Report: RESEARCH PAPER NUJS

RESEARCH PAPER NUJS

by Rishabh Yadav

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RESEARCH PAPER NUJS

INTRODUCTION
186
185
India, the largest electoral democracy in the world, has over 900 million eligible

voters out of a total population of 1.4 billion, making its election system a jaw-

dropping and mind-blowing process.

Press Information Bureau, Largest Electorate for General Elections - Over 96.88

Crore Electors Registered Across the Country, GOV'T OF INDIA (Jan. 2024),

https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2005189.
1
From the beginning, voting has been seen as a crucial factor for the survival of
2 3 3
187
democracy. Likewise, the counting of these votes is equally significant,

supported by quotes like "In a democracy, voting is not just a right, it is a

2
responsibility" by Dr Rajendra Prasad. The voting system in India has evolved

from cumbersome ballot papers to convenient Electronic Voting Machines

2
188
(EVMs). However, debates and controversies continue to arise even in the 2024
4 2
189
Lok Sabha elections regarding the preferable method. The Election Commission

of India (ECI) has consistently stated that these EVM machines are tamper-
5 6
proof and cannot be influenced or attacked, which led to the massive
2
deployment of 5.5 million machines in the recent 2024 elections. Nevertheless,
7
certain allegations against the machines were deemed vague by the

authorities, as discussed in the later part of this article.

190
In the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, BJP had a third consecutive win, which shows

the party's good governance among other parties and an impeccable voter

turnout, which gives a positive outlook that people are well versed in the
2
191
necessity of voting in a democracy. However, the factors that resulted in

securing a lower number of seats than expected are crucial to understanding,

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such as serious allegations regarding the fairness of elections, unemployment,

8,9 10
and some other measures which are deemed to be considered an autocratic

government.
193
192 11
The implementation of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) clarifies the ethical
186
185
guidelines for conducting elections, which political parties and candidates
2
must follow. The necessity for the MCC has evolved over the years in response

to various unscrupulous tactics used by political parties, such as making false

194 2
claims in their manifestos. Now, it addresses voters' needs by preventing undue

influence from these techniques through punitive measures against the

offenders.

This article aims to thoroughly elucidate EVM machines and provide an in-
12 2
187
depth understanding of how they operate. It also sheds light on the VVPAT
2
system, a tool that enhances the transparency of EVMs. By examining various
195
research papers and case studies, we aim to offer a comprehensive analysis of
196
the structure, administration, and reforms of Indian elections, focusing on the
188
MCC, electoral reforms, and the upcoming 2024 Lok Sabha elections.
189
RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIA'S 2024 GENERAL ELECTIONS:
13 13 14 15
India went to polls from 19th April to 1st of June , 2024 spanning forty-four

days and seven different phases in the world's largest electoral democracy

with more than 900 million registered voters among a population of 1.4 billion

people

Policy Paper- Retrospective Analysis of the 2024 Indian Elections by

190
Abdessalam Saad Jaldi
2
. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his handpicked council of ministers

from different constituencies and the ministers from the coalition governments
16
191
were sworn into office to lead India's new government following the eighteenth
2
general election. The 2024 India general election saw a voter turnout of 66%,

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17
with all 640 million votes counted, at an unprecedented magnitude, for the first

time since the 2014 India general election that brought the Bharatiya Janta
2
Party (BJP) to the reins of power. Prime Minister Narendra Modi will preside
193
192 18
over for the rare third consecutive term to rule the country, making him only the
18
186
185
second Prime Minister to do so after the congress leader and veteran Jawahar
2
Lal Nehru in 1962. With the coalition government, Modi's ruling BJP secured a

majority of 293 seats in the Lok Sabha or the 543-seat lower house of India's
194 19 2
parliament. As per the prerequisites mentioned, the party securing more than
2,20
272 seats in the lower house can form a government. But the BJP failed to
21
achieve an outright majority falling well short of the intended targets and the
21,22
exit poll's predictions which were aiming for 370 (400 with the coalition
2 23
187
partners and allies). The reinvigoration of the Congress party categorised the

General Elections of 2024 due to the figure of Rahul Gandhi, the figurehead of
195
the party, who rebelled against the general predictions and the exit poll's
196
results and prevented the BJP party from securing an absolute and outright
2 23,24
188
majority. The election result was characterised by the strength and resilience of
189
India's institutions of democratic representation.

