball er light, an’ she moan
ter Bill:
“‘Foll’r yer track,
Ef yer wanter git back.’
“Bill say: ‘Who is you?’
“Miss Gully say:
 “‘I’m yo’ Mar—
Doan go so far.’
“Bill say, ‘I done start atter dis gole, an’ I’m gwine see de race out.’
“Jacky-Lantern an’ Willie Wisp, an’ all de res’ er de bad hants down
in de swamp jes er poppin’ up ev’y which er way, an’ all uv ’em
holl’r:
“‘Foll’r me, sonny,
I got de money!’

“‘Foll’r me, sonny,

I got de money.’
“Bill he dunno which way ter go, so he ax ’em: ‘Which one got de
money sho nuf?’ But dey keeps er bobbin’ up:
“‘Foll’r me, sonny,
I got de money.’

“‘Foll’r me, sonny,

I got de money.’
tell Bill say ter hissef: ‘I’m gwine foll’r de one look like he got de
mostes.’ He take er step dis er way, an’ he sink down so fur dat he
pull, an’ pull, an’ pull, tell he pull his shoe off. Some mo’ Jackys calls
him way ov’r yond’r:
“‘Foll’r me, sonny,
I got de money.’

“‘Foll’r me, sonny,

I got de money.’
“So he try ter take er long step ov’r ter dem, but he sink so fur dis
time dat he pull, an’ pull, an’ pull, an’ pull, but he can’ git his foots
up.
“His ma’s hant ris’ up den, an’ bus’ out cryin’:
“‘Yer done los’ yer sole,
An’ yer ain’ got de gol’.’

“‘Yer done los’ yer sole,

An’ yer ain’ got de gol’.’
“Bill he keep tryin’ ter pull hisse’f up, but he done sink down ter his
gallus straps.”
“Please, Mam, pull him out, p-l-e-a-s-e,” pleaded the little girl.
“Doan yer worry yose’f, his ma’s wid dat boy.”
“Yes, but she’s only a spirit.”
“Doan keer ef she is er hant, she’s his ma,—an’ de Lawd nuv’r do let
dat part die out in no ’ooman. Well, dar wus Bill jes er sinkin’ an’ er
sinkin’—”
“But he wusn’t any deeper than his waist, you said, Mammy,”
begged Mary Van.
“He bleeg ter be er lit’le deep’r by dis time, but his ma wus cryin’ an’
beggin’ de Lawd so hard ter spar’ de boy an’ give him er-nuth’r
chanct, dat er big thorney bush grow up quick ’long side er Bill an’
retch out hits arms,—an’ de thorney part stick right thu Bill’s close,
so Jacky-Lantern, an’ Willie Wisp an’ de res’ er de bad hants can’t
pull ’im no fur’r. Bill ’gun ter see dat he wus hangin’ ov’r torment, an’
dat wus de place de gole he bin runnin’ atter stay, so he rech out an’
grab de thorney bush, he did, an’ de blood come tricklin’ down on
his han’s whar de briers stick him, but his ma’s speeret come out on
de thorney bush in er big, big, big ole glow wurm, an’ she say:
“‘Hole fas’,
Hit can’ las’.’
 “‘Hole fas’,
Hit can’ las’.’
“He notice den dat all de uth’r lights poppin’ up an’ poppin’ out, an’
hoppin’ erbout, but de glow wurm’s light wus studdy.”
“Did Bill know it was his mama?” Bill’s safety was uppermost in Mary
Van’s mind now.
“He doan ’zackly know hit, but he think he do, caze he know nobody
ain’ gwine stick ter him atter dey’s in heb’n cep’n his ma. Darfo’ he
keep his eye on de glow wurm, he do. He know dat studdy light wus
his ma’s speeret.”
“Don’t let his hands bleed any more, Mammy,” she begged.
“Doan yer git too skeer’d er de blood uv ’pentence, chile. Bill done
sin, an’ he got ter be born’d ergin, thu suf’in an’ mis’ry. Howsumev’r
he foll’rin’ de studdy light er dat glow wurm, so ’tain’ long ’fo’ she
show him er tree on t’oth’r side dat wus smooth an’ strong, an’ Bill
tu’n loose er de bush an’ grab holt er de tree—Bob Wind he come
an’ hope de tree ter lif’ Bill up,—an’ Bob give one er ole man
Harricane’s blows dat take Bill clean out’n de mirey clay, an’ lan’ him
on de rock.”
“Was he clear out of the swamp?”
“And where was his mama?” both children pressed their questions.
“He wusn’t clean out, but he wus clost on ter de aige—all he need is
er lit’le mo’ uv his ma’s studdy light ter show him de way home,—an’
he got hit too, fur dar she wus by him on de rock, whin he come
thu. She crawl ’long mouty slow b’fo’ him, caze Bill wus in er pow’ful
bad fix, but her light ain’ flick’r, an’ hit keep bright an’ studdy, an’
bimeby atter er long time she lan’ him at home safe an’ soun’.”
“How could it take long?” Willis was keeping tab on the time.
“Yer see, baby, yer kin nachelly fly wid Bob Wind when yer’s on de
road ter Satan wid Jacky-Lantern, an’ Willie Wisp lightin’ hit up so
purty fur yer; but whin yer starts back, an’ de road’s dark—an’ yer
got jes one lit’le light, hit take er long time ter fine yer way erbout.”
“Was Abe and the boys waiting for Bill?” Mary Van desired to see the
home reunited.
“Dey wus waitin’, but dey wusn’t settin’ down waitin’. Abe an’ dem
boys had done dig dat gole out’n de cell’r an’ buy ’em er passel er
mules, an’ cows, an’ chick’ns, an’ bilt ’em er fine house, an’ raise sich
craps, dat de ole farm tu’n out ter be de bigges’ plantation in dem
parts.”
“Did Bill get home?”
“Ter be sho’, son, ain’t I done tole yer de glow wurm gwine p’int out
de road fur him?”
“Did they give Bill some money, too?”
“Cose dey did, gal, der ma’s speeret light up der h’arts so bright dat
dey ain’ see no rees’n ter keep all de money jes’ ’caze dey stays at
home an’ fines hit.—Sut’nly dey give Bill his sheer.”
“Did the glow worm stay with them?”
“Dey ma’s speeret stay’s dar, but de glow wurm hatt’r g’long back ter
de swamp ter hope de res’ er de po’ sinn’rs dat gits tang’led up
runnin’ atter Jacky-Lanterns an’ Willie Wispes.”
 IV
MISS RACE HOSS AN’ DE FLEAS

