Writing : Linking words Teacher : AHMEDSALEK
ADDITION ex. Career women work outside. They do the housework at home.
o Career women work outside and do the housework at home
o ______________________ . They also do the housework at home
o ______________________. In addition, they do the housework at home.
o ______________________. Moreover, they do the housework at home.
o ______________________. Furthermore, they do the housework at home.
o ______________________. Besides, they do the housework at home.
o Career women both work outside and do the housework at home.
o Career women not only work outside but (also) do the housework at home (as well).
o Not only do career women work outside but also do the housework at home.
PURPOSE ex. Alex works very hard. Alex wants to succeed.
o Alex works hard in order to succeed
o Alex works hard so as to succeed.
o Alex works hard to succeed.
o Alex works very hard for success. (for+ noun)
CONCESSION ex. I was very exhausted. I couldn’t sleep.
o I was very exhausted, but I couldn’t sleep.
o _______________ . However, _______________ .
o _______________. Yet, _______________ .
o _______________. Nevertheless, _______________ .
o _______________, I couldn’t sleep though.
o Although I was very exhausted, I couldn’t sleep.
o Even though _____________ , ____________ .
o Even if _______________ , ______________ .
o In spite of being exhausted , I couldn’t sleep. (verb+ing or noun)
o Despite my exhaustion I couldn’t sleep. (verb+ing or noun)
CAUSE ex. People are killed in accidents. Drivers don’t respect the road code.
o People are killed in accidents because drivers don’t respect the road code.
o _______________________ since_________________
o _______________________ as ___________________
o Because drivers don’t respect the road code, people are killed in accidents.
o As drivers don’t respect the road code, people are killed in accidents.
o Since drivers don’t respect the road code, people are killed in accidents.
o Because of the drivers’ disrespect of the road code, people are killed in accidents. (because of+ noun)
o Due to___________________________________, _______________________ (due to + noun)
o People are killed in accidents because of the drivers’ disrespect of the road code.
o ________________________ due to________________________________
o Thanks to hard work, many students succeed. (thanks to positive)
Effect/ consequence/ result ex. It rained. We postponed the match.
o It rained. So, we postponed the match.
o _______. Therefore, _____________________.
o _______. Consequently, __________________.
o _______. As a result, ____________________ .
o _______ .As a consequence, _______________.
o _______. That was why, __________________ .
Comparison ex. John is hardworking. Sarah is hard-working too.
o Both John and Sarah are hard-working.
o John is hard-working in the same way Sarah is.
o John is hard-working. Similarly, Sarah is.
Contrast ex. Cities are noisy and stressful . The countryside is calm and relaxing.
o While cities are noisy and stressful , the countryside is calm and relaxing.
o Cities are noisy and stressful whereas the countryside is calm and relaxing.
o Cities are noisy and stressful . In contrast, the countryside is calm and relaxing.
o _______________________. However, ________________________________
o _______________________. Yet, ____________________________________
o ______________________ . On the contrary, the countryside is calm and relaxing.
o On the one hand, cities are noisy and stressful . On the other hand, the countryside is calm and relaxing.
o Unlike cities, the countryside is calm and relaxing.
o Contrary to cities, the countryside is calm and relaxing.
Sequence/ time order
First, ………..Second,………..Third,……………..Finally
Or To begin with, ……... Then,……………… Next,………… After that, …….. Finally, ………….
Giving examples
For example, ……………….For instance, …………….To illustrate,…………
Summarizing
In short, ………………..In brief,…………..To summarize, ………….. To conclude,…………..
In conclusion, ……………. All in all, ………………
EXTRACTS FROM NATIONAL EXAMS
1- I like studying alone. My sister prefers working with a group. (Whereas)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2- Great efforts were made by the municipality. Our city has become cleaner. (Thanks to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- Taoufik had family problems. He couldn’t concentrate on his work. (because of)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- Mr. Parker was poor; however, he managed to educate his kids well.
Despite………………………………………………………………………………………………
5- Many students are dropping out of school. The school conditions have improved a lot. (Although)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6- The Browns went to a famous restaurant. They wanted to celebrate their wedding anniversary. (in order to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7- The students planted many trees. They cleaned all the classrooms, too. (not only .... but also)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8- Our local association is vey active. Our neighbourhood is clean and safe. (because)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9- Kenza works hard at the office. She always finds time to help her son with his homework. (although)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10- Taoufik joined his friends on Facebook. He wanted to share his new photos with them. (in order to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11- Mr Ferguson’s car broke down on the way. He was late for work. (because)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12- Sonia went to work yesterday. She was not feeling well. (although)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13- “Jamal spent all the afternoon chatting. He didn’t have time to do his homework. (because)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14- My friends decided to go on an excursion to the Atlas Mountains. They might have difficulties. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15- The children were exhausted after the trip. They went to bed immediately. (that’s why)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16- Rachid’s communication skills have improved. His coach helped him a lot. (thanks to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