Between the major contenders of the 2024 Indian Parliamentary Elections, the

results seemed to highlight the prominence of the features that by now existed

in the Indian political climate, indicating the results achieved by the two

opposite ideological poles: a centre-right coalition rallying around a

23
technocratic and market-oriented option, organized around the National
190
Democratic Alliance (NDA) and on the other hand a more assertive left-wing

around India National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) also known as

INDIA bloc, which found a figurehead and an incarnation in the form of Rahul
2
191
Gandhi. The preelection surveys fielded in early 2024 were unanimous in
2
predicting a landslide victory for the BJP. The India Today Mood of the Nation

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poll, released in January 2024, projected that the BJP would win 304 of the 543

seats in the Lok Sabha, with its National Democratic Alliance (NDA) partners
25
chipping in another 31 seats
193
192
Raj Chengappa, "Mood of the Nation Poll | PM Modi and the BJP: Heading for a
13
186
185
Hat-Trick," India Today, February 9, 2024,

https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20240219-mood-of-

the-nation-poll-pm-modi-and-the-bjp-heading-for-a-hat-trick-2499624-
194
2024-02-09.

. Top BJP officials themselves widely held the notion of an election landslide:

the party went to the polls touting the slogan "Abki Baar 400 Paar" ("this time,

more than 400 seats"), projecting confidence that the BJP and its allies would
26
187
clinch a supermajority in the parliamentary election

Neelam Pandey, "Why Modi Has Been Using 'Ab Ki Baar, 400 Paar' Less & Less
195 13
in Election Rallies," The Print, May 4, 2024, https://theprint.in/politics/why-
196
modi-has-been-using-ab-ki-baar-400-paar-less-less-in-election-
188
rallies/2068618/
2 27
189
. For the first time since Modi catapulted to power in 2014, the BJP is reliant on
16 2
its NDA coalition partners to stake its claim to the government. To continue to

govern, he must rely on two veteran regional leaders who are a part of the NDA,

Nitish Kumar of the Janata Dal (United) (JD) and Chandrababu Naidu of the

Telegu Desam Party (TDP).

2
Caste was at the heart of the 2024 general elections. The two contending
190
alliances, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) and the Indian National
28
Developmental Democratic Alliance (INDIA), offered two contrasting visions of
2
inclusion and social justice. The BJP focused on the integration of Hindu castes
2
191
under a common religious umbrella. It promoted a welfare apparatus that
197 2
targets individuals rather than groups. INDIA, on the other hand, made caste a

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key instrument of social justice, promising representation and a welfare regime

23 2
that recognizes the role caste plays in perpetuating inequalities. Both alliances
29
claim to be inclusive of India's caste diversity
193
192
Gilles Verniers, "Caste and Community Break-up of the New Lok Sabha,"
13
186
185
Hindustan Times, June 7, 2024, https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-

news/caste-and-community-break-up-of-the-new-lok-sabha-
30
101717726693069.html.
194 31
. For a quarter-century, governments were formed through a combination of pre

and post-election alliance governments, with regional parties acting as a

2
backbone of the national parties. Regional parties acting as a focal point in the

government formation enhance their status in the corresponding power

2
187
balance. The BJP's historic election triumph in 2014 ended the coalition period

by securing the first parliamentary single-party majority in three decades,

195 2 32
winning 282 seats. No party had achieved such a milestone since 1984 when
196
198
the Congress Party won a landslide victory in the aftermath of Indira Gandhi's
2
188
assassination. The BJP's subsequent general election victory in 2019 only
2
189
bolstered its numbers, cementing it as the new dominant party. The BJP's vote

share in 2024 declined by less than one percentage point in 2024 relative to

2019 (36.6 versus 37.3 per cent) (figure 1)

Data cited in this section come from the authors' analysis of Francesca

Jensenius and Gilles Verniers, "Indian National Election and Candidates

Database 1952 – Today," 2024

2,33
190
. This suggests that, on an all-India level, its popularity has not changed
2
significantly. However, its seat tally dramatically dropped (from 303 in 2019 to

240 in 2024), indicating that what has shifted is the regional distribution of that
191
support.
197

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The most significant and crucial aspect of the election process is the voter
34 2
turnout, which is somewhat lower than in the previous elections of 2019. The

lower voter turnout was attributed partly to extreme heatwaves and reduced
193
192 2 35
seat count in several parts of the country to the party. There were several
35
186
185
significant issues for voters in General Elections 2024 that remained
2
unresolved. The major conundrums were unemployment, economy, foreign
36 2
policy implementation, welfare schemes, and Hindu nationalism. After
194
catapulting to power in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi initiated an
199 2
energetic transformation of the Indian Economy. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan
37
Yojana (PMJDY), one of the biggest financial inclusion initiatives in the world,
13
was announced by Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi on 15th August 2014
2
187
from the ramparts of the Red Fort. While launching the programme on 28th
13
August, the Prime Minister described the occasion as a festival to celebrate the
195 38 2
liberation of the poor from a vicious cycle. Shri Narendra Modi had referred to
196
198
the ancient Sanskrit verse: Sukhasya Moolam Dharma, Dharmasya Moolam
188
Artha, Arthasya Moolam Rajyam – which puts the onus on the state to involve
2
189
people in economic activity. "This Government has accepted this
39 16
responsibility," the Prime Minister said & the Government has fulfilled its
2
promise in record time. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana is a National Mission
40 40
on Financial Inclusion which has an integrated approach to bring about
40
comprehensive financial inclusion and provide banking services to all
2
households in the country. The scheme ensures access to a range of financial
190
services like the availability of basic savings bank accounts, access to need-
200 2
based credit, remittances facility, insurance and pension. Guinness World
23
Records has also recognised the achievements made under the Pradhan Mantri
2
191
Jan Dhan Yojana. It has certified that the "Most bank accounts opened in one
197