“Come on hyah, baby! Let de dog er loose—sleepy time done come

ter us.”
“No, Mammy, I ain’t goin’ ter sleepy!”
“Who say you ain’t?”
“I say so, ’caus’ my papa says I’m er man! My papa don’t go ter
sleepy in the day time!”
“Lordee! I bet he do if he gits er chanct. Dat dog gwine bite yer if
you don’t quit foolin’ wid es tail.”
“Bray ain’t goin’ ter bite me—Mammy, you tie the bow.”
“Tie er ribbin bow on er dog’s tail?”
“Oom hoo!”
“Ooom hoo? Is dat de way you speaks ter yo’ ole Mammy?”
“I says, yes, ma’m.”
“Well, gimme de ribbin!—but what you wanter tie er bow on er dog’s
tail fur? Folks puts bows ’round dey necks.”
“But I want ter fool Bray, and make him think this is his head.”
“You’se er sight, you is! Who on earth but you’d er thought er tryin’
ter make er dog think es tail was es head! Nev’ mind! Yer bett’r take
keer dat he don’t play er wusser joke on you, like ole Sis’ Cow, an’
Sis’ Dog, an’ Sis’ Sow, an’ Sis’ Cat done ter ole Miss Race Hoss when
she try ter pass off one er her jokes on dem!”
“Did they hurt Miss Race Hoss, Mammy?”
“Dey mos’ driv her crazy, dat’s what dey done!—but you wait tell I
ties dis heah bow, an’ den we gwinter slip off up-stairs ’fo’ Bray
wake up an’ ketch us.”
“All right, Mammy.”
Most elaborately Phyllis tied and patted the soiled blue bow.
“Now, den, Bray’s sho’ gwine hatt’r strain ’es mind ter fine out which
een’ his head stays on! Jump up hyah in Mammy’s arms, so we kin
run fas’ ’fo’ Bray wake up!”
Quite out of breath, Mammy reached the room up-stairs. Little Willis,
interested only in the flight from Bray, did not realize the ruse she
had played upon him until he found himself in his little crib bed.
Open rebellion began.
“Boo hoo, boo hoo!”
“Ssho boy! You gwine wake Bray, an’ den he’s jes es sho’ es sho’ kin
be ter play dat trick on us dat his Gran’ Mammy Dog play’d on ole
Miss Race Hoss,” remonstrated Phyllis.
“Boo hoo, boo hoo, I don’t wanter—”
“Hush, now! Lawsee! I b’lieve I heahs er race hoss comin’ down de
road now! You hears him, don’t yer?”
“Oom hoo!” sobbed the little boy.
“Oom hoo?”
“Yes, ma’m!”
“Well, dat’s de way ole Miss Race Hoss soun’ when she come er
single-footin’ down de road, an’ seed ole Sis’ Cow layin’ ov’r in de
cornder er de pastur’ chewin’ her cud, an’ talkin’ ter ole Sis’ Sow, an’
Sis’ Dog, an’ Sis’ Cat. She look’ in de pastur’, she do, an’ see Sis’
Cow’s little calf jes’ er jumpin’ an’ er kickin’ out his b’hime legs; so
she holler she do:
“‘Law, Sis’ Cow, whatchu doin’ wid my little colt ov’r dar?’
“Sis’ Cow say, ‘Law, Miss Race Hoss, you sholy ain’t callin’ my po’
little calf yo’ colt?’
