BIOLOGY
FORM TWO
MARKING SCHEME
1. a) i) Study of plants
ii) Study of internal structure of a living organism
iii) Study of development of animals from egg to adults.
iv) Study of variation and inheritance
b) Parts of scientific skills
- Used to solve environmental problems
- Enhances international co-operation
Entry to career
2. a) Collect the only number needed for study
- Do not harm the specimen
- Return live specimen to their habitat
- Handle injurious specimen with forceps.
- Immobilise highly mobile specimen
- Do not destroy natural habitat
b) i) A – bait trap
B – Fish net
ii) Food bait
- To attract the animal into the trap.
c) i) Provides nutrients for growth and carrying out biological processes.
ii) Helps elimination of toxic substances from the body.
3. a) i) Dicotyledonous root
ii) Has root hairs
b) U – Epidermis
V – Cortex
W – Xylem
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X – Phloem
c) Xylem/W
d) Continous long lumen from root to leaves
- Made of dead tissue
- Narrow lumen to create capillarity
- Has lignified walls
- Have perforated walls for lateral movement of water
4. a) List down adaptation of xerophytes
Fewer stomata; sunken stomata; have hairy leaves; have need-like leaves; thick waxy
b)
Arteries Veins
Thick muscular walls Thin muscular wall
Lacks valves Has valves
Narrow lumen Wide lumen
c) – Helps in transportation of oxygen and nutrients.
- Helps in eliminating the nitrogenous wastes and CO2
- Help in distribution of hormones, enzymes to different parts.
5. a) Magnification is the process of enlarging small objects/specimens to appear large/It is
the ratio if an object to its image. Resolution is the ability of a microscope to separate two
close structures to appear separate.
b) – Hand lens/magnifying lens
- Microscope
c) To avoid breaking /crushing into the slide and damaging the objective lenses.
6. i) To keep them hydrated /to prevent them from dying.
ii) To distinguish structures / to make distinct and move clear.
iii) So that light can pass through them/ to obtain transparent sections.
7. i) Holds the objective lens in position and it is able to rotate enabling change from one
objective lens to the next one.
ii) Has lens that magnify/enhances the specimen.
8. a) 4 X 1 = 4mm 1mm = 1000mm
4mm X
4000 micros – diameter of field of view
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4000
Cell size = = 4010 micros
10
b) – Cells vary in shape and size
- The number of cells seen depend on the type of objective lens used.
- The diameter of field of view obtained depends on the objective lens used.
9. An organ is a group of tissue specialized to perform a common function eg heart, kidney,
pancreases.
A tissue is a group of specialized cell, that perform a similar function e.g skeletal muscle,
tissue, blood tissue, connective tissue.
10. a) i) Diffusion
ii) Osmosis
b) i) Water molecules moved from the beaker through the semi-permeable membrane of
the visking tubing into the visking tube increasing the contents of the visking tube making it
to increase in size.
ii) – Feeding in insectivorous plants
- Absorption of water from the soil
- Opening & closing of the stoma (stomata)
11. a) K – hypertonic solution
M – Hypotonic solution
b) T – Deplasmolysis
S – Plasmolysis
c) When a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, it loses water by osmosis through the
cell membrane and the cell wall. It decreases in size and become flaccid. (OWITTE)
d) Animals cells usually burst/undergo haemolysis when placed in a hypotonic solution
since they gain excess water by osmosis in their cytoplasm which is enclosed by a weak cell
membrane.
12. a) It occurs against the concentration gradient with utilization of energy.
b) Small bodies organisms have a large Surface area to Volume ratio hence diffusion occurs
at a higher rate compared to large sized bodies.
13. i) Panthera-generic
Leo – specific
ii) – Writing the scientific name in capitals i.e genus should start with capital followed by
species in small letter.
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Should be underlined separately.
iii) Belong to different species.
iv) Binomial nomenclature is the principle of double naming system using genus and
species and governed by a set of rules which are internationally recognized.
v) Genus should begin with capital followed by species in small letters.
- If printed in books the name should be in italics, but if handwritten should be underlined
separately.
vi) – Helps in identifying living organisms into their correct groups for reference.
- Grouping brings together organisms with similar characteristics and separates those
with different features.
- Helps in arranging information about living organisms in an orderly manner to avoid
chaos and confusion if it were done arbitrarily.
- Helps us to understand evolutionary relationships between organisms.
14. a) Ingestion is the process by which food materials are taken into the animals body through
the mouth, Egestion is elimination of undigested and indigestible waste materials from
alimentary of an organism.
b)
i) Mastication; / chewing; / grinding
ii) Gastric juice
Intestinal juice /Succus entericus
iii) Produces mucus
Enzymes produced in inactive form that is pepsinogen and trypsinogen.
iv) Gastrin
v) Enzyme salivary amylase/ptyalin
Mucus
Water
15. –Broad flat lamina provide large surface area for absorption of carbon (IV) oxide and
trapping of sunlight.
- Thinness of the leaf allows light and carbon (IV) oxide to pass through a short
distance to reach the photosynthetic cells
- Presence of stomata ensures efficient diffusion of carbon(IV) oxide into the leaf.
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- Cuticle and epidermis are transparent to allow penetration of light to the palisade
cells
- Palisade contains large numbers of chloroplasts and their arrangement ensures they
receive maximum sunlight.
- Presence of vascular bundles which conduct water and mineral salts to the
photosynthetic cells and removes products of photosynthesis.
- Spongy mesophyll cells are loosely arranged, with large intercellular air spaces to
allow diffusion of carbon (IV) oxide and oxygen into the cells
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