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week as part of the Financial Inclusion Campaign is 18,096,130 and was

achieved by the Department of Financial Services, Government of India

https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/major-initiatives/
193
192
.
186
185

CRITICISM OF THE 2024 INDIAN GENERAL ELECTIONS:

194

199
As per the media reports and the trends, the 2024 elections were the least free
2
and fair in India's history. Just days after India's nationalist-populist Bharatiya

Janata Party (BJP) formed a government for the consecutive third time, Delhi's
41
187
BJP Lieutenant Governor, V.K. Saxena maliciously charged the writer Arundhati

Roy, a fierce critic of Modi, under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA)
195 2
2019 for a speech she gave in 2010. The already draconian law was amended in
196
198 16
2019 to allow the government more additional and extraordinary powers to
23
188
impute individuals and designate organizations as terrorists without a formal
2
189
judicial process. BJP leaders accused Roy of being a traitor backed by the
2,42 43
Congress party. This strongly indicates that some version of authoritarian

populism, with its attacks on dissent, the undermining of institutions, and

23
social polarization, will likely continue to shape governance under the new
16
government.

https://www.populismstudies.org/the-2024-general-election-and-the-future-
190
of-authoritarian-populism-in-india/
200
For much of its past as an independent state, India has been an electoral

democracy but the V-Dem Institute now regards India as an electoral autocracy
44
191
without sufficient freedoms and safeguards to ensure a free and fair electoral
197

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2
process. Since the last general elections of 2019, there has been a steep

decline in the fairness and the quality of India's electoral democracy.

16
Such discourses framed the government's policies and its institutional capture.
193
192 2 16
For instance, the government's welfare policies, consisting of small cash
186
185
transfers, small loans, food rations, and subsidies for private goods like toilets

and insurance, have been communicated as superior to previous programs,

45
which were constrained in their delivery by elite corruption and as 'guarantees'
194 2,46
of a better life from Modi. Yet their limited nature means the considerable onus
199 48
is placed on personal duty to pursue 'empowerment through market
47
participation, which is consistent with Hindutva's emphasis on swadharma
48 48
(own duty) for the upholding of social order rather than transformation.
2
187
Nationalist-populist discourses underpinned the introduction of policies
23
targeting and stigmatising Muslims, such as curtailing interreligious marriage
195
on the grounds they often involve religious conversion and the coercion or
196
198
tricking of Hindu women by Muslim men – and the promotion of Hindu upper
188
caste behavioural norms, for instance, banning beef production and
2
189
consumption. Both religious conversions (termed 'love jihad') and beef

production, the BJP claimed, permitted establishment elites to cultivate

49
Muslim 'vote banks.' Liberal universities were targeted as full of 'anti-national'
50
elites, and their administrations were filled with pro-government leaders.
2
Courts increasingly favoured the executive, including by adopting its rhetoric.
2 16
The mainstream media became increasingly uncritical of the government, while
190
the independent media were subject to censorship, defamation charges and
200
tax investigations to stifle their dissent.

https://www.populismstudies.org/the-2024-general-election-and-the-future-
201
191
of-authoritarian-populism-in-india/
197

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Modi's initial campaigning revolved around his welfare 'guarantees' for

improving the lives of the poor and the building of a temple marking the

birthplace of the god Rama on the site of a mosque demolished by Hindutva

193
192 2 23
activists in 1992. This campaigning emphasised aspirational nationalist
2
186
185
populism, tinged with anti-Muslim resentment. Modi has sought to represent

himself as an aspirational leader, leaving the espousal of anti-Muslim rhetoric

2
to colleagues like Amit Shah, vigilante groups and his supporters. During the
194
inauguration of the Ram Temple in January, for instance, while Modi declared
199
the temple a symbol of religious unity, his supporters filled public spaces, both

virtual and physical, with anti-Muslim rhetoric.