“Miss Race Hoss say, ‘Sis’ Cow I sho’ is s’prised you can’t tell er calf
frum one er my fine colts! Jes’ look how he’s prancin’. I’m gwine
jump ov’r dis fence, an’ prance ’long side him an’ let you see if we
ain’t ’zackly like.’
“Wid dat, she tuck er sorter back-runnin’ start, an’ jump blip! right in
de middle er de pastur’. Sis’ Cow’s little calf was so proud when Miss
Race Hoss ’gun ter caper her fancy steps ’long side him, dat he clean
furgit ’es ma, an’ try ter fancy step ’long side er Miss Race Hoss
down de middle er de field.
“Po’ Sis’ Cow beller’ an’ beller’ fur Mister Cow ter come an’ run Miss
Race Hoss off, but law, Mister Cow bizzy tendin’ ter ’es bizness an’
he don’t hear ole Sis’ Cow. Jes’ den, Sis’ Dog an’ Sis’ Sow an’ Sis’ Cat
sorter whisper ’mongst deysefs. Pres’ntly dey all jumps up an’ starts
ter shakin’ deyse’fs whensomever Miss Race Hoss git clost ter ’em.
Fus’ thing yer knows, Miss Race Hoss stop’ her fancy steppin’ an’
holler, ‘How ’pon earth come dese fleas ter git on top er me?’ She
jump’ an’ she roll’, she jump’ an’ she roll’, an’ I speck she’d bin er
jumpin’ an’ er rollin’ plum tell now, ef dem fleas teeth had er bin
strong nuf ter er bit thu Miss Race Hosses hide, but yer see wid all
de bitin’ dey bin doin’, dar wasn’t one uv ’em dat got er good clinch
on Miss Race Hoss. So Sis’ Sow’s fleas say dey gwine back home ter
vit’als dey wus rais’d on, an’ Sis’ Dog’s fleas say dey wus gwine back
whar de meat wus tender, an’ Sis’ Cat’s fleas say dey don’t see no
use tryin’ ter git er livin’ off’n hoss hide when dar wus plenty er
kitten meat dat would melt in yo’ mouf. So wid dat, all uv de fleas
give er jump, an’ lands back on Sis’ Sow an’ Sis’ Dog an’ Sis’ Cat; an’,
honey, dem fleas ain’t no sooner jumpt, dan Miss Race Hoss jump,
too. She give er back-runnin’ start an’ wus ov’r dat fence ’fo’ you
know’d it; an’ bless yo’ heart, she come mouty nigh ter jumpin’ on
her own little colt dat had done foller’ her onbeknownst. De colt
nev’r seed es ma mirate an’ car’y on so b’fo’, an’ he got so occipi’d
watchin’ her dat he plum fergit ter mention he was dar. Howsomev’r,
when Miss Race Hoss come er flyin’ ov’r dat fence she come so close
ter de little colt dat whil’st he was er gittin’ outen de way, he trip’ es
own sef an’ fell er sprawlin’ flat.
“Po’ little colt commenc’ ter whinnyin’ an’ cryin’, an’ his ma was so
sorry an’ miserbul dat she tuck him in her arms an’ ’gun ter pattin’
an’ er singin’ ter him jes’ like dis:
“‘Mama luvs de baby,
Papa luvs de baby,
Ev’ybody luvs de baby,
Hush yo’ bye, doan you cry,
Go ter sleepy lill’e baby.

