SPSS Survival Manual A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis

using IBM SPSS 7th Edition

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 JULIE PALL ANT
JULIE PALLANT

SPSS SURVIVAL MANUAL

A STEPSURVIVAL
BY STEP GUIDE TO DATAMANUAL
ANALYSIS USING IBM SPSS
A STEP BY STEP GUIDE TO DATA ANALYSIS USING IBM SPSS

7 th

7thEDITION
EDITION

~~ ~~o~~~;n~~~up
LONDON AND NEW YORK
 First published 2020 by Allen & Unwin
First published 2020 by Allen & Unwin
Published 2020 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Published 2020 by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Routledge is an imprint ofthe Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright © Julie Pallant 2002, 2005, 2007, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2020
Copyright © Julie Pallant 2002, 2005, 2007, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2020
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book is available from the
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National Library of Australia
book is available from the
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LIBRARY National Library of Australia
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Set in 11/13.5 pt Minion by Midland Typesetters, Australia

Set in 11/ 13.5 pt Minion by Midland Typesetters, Australia

ISBN-13: 9781760875534 (pbk)
TSBN-1 3: 9781760875534 (pbk)
 Contents

Prefu~ IT
Data files and website x1
Introduction and overview xm

Part One Getting started 1

1 Designing a study 3
2 Preparing a codebook 11
3 Getting to know IBM SPSS Statistics 15

Part Two Preparing the data file 25

4 Creating a data file and entering data 27
5 Screening and cleaning the data 44

Part Three Preliminary analyses 51

6 Descriptive statistics 53
7 Using graphs to describe and explore the data 68
8 Manipulating the data 85
9 Checking the reliability of a scale 102
10 Choosing the right statistic 107

Part Four Statistical techniques to explore relationships among variables 127

11 Correlation 135
12 Partial correlation 148
13 Multiple regression 153
14 Logistic regression 175
15 Factor analysis 188

Part Five Statistical techniques to compare groups 211

16 Non-parametric statistics 221
17 T-tests 251
viii Contents

18 One-way analysis of variance 262

19 Two-way between-groups ANOVA 281
20 Mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance 290
21 Multivariate analysis of variance 300
22 Analysis of covariance 315

Appendix: Details of data files 337

Recommended reading 350
References 353
Index 358
 Preface

For many students, the thought of completing a statistics subject, or using statistics
in their research, is a major source of stress and frustration. The aim of the original
SPSS Survival Manual (published in 2000) was to provide a simple step-by-step guide
to the process of data analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics. Unlike other statistical titles,
it did not focus on the mathematical underpinnings of the techniques, but rather on
the appropriate use of the program as a tool. Since the publication of the first SPSS
Survival Manual, I have received many hundreds of emails from students who have
been grateful for the helping hand (or lifeline) .
The same simple approach has been incorporated in this seventh edition. Over
the last decade SPSS has undergone many changes-including a brief period when it
changed name. During 2009, Version 18 of the program was renamed PASW Statis-
tics (Predictive Analytics Software). The name was changed again in 2010 to IBM
SPSS, and the program is now referred to as IBM SPSS Statistics. Every year or two
IBM makes changes to the program, the procedures and the output. All chapters in
this current edition have been updated to match Version 26 of the IBM SPSS Statistics
package (although most of the material is also suitable for users of earlier versions).
Where possible, I have also incorporated suggested changes and improvements-a
big thankyou to those of you who have sent me feedback. Special thanks to David
Gow, a colleague from the Australian Consortium for Social and Political Research,
for his thorough review and recommendations.
In this seventh edition I have:

~ updated the output in all chapters to match that provided by IBM SPSS Statistics
Version 26
);- made changes to the interpretation of some of the output and presentation of
results obtained from Multiple Regression (Chapter 13) and Logistic Regression
(Chapter 14)
);- changed the procedures used to calculate Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and
Friedman Test (Chapter 16)
);- updated the procedure used for Analysis of Covariance (Chapter 22)

ix
x Preface

~ added additional examples of how to display the results in table format for
Multiple Regression (Chapter 13), T-tests (Chapter 17) and Analysis of Variance
(Chapter 18).