Ibid
187
As the campaign wore on, however – perhaps due to low voter turnout and

negative internal polling – Modi resorted to explicitly Islamophobic and anti-

195 2
elite rhetoric. Modi declared the Congress Party manifesto as having an imprint
196
198
on the Muslim league (The party often blamed for the partition of India in 1947).
2
188
He also accused the Congress Party, which pledged to of wanting to snatch
189
away affirmative action benefits of lower castes to satisfy the Muslim vote
2
bank. In the state of Bengal, ruled by prominent regional party and Congress

ally Trinamool Congress's Mamata Banerjee, the Prime Minister evoked the

fears of infiltrators (implicitly Muslims) snatching away the resources of the

2 51
Hindu people of Bengal. He also alleged the Congress's emphasis on

redistribution meant that it wanted to snatch away the mangal sutras (an
190
ornament worn by married Hindu women) and buffaloes of Hindus to give to
200 2 52
Muslims. The Election Commission failed to adequately enforce the Model Code

of Conduct concerning these comments.

201
191
Ibid
197

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ELECTION REFORMS
193
192
202
Based on the recommendations of the pre-independence Law Commissions
55 53
186
185
that were established by the British governments with the first commission
203 54,55 56 2 57 58
being established in 1834. Many Acts were enacted viz., Religious Endowments

Act 1863, Official Trustees Act 1864, Carriers Act 1865, Indian Companies Act
194
1866, General Clauses Act 1868, Divorce Act 1869, Court Fees Act 1870, Land
199
Acquisition Act 1870, Female Infanticide Prevention Act 1870, code of criminal
2
procedure revised 1872. Indian Contract Act 1872, Indian Evidence Act 1872,
59,60
Special Marriages Act 1872, etc
187
https://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/achievements-impact-of-law-

commission-report/
195
.
196
198
After independence, the Law Commission of India has had a long and
2
188
successful record of law reforms since its establishment in 1955. Of the 277
16
189
reports presented before the government, 92 reports stand implemented.
204 61
The first Law Commission of India submitted its 14th report titled 'Reforms of
205 2
Judicial Administration' in 1958 for both civil and criminal. A comprehensive
62 61
report for the revision Code of Criminal Procedure, namely the 41st report titled
2 61
'The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898' was submitted in 1969. This report took
63
into consideration the recommendations made in the earlier reports of the
53 64
190
Commission dealing with specific matters, namely, the 14th, 25th, 32nd, 33rd
200 2
36th, 37th, and 40th reports. Accordingly, all the reports resulted in the
65
enactment of the new Code of Criminal Procedure 1973.
201
191
Recommendations made in Report no 165 resulted in the enactment of The
197
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009.

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61 6
Recommendations in report no 186 resulted in the National Green Tribunal Act,

of 2010.
206 67 68
The 20th Law Commission had submitted 4 reports report no 248 to 251
193
192
202 68 69 68
recommending the Repeal of obsolete laws /outdated Laws which has resulted
69 70
186
185
in repeal by the legislature of over 1500 central Acts.
203 71
Based on the recommendation of Report No. 253 of the Law Commission "The

Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division,

194 19 71
High Court Bill, 2015 was introduced in the Parliament which has since been
199 72
enacted.

Report No. 246 provided valuable inputs for amending the Arbitration and

Conciliation Act 1996 through the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill
187
2015.
73
Reports no 244 and 255 recommended electoral reforms by strengthening the
195
office of the Election Commission of India to provide more independence and
196
198
tooth to the institution.
207 53
188
The Commission has made recommendations about general legal reforms,
189
judicial reforms, and matters related to personal laws, labour laws, laws
204
related to the rights of women, children, and old age persons, and humanitarian
205
reforms.

Ibid

The lawful softening and modifications of the existing central laws and India's
74 75 2
electoral procedures are referred to as Election reforms. To strengthen
190
democracy, equitable politics, the election of the best candidate and equal
200 76
representation several recommendations are made by the law commission,
61 76
including its 255th Report on the Electoral Reforms which calls for reinforcing
201
191
and strengthening the office of the Election Commission of India to bring forth
197 23
the organisation with additional power and supplemental independence.

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CONSTITUTIONAL ARTICLES RELATED TO ELECTORAL REFORMS IN INDIA:

77 78 77
There are various articles instituted in our constitution that govern the
206
elections and are responsible for their smooth functioning.
193
192
202
Article 324: Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in
186
185
an Election Commission
203
https://indiankanoon.org/doc/950881/
78
The constitution entrusts the responsibility to the Election Commission of India
194
under Article 324 to supervise, direct and control the entire procedure and
199
machinery for the smooth functioning of the elections and also for some other

ancillary matters.

The Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act, 1966

187
Ibid

, abolished and nullified the election tribunals in India and instead gave the
195
authority and jurisdiction to the High Courts to hear the trials and the matters
196
198 2
related to election petitions. The abolition of tribunals and the reinvigoration of
207
188
their powers to the High Court proved to be a turning point in the matters
79,80 2,81
189
having a connection with elections in India. This made the High Courts superior
204 2
in their sovereignty. It also amended Article 324, subclause (1) and accordingly,
205 82
the Election Commission is given the authority to supervise, superintend,
2
direct, and oversee elections. The Representation of the People Act of 1951 was
83
also modified and it rendered the electoral tribunals' appointment and
2
authority null and void. A special provision regarding the ability to appoint
84
190
election tribunals for the adjudication of uncertainties, shortcomings and
200 19
issues coming out of or concerning elections to Parliament and the Legislatures
85
of States was eliminated.
201
208
191
https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments
197
/constitution-india-nineteenth-amendment-act-1966

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209 8
Article 325: No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included

in a special, electoral roll on the grounds of religion, race, caste or sex

206
https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1742969/
193
192
202
There shall be only one general electoral roll for every territorial constituency in
186
185
the country for election to either the House of the Parliament or the House of
203 2 87
the Legislature of a State. There will be one main list of voters for each area for
88 89
elections to either the House of Parliament or to the House or House of the
194
Legislature of a State.
199
https://kanoongpt.in/bare-acts/constitution-of-india/articles-part-xv-article-

325-ddf853812b841f5a
210
Article 326: Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative
211
187
Assemblies of States to be based on adult suffrage

That is to say, every person who is a citizen of India and who is not less than
195
212
eighteen years of age on such date as may be fixed on that behalf by or under
196
198 70
any law made by the appropriate Legislature and is not otherwise disqualified
207 78 70
188
under this Constitution or any law made by the appropriate Legislature on the
189
ground of non-residence, unsoundness of mind, crime or corrupt or illegal
204
practice, shall be entitled to be registered as a voter at any such election.
205
https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1620503/

The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act of 1988 reduced the voting age of
2
Indian citizens for elections from 21 years to 18 years. Previously, the voting age
90
190
for an Indian citizen was decided as 21 years based on adult suffrage as in, any
200
213
person below the age of 21 was not allowed to cast a vote in the elections for
2
the Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assembly of each State. With the
201
208
191
introduction of this Amendment(61st), a chance was given to unrepresented
197
youths to express their views, opinions and emotions out in the open, thus

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209
inspiring and encouraging them to participate in the political affairs of the
91
nation.
206
Ibid
193
192
202
214
Article 327: Power of Parliament to make provision concerning elections to
186
185
Legislatures
203
https://indiankanoon.org/doc/31824/
19
Subject to the provisions of this article, Parliament may, from time to time by
194
law, make provision concerning all matters relating to, or in connection with,
199
215
elections to either the House of Parliament or to the House of the Legislature of

a State, including the preparation of electoral rolls, the delimitation of

210
constituencies and all other matters necessary for securing the due
211 78
187
constitution of such House or Houses.

https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/Part15.pdf
195
212
216
Article 328: Power of Legislature of a State to make provision concerning
196
198
elections to such Legislature
207
188
https://indiankanoon.org/doc/873755/
217 78
189
Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and in so far as provision in that
204 92 19
behalf is not made by Parliament, the Legislature of a State may from time to
205
218
time by law make provision concerning all matters relating to, or in connection

with, the elections to the House or either House of the Legislature of the State

including the preparation of electoral rolls and all other matters necessary for
78
securing the due constitution of such House or Houses.
190
https://www.constitutionofindia.net/articles/article-328-power-of-legislature-
200
213
of-a-state-to-make-provision-with-respect-to-elections-to-such-legislature/

201
208
191
India is constitutionally a socialist, secular and democratic Republic and the
197 93
success of democracy depends upon the smooth functioning of the electoral

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209 2
process. India has opted for a Parliamentary Democracy in line with the British
2
legacy. Since 1952, the country has regularly witnessed elections to the
206 2
legislative bodies at the national as well as state levels. The electoral system of
193
192
202
214 94
India is marked by many problems that have encouraged anti-social elements
219 2
186
185
to jump into the electoral fray and impede the nation's political climate. Our
203
220 95
system was largely free from any major flaw till the fourth general election (
2
1967). The distortions in its working appeared, for the first time, in the fifth
194 96
general election (1971) and these got multiplied in successive elections,
199
215 2
especially those held in the eighties and thereafter. The Election Commission
97
has frequently expressed its concern and anxiety about removing obstacles in
210 2
the way of free and fair polls. It has made several recommendations and
211 16
187
repeatedly reminded the government to change existing laws to check the
2
electoral malpractices. The Government of India made several Committees
195
212
216 2 98
regarding electoral reforms. Several new initiatives have been taken by the
196
198
Election Commission to cleanse the electoral process.
207
188
https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145743
217
189

204

205
218
EVM

An Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), one of the most widely used instruments

in the election process and also considered trustable by the Election

99 100 101
Commission of India (ECI) is an electronic device that is used to simply count
190
votes transparently with the help of VVPAT for deciding the winner in an
200
213 2,102
election. This is a replacement for the original ballot box process and a step
2
forward towards the adaptation of technological advancements. This
201
208 103
191
instrument caters for the need for a more reliable and time-efficient process
197

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209
that forms the basis of democracy in India i.e. the counting of votes, which

leads to free and fair elections.