De lill’e calfee an’ de lill’e colt, too,

Dey keeps mighty close ter dey mama,
Caze Jack Frost’s out er huntin’ all erbout,
Ter ketch lill’e chillun when dey holler.
Hush yo’ bye, doan you cry,
Go ter sleepy lill’e baby.

Mama luvs de baby,

Papa luvs de baby,
Ev’ybody luvs de baby.

All dem horses in dat fiel’

B’longs ter you lill’e baby:
Dapple, gray, de white an’ de bay,
An’ all de pretty lill’e ponies.
 Hush yo’ bye, doan you cry,
Go ter sleepy lill’e baby.

Mama luvs de baby,

Papa luvs de baby,
Ev’ybody luvs de baby.’”
Softer and softer grew the crooning, until the little boy dropped into
peaceful slumber.
“Now, den, de ole man’s drapt off at las’. Bless de chile, he is er man
sho’ nuf; an’ de way he prove he gwine be jes’ like de res’ er de men
folks, is de way he lets de wimmen fool him; eb’n er old black
’ooman like I is!”
Larger Image
 V
MISS RACE HOSS’S PARTY

Willis drank his soup noisily, insisted upon eating with his knife,
upset a glass of milk on Jane’s new Easter dress, and in the end was
carried from the table kicking and screaming.
Mammy’s attempts to pacify him proved futile, and fearing the wrath
of his father, she gathered up the squirming, screaming boy as best
she could and ran to her own room in the rear. Letting him fall upon
the bed, she breathlessly dropped into a chair, and wiped the
perspiration from her face with the corner of her apron.
“Now, den, jes’ holl’r an’ kick, tell you hollers an’ kicks yo’se’f plum
out.”
This the boy did at a length and with a violence unbelievable,
Mammy sitting all the while at the side of the bed to see that he did
not roll off and humming broken pieces of song as though perfectly
unconcerned. When the screaming had spent itself, and naught
remained of it but long hard sniffles, Mammy began mumbling,
“Well, bless de Lawd, I bin thinkin’ I wus nussin’ er fuss class qual’ty
chile all dis time, an’ hyah it tu’n out I bin wor’in’ m’se’f wid one er
Sis’ Sow’s mis’r’ble little pigs.”
A low wail was the only answer to this thrust.
“Hit’s de trufe! An’ I done make up m’ mine I ain’t gwine do it no
longer. What’s de use er me stayin’ hyah, nussin’ er pig chile, when I
kin g’long an’ nuss er fuss class qual’ty chile like Mary Van, an’ I’m
gwine do it, too!”
One little arm reached out to the old woman:
“Mammy!”
But she continued: “M’ye’rs is broke wid all dat pig holl’rin’! I don’t
speck I ev’r is ter heah no mo’, neither!”
Sobbing and sniffling, the little boy crawled to her lap, and tried to
look into her ear. She continued obstinately: “Can’t heah er thing! I
knows you’se in m’ lap, but les’n I seed yo’ face I cudn’t tell ef you
wus laffin’ er cryin’.”
Both arms went tight around her neck:
“Mammy, I won’t be bad no mo’!”
Pretending to weep, Mammy said pathetically:
“I wush I cud heah! I speck Miss Lucy’ll tu’n me out now, ’caze
m’ye’rs won’t hear no mo’, an’ den I’ll hatt’r go off ter de woods an’
die by m’se’f ’mongst de beastes; an’ I speck dey’ll kill me, ’caze I
can’t heah ’em comin’! Boo hoo!”
At this, Willis’s suffering became so intense she feared to continue
the punishment and so began another strain.
“But dey tells me dat ef folks whut’s bin bad prays ter de Lawd an’
kisses de place whut hurts, dat some time de Lawd makes de place
well ergin; dat is,—ef de bad chile promise he ain’ gwine be bad no
mo’.”
Instantly the little swollen lips moistened with blubbers, covered first
one black ear and then the other.
“An’ dey got ter pray, too,” suggested Mammy.
“Now I lay me!” came in broken sniffles.
Suddenly throwing up her hands, a look of rapture on her face,
Mammy shouted:
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