I have resisted urges from students, instructors and reviewers to add too many extra
topics, but instead have upgraded and expanded the existing material. This book is
not intended to cover all possible statistical procedures available in IBM SPSS Statis-
tics, or to answer all questions researchers might have about statistics. Instead, it is
designed to get you started with your research and to help you gain confidence in
the use of the program to analyse your data. There are many other excellent statisti-
cal texts available that you should refer to-suggestions are made throughout each
chapter and in the Recommended Reading section at the end of the book. Keep an
eye out for statistics texts written for your discipline area. Additional material is also
available on the book's website (details in the next section).
 Data files and website

Throughout this book, you will see examples of research that are taken from data fles
included on the website: routledgetextbooks.com/textbooks/9781760875534. From
this site you can download the data fles to your hard drive or memory stick by following
the instructions on screen. These fles can only be opened in IBM SPSS Statistics.
The survey.sav data fle is a ‘real’ data fle, based on a research project that was
conducted by one of my graduate diploma classes. So that you can get a feel for the
research process from start to fnish, I have also included in the Appendix a copy of
part of the questionnaire that was used to generate these data and the codebook
used to code the data. This will allow you to follow along with the analyses that are
presented in the book, and to experiment further using other variables. The full
questionnaire can be downloaded from the website.
The second data file, error.sav, is the same fle as the survey.sav, but I have
delib-erately added some errors to give you practice in Chapter 5 at screening and
cleaning your data fle.
The third data fle (experim.sav) is a manufactured (fake) data fle, constructed
and manipulated to illustrate the use of techniques covered in Part Five of the book
(e.g. paired-samples t-test, repeated measures ANOVA). This fle also includes addi-
tional variables that allow you to practise the skills learnt throughout the book. Just
don’t get too excited about the results you obtain and attempt to replicate them in
your own research!
The fourth fle (manipulate.sav) contains data extracted from hospital records
which allows you to try using some of the IBM SPSS Statistics data manipulation
procedures covered in Chapter 8, Manipulating the Data. This includes converting
text data (Male, Female) to numbers (1, 2) that can be used in statistical analyses
and manipulating dates to create new variables (e.g. length of time between two
dates).
The ffth fle used in the examples in the book is depress.sav. This is used in
Chapter 16, on non- parametric techniques, to illustrate some techniques used in
health and medical research.

xi

SPSS 2019_7edn_TXT.indd xi 10/3/20 2:20 pm

xii Data files and website

Two other data files have been included, giving you the opportunity to complete
some additional activities with data from different discipline areas. The sleep.sav file
is a real data file from a study conducted to explore the prevalence and impact of
sleep problems on aspects of people's lives. The staffsurvey.sav file comes from a Staff
Satisfaction Survey conducted for a large national educational institution.
See the Appendix for further details of these files (and associated materials). Apart
from the data files, the SPSS Survival Manual website also contains useful items for
students and instructors, including:

'? guidelines for preparing a research report

'? practice exercises
'? updates on changes to IBM SPSS Statistics as new versions are released
'? useful links to other websites
'? additional reading
'? an instructor's guide.
 Introduction and overview

This book is designed for students completing research design and statistics courses
and for those involved in planning and executing research of their own. Hopefully,
this guide will give you the confidence to tackle statistical analyses calmly and sensibly,
or at least without too much stress!
Many of the problems that students experience with statistical analysis are due to
anxiety and confusion from dealing with strange jargon, complex underlying theories
and too many choices. Unfortunately, most statistics courses and textbooks encourage
both of these sensations! In this book I try to translate statistics into a language that
can be more easily understood and digested.
The SPSS Survival Manual is presented in a structured format, setting out step
by step what you need to do to prepare and analyse your data. Think of your data as
the raw ingredients in a recipe. You can choose to cook your ingredients in different
ways-a first course, main course, dessert. Depending on what ingredients you have
available, different options may, or may not, be suitable. (There is no point planning
to make beef stroganoff if all you have available is chicken.) Planning and preparation
are important parts of the process (both in cooking and in data analysis). Some things
you need to consider are:

~ Do you have the correct ingredients in the right amounts?