206
Indian EVMs, manufactured by Bharat Electronics Limited (PSU under Ministry
193
192
202
214
of Defence, Govt. of India) and Electronics Corporation of India Limited (PSU
219
186
185
under the Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India)
203
220
Election Commission of India, Electronic Voting Machines in India: A Status
104
Paper available at
194 105,107 107
consist of two Units - a Control Unit (C.U.) and a Balloting Unit (B.U.) that are
199
215 106 2
connected through a five-metre cable. The reason for providing polling booths

with two units is the need to press the "Ballot" Button by the Polling Officer in-
210
charge to release a ballot, which enables the voter to cast a vote by pressing
211
187
the "Candidate" Button or the blue button placed in front of every candidate.

Election Commission of India, FAQ on EVM,

195
212
216
https://ceomanipur.nic.in/documents/FAQ%20on%20EVM.pdf (last visited Jan.
196
198 13 108
30, 2025).
207
188
Due to inadequate and inconsistent power supply, usually in remote areas,
217
189
these instruments are powered through ordinary batteries, which enables them
204 2
to function without any disruption. Presently in India, the M3 Model of ECI-EVM
205
218
is in use, which costs about Rs.7,991/- for the Control Unit and Rs.9,812/- for
2
the Balloting Unit. The ECI-EVM model is capable of recording a maximum of
109,110 2 2,111
2000 votes, but it is mostly used for 1500 votes. Every B.U. contains a provision
2
for 16 candidates, including NOTA. One C.U. can accommodate 24 B.U's; hence,
112
190
each set of EVM is capable of recording up to 384 candidates votes along with
200
213
NOTA.

Election Commission of India, EVM FAQs, https://www.eci.gov.in/evm-faqs/

201
208 13
191
(last visited Jan. 30, 2025).
197

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Legal Framework
113 114 114 11
However, EVM was first used in the year 1982 in Kerala for an election purpose
206 114
on an experimental basis, but there were no legal provisions that governed the
193
192
202
214
usage of EVM at that time.
219
186
185
Election Commission of India, Use of EVM in the Elections: Additional
203
220 13
Transparency Measures (Aug. 11, 2008), available at

https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/99-use-of-evm-in-the-elections-additional-
194
transparency-measures/?confirm=1&do=download&r=230&t=1.
199
215 115
From the year 1982 onwards, there was a gradual shift in the usage of EVM,
115
which challenges the validity of EVM in India in the case of A.C. Jose v. Sivan
210
Pallai & Ors.
211
187
(1984) 2 SCC 656

It was held by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in this case that the EVMs cannot be
195
212
216
used in an election process until there is a specific legal provision governing its
196
198 116 2
usage. Consequently, the election commission recommended the Government
207
188
of India's formation of legal sanctions specifically for EVMs, which was thus
217 117
189
inserted in the year 1989 as Section 61A of the Representation of the People
204
Act, 1951,
205
218
The Representation of the People Act, 1951, No. 43, Acts of Parliament, 1951

(India), available at
118
https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2096/9/A1951-43.pdf.
119 2
which enabled the usage of EVMs in India. The amendment of the said act came
13
190
into force on 15th March 1989.
200
213
In the case of All India Anna Dravida v. The Chief Election Commissioner and

Others,
201
208
191
2014 SCC OnLine Mad 761
197

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209 120
the constitutional validity of Section 61A was challenged, but the Hon'ble

Supreme Court, in its judgement, upheld its validity to protect the law.
206
Criticism of EVM's
193
192
202
214
With more than 2 million EVM units in India and a decade of its usage by the
219
186
185
election commission, there are still arguments over its usage, there are still
203
220
beliefs that these machines are susceptible to tampering, they can be
121
influenced towards a particular party or can be hacked through its hardware
194
despite having various favourable judgements towards EVM by various Hon'ble
199
215
Courts of India that these machines are tamper-proof.

However, there are some cases where political parties have alleged that some
210 122
discrepancies had happened but were later rejected by the election
211
187
commission.
123
For instance, in the Bhind elections, there was a demonstration to showcase
195
212
216 123,124
how VVPAT works along with EVMs by an official of the election commission.
196
198 2
After pressing four times, four slips came out representing the parties, but the
207 2
188
point of argument was that more slips were in favour of the BJP. Different
217 2
189
reports stated different facts about its bias towards the BJP. Some held that
204 23 125 2
machines were not sanitised after the recently held Kanpur elections or so. But
205
218 127
later, the election commission dismissed this matter by stating that EVM

machines and VVPAT slips are beyond doubt leaving apprehension in the minds
127 128
of people that these machines can be tampered with.

EVM Tampering Row: Bhind Demonstration Triggers Political Storm in Madhya

13
190
Pradesh, INDIA TODAY (Apr. 10, 2017, 18:47 IST),
200
213
https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/evm-tampering-bhind-madhya-pradesh-

970604-2017-04-10.
201
208
191
In the Hari K. Prasad Case, Hari Prasad was an engineer who tried to expose the
197
loopholes of the EVM machine by conducting an in-depth study of Indian EVM

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209 129 2
with the help of J. Alex Halderman & Rop Gonggrijp. According to them, the
130
display of EVM can be hacked, but their voice was suppressed by the Election
206 131 2 132
Commission of India. He was arrested with an allegation that he had stolen
193
192
202
214 53
an EVM machine from the commission for his research, which was denied by
219 53 133
186
185
the commission .
203
220
Why Is the EC Stonewalling Hari Prasad and Questions Raised on EVMs, NAT'L
13
HERALD (Aug. 10, 2019), https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/why-is-
194
the-ec-stonewalling-hari-prasad-and-questions-raised-on-evms.
199
215 134 134
This case is still challenging the commitments of ECI about the security of EVM

machines, but this case raised a serious concern about whether EVMs are safe
210
and secure.
211
187
VVPAT

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail, commonly called VVPAT, is an independent

195
212
216 136 135,136
device that strengthens the belief of voters that votes cast through EVMs are
196
198 2
accurate and non-tampered. This device releases a slip containing necessary
207
188
information such as serial number, party name and candidate name, which can
217
189
be viewed for seven seconds through a transparent window after the vote is
204 137 2
cast. After seven seconds, it releases from the device and falls into a sealed
205
218 2 138
box. Though voting was started through EVM machines, the political parties and
2
voters were not fully confident regarding its security. Therefore, the commission

in the year 2010 asked the technical committee to explore the possibility of

such a prototype in collaboration with the makers of EVM, which was

139 140
190
introduced in the year 2011, and the same year, field trials were conducted in
200
213 2
Thiruvananthapuram, Ladakh, Cherrapunji and Jaisalmer. Later, after 2 years,
16
the government amended the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961,
201
208
221 2
191
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961. Published in the Gazette of India,
197
222 13
Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3(ii), on April 15, 1961, available at

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https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN

_3_81_00001_195143_1517807327542&type=rule&filename=2.conduct_of_el
206
ection_rules,_1961.doc.pdf
193
192
202
214 141 53 2
allowing the Commission to use VVPATs along with EVMs. Consequently, the
219
186
185
election commission used VVPATs with EVM for the first time for the bye-
203
220
elections of the Noksen Assembly seat in Nagaland in 2013.

Syed Afzal Akhtar, The Issue of EVM (Electronic Voting Machine), Alliance Sch.
194
of L., Alliance Univ., Bangalore (2021).
199
215
In the case of Subramaniyam Swamy v. Election Commission of India,

(1996) 4 SCC 104

210 143 143
the Hon'ble Supreme Court held that a 'paper trail' is an essential need to
211 142 2 16
187
provide voters with the fullest transparency. The Court ordered the government

to provide funds for this mode of ensuring transparency through paper trials
195
212
216 144 53
and also appreciated the commission for this concept of VVPAT.
196
198
223
Election Commission of India, Legal History of EVMs and VVPATs: A Compilation
207
188
and Analysis of Case Laws (2022).
217
189
MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT
204
224
The Model Code Of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines prepared by the ECI
205
218
that prescribes the conduct of political parties and candidates during the
225 2
phase of elections. These guidelines are evolved with the consent of political

parties to ensure free and fair elections and also explain how parties can lodge

complaints to the EC observers in case of dispute and instruct how the

190
Ministers of the parties in power must conduct themselves when the MCC is in
200
213
force.

https://www.thehindu.com/elections/model-code-of-conduct-explained-
201
208
221
191
when-in-force-guidelines-and-action-on-violations/article67957740.ece
197
222

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209 145
This is enforced just after the announcement of the schedule of elections

taking place through a notification from the office of the election commission
206
for its immediate effect till the date of the announcement of the results.
193
192
202
214
MCC is applicable during the general elections of Lok Sabha, Legislative
219 2
186
185
Assembly and bye-elections of different constituencies. However, MCC is not a
203
220 19 146
statutory law or any law passed by the Parliament but political parties,
23 147
candidates, organisations, committees, and institutions fully or partly funded
194
226
by the state and centre are bound to comply with the rules and regulations of
199
215 146 2
MCC otherwise resulting in punitive actions. The punitive offences herein
227
referred to as 'electoral offences' are listed in Part VII and Chapter III of The
210
Representation of People Act, 1951.
211
187
https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2096?

sam_handle=123456789/1362
195
212
216
Some of these offences include:
196
198
223
https://sec.delhi.gov.in/sec/corrupt-practices-and-electoral-offences
207
188
Maintaining Secrecy of Voting
217
189
Canvassing for Votes
204
224
Disorderly Conduct
205
218
Breaches of Official Duty
225 148 149
Corrupt Practices; Bribery, Undue Influence, etc.
13
Given the 2024 Lok Sabha general elections, which commenced on 19th April
150
and were held in 7 phases, MCC came into force through a notification dated
190
16.03.2024 from the office of the Chief Electoral Officer stating that as the
200
213 151 152
schedule for general elections is announced, MCC will come into effect, and it

got suspended on the result day dated 04.06.2024.