~ What preparation is needed to get the ingredients ready to cook?
~ What type of cooking approach will you use (boil, bake, stir-fry)?
~ Do you have a picture in your mind of how the end result (e.g. chocolate cake) is
supposed to look?
~ How can you tell when it is cooked?
~ Once it is cooked, how should you serve it so that it looks appetising?

The same questions apply equally well to the process of analysing your data. You
must plan your experiment or survey so that it provides the information you need,
in the correct format. You must prepare your data file properly and enter your
data carefully. You should have a clear idea of your research questions and how

xiii
xiv Introduction and overview

you might go about addressing them. You need to know what statistical techniques
are available, what sorts of variables are suitable and what are not. You must be
able to perform your chosen statistical technique (e.g. t-test) correctly and interpret
the output. Finally, you need to relate this output back to your original research
question and know how to present this in your report (or, in cooking terms, should
you serve your chocolate cake with cream or ice-cream, or perhaps some berries and
a sprinkle of icing sugar on top?).
In both cooking and data analysis, you can't just throw all your ingredients in
together, shove them in the oven (or IBM SPSS Statistics, as the case may be) and hope
for the best. Hopefully, this book will help you understand the data analysis process a
little better and give you the confidence and skills to be a better 'cook'.

STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK

This SPSS Survival Manual consists of 22 chapters, covering the research process from
designing a study through to the analysis of the data and presentation of the results.
It is broken into five main parts. Part One (Getting Started) covers the prelimi-
naries: designing a study, preparing a codebook and becoming familiar with IBM
SPSS Statistics. In Part Two (Preparing the Data File) you are shown how to prepare
a data file, enter your data and check for errors. Preliminary analyses are covered in
Part Three, which includes chapters on the use of descriptive statistics and graphs,
the manipulation of data and the procedures for checking the reliability of scales. You
are also guided, step by step, through the sometimes difficult task of choosing which
statistical technique is suitable for your data.
In Part Four the major statistical techniques that can be used to explore relation-
ships are presented (i.e. correlation, partial correlation, multiple regression, logistic
regression and factor analysis). These chapters summarise the purpose of each tech-
nique, the underlying assumptions, how to obtain results, how to interpret the output
and how to present these results in your thesis or report.
Part Five discusses the statistical techniques that can be used to compare groups.
These are non-parametric techniques, t-tests, analysis of variance, multivariate
analysis of variance and analysis of covariance.

USING THIS BOOK

To use this book effectively as a guide to IBM SPSS Statistics, you need some basic
computer skills. In the instructions and examples provided throughout the text
I assume that you are already familiar with using a computer, particularly the
Windows functions. You need to be able to open, save, rename and move files; create
folders; use the left and right buttons on the mouse; and move between programs.
 Introduction and overview xv