201
208
221
191
https://wcd.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/WCD/circulars-
197
222
orders/general_election.pdf

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MCC GUIDELINES FOR POLITICAL PARTIES AND CANDIDATES

General Conduct: Political parties are advised not to do any activity that can
206
create tensions among individuals based on caste, creed, religion and linguistic
193
192
202
214 2 153 154
diversities. During criticism of other parties, parties alleging must take care
219 155
186
185
that the leaders' private life and public activities should not be discussed but
203
220 2
only their policies and past work. While promoting their policies or in rallies, the

right of every individual for an undisturbed and peaceful life should not be
194
226 156
compromised by blocking or protesting in front of houses, and permission must
199
215 157
be sought to erect flags, paste posters or hang banners.
227
https://www.eci.gov.in/mcc/
210 158
Meetings: It is advised to political parties and candidates that any meeting if
211 160
187
proposed, must be informed to local police to maintain the law and order to
159 2 161
avoid any chaos. They must ascertain to follow any regulatory order at that time
195
212
216
in the proposed area of the meeting and also have to seek permission for any
196
198
223
equipment such as loudspeakers.
207
188
Ibid
217 23
189
Procession: Political parties or candidates organizing processions shall inform
204
224
the authorities and local police regarding their routes, assembly and
205
218 162 2,23
termination points, as well as seek necessary permissions. Organisers should
225 163
ensure that no clash takes place among different processions to avoid any

difficulties for the general public.

Ibid
190
Polling Day: On the polling day, all the political parties and candidates shall
200
213
supply their workers' identity badges, shall cooperate with the officers on duty,

ensure the non-usage of alcohol, refrain from gathering crowds near camps and
201
208
221
191
these camps must be simple without any prompt display of flags and posters.
197
222
Ibid

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Polling Booth: If the political parties have any complaints regarding the conduct

of elections, they may approach the observers appointed by the election

206
commission.
193
192
202
214
Ibid
219
186
185
MCC GUIDELINES FOR PARTY IN POWER
203
220
The Union Ministries and State Governments have to refer to ECI for the
164
approval of releasing policies, fiscal measures, and financial reliefs during the
194
226
enforcement of MCC through Cabinet Secretariat and Screening Committees
199
215 165
respectively, which then transfer their proposals to the Chief Electoral Officers.
227
Supra note 14
210
There shall not be any announcement of financial grants, projects or schemes
211
187
involving foundation stones, promises for providing water facilities,

construction of roads, public undertakings, ad-hoc appointments and areas

195
212
216
such as helipads, maidans, bungalows, rest houses or other government
196
198
223
accommodations must not be acquired by one party but to others as well fairly
207 2 166 167
188
and transparently. However, no such area can be used as a campaigning office
217 167
189
or a public meeting office.
204
224
Supra note 18
205
218
Ministers shall not take undue advantage by combining their official visits with
225
the election campaigning and using official pieces of machinery and personnel
2
during campaigning. The issue of advertisements and hoardings must not be
168
there at the cost of the public exchequer, along with the misuse of official mass
190
media during elections.
200
213
Ibid
16 169
The ruling government cannot present the full budget in the election year
201
208
221 2
191
because of the uncertainty of the power holders after the elections. During
197
222
MCC, announcements of new major schemes are restricted because of their

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potential to influence the voters, as economic surveys in the interim budget are
170
also suspended.
206
Supra note 14
193
192
202
214
MCC GUIDELINES ON ELECTION MANIFESTOS
219 171 172
186
185
Certain guidelines were issued as per directions given by the Hon'ble Supreme
203
220
Court in the case of S. Subramaniam Balaji V. Govt. of Tamil Nadu and Others,

(2013) 9 SCC 659

194
226 173
It was held by the Court to frame the guidelines in consultation with the
199
215 23
recognized parties regarding the contents of the election manifestos.
227
Supra note 18
210
The guidelines are as follows:
211
228
187
Anything contained in the manifesto should not violate the ideals and

principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution and must be consistent with the
195
212
216
provisions of MCC.
196
198
223 174
The promises in the manifestos should not be contrary to the measures that
207 175
188
need to be considered while framing laws as given in the Directive Principles of
217
189
State Policy.
204
224
https://www.mea.gov.in/images/pdf1/part4.pdf
205
218
To uphold the sanctity of elections, promises made should not be of undue
225
influence in nature.
229
Promises made in manifestos must also reflect the means to achieve those
177 177
claims to avoid vague promises from the