This book is not designed to stand alone. It is assumed that you have been exposed
to the fundamentals of statistics and have access to a statistics text. It is important that
you understand some of what goes on below the surface when using IBM SPSS Statis-
tics. It is an extremely powerful data analysis package that can handle very complex
statistical procedures. This manual does not attempt to cover all the different statisti-
cal techniques available in the program. Only the most commonly used statistics are
covered. It is designed to get you started and to develop your confidence in using the
program.
Depending on your research questions and your data, it may be necessary to tackle
some of the more complex analyses available in IBM SPSS Statistics. There are many
good books available covering the various statistical techniques in more detail. Read
as widely as you can. Browse the shelves in your library, look for books that explain
statistics in a language that you understand (well, at least some of it, anyway!). Collect
this material together to form a resource to be used throughout your statistics classes
and your research project. It is also useful to collect examples of journal articles where
statistical analyses are explained and results presented. You can use these as models
for your final write-up.
The SPSS Survival M anual is suitable for use both as an in-class text, where you
have an instructor taking you through the various aspects of the research process,
and as a self-instruction book for those conducting an individual research project. If
you are teaching yourself, be sure to practise using IBM SPSS Statistics by analysing
the data files that are included on the website accompanying this book (seep. ix for
details). The best way to learn is by actually doing, rather than just reading. Play with
the data files from which the examples in the book are taken before you start using
your own data file. This will improve your confidence and also allow you to check that
you are performing the analyses correctly.
Sometimes, you may find that the output you obtain is different from that
presented in the book. This is likely to occur if you are using a different version of IBM
SPSS Statistics from that used throughout this book (Version 26). IBM SPSS Statistics
regularly updates its products, which is great in terms of improving the program, but
it can lead to confusion for students who find that what is on the screen differs from
what is in the book. Usually, the difference is not too dramatic, so stay calm and play
detective. The information may be there but just in a different form. For information
on changes to the IBM SPSS Statistics products you may like to go to the IBM SPSS
Statistics website (www.spss.com).

RESEARCH TIPS
If you are using this book to guide you through your own research project, there are a
few additional tips I would like to recommend.
xvi Introduction and overview

);;> Plan your project carefully. Draw on existing theories and research to guide the
design of your project. Know what you are trying to achieve and why.
);;> Think ahead. Anticipate potential problems and hiccups-every project has
them! Know what statistics you intend to employ and use this information to
guide the formulation of data collection materials. Make sure that you have the
right sorts of data to use when you are ready to do your statistical analyses.
);;> Get organised. Keep careful notes of all relevant research, references etc. Work out
an effective filing system for the mountain of journal articles you will acquire and,
later on, the output from IBM SPSS Statistics. It is easy to become disorganised,
overwhelmed and confused.
);;> Keep good records. When using IBM SPSS Statistics to conduct your analyses,
keep careful records of what you do. I recommend to all my students that they
keep a record of every session they spend on IBM SPSS Statistics. You should
record the date, new variables you create, all analyses you perform and the names
of the files where you have saved the output. If you have a problem or something
goes horribly wrong with your data file, this information can be used by your
supervisor to help rescue you!
);;> Stay calm! If this is your first exposure to IBM SPSS Statistics and data analysis,
there may be times when you feel yourself becoming overwhelmed. Take some
deep breaths and use some positive self-talk. Just take things step by step-give
yourself permission to make mistakes and become confused sometimes. If it all
gets too much then stop, take a walk and clear your head before you tackle it
again. Most students find IBM SPSS Statistics quite easy to use once they get the
hang of it. Like learning any new skill, you just need to get past that first feeling
of confusion and lack of confidence.
);;> Give yourself plenty of time. The research process, particularly the data entry
and data analysis stages, always takes longer than expected, so allow plenty of
time for this.
);;> Work with a friend. Make use of other students for emotional and practical support
during the data analysis process. Social support is a great buffer against stress!
PART ONE
Getting started

Data analysis is only one part of the research process. Before you can use IBM SPSS
Statistics to analyse your data, there are several things that need to happen. First, you
must design your study and choose appropriate data collection instruments. Once
you have conducted your study, the information obtained needs to be prepared for
entry into IBM SPSS Statistics using something called a 'codebook'. To enter the data
you must understand how the program works and how to talk to it appropriately.
Each of these steps is discussed in Part One.
Chapter 1 provides some tips and suggestions for designing a study, with the aim
of obtaining good-quality data. Chapter 2 covers the preparation of a codebook to
translate the information obtained from your study into a format suitable for IBM
SPSS Statistics. Chapter 3 takes you on a guided tour of the program, and some of the
basic skills that you need are discussed. If this is your first time using the program, it
is important that you read the material presented in Chapter 3 before attempting any
of the analyses presented later in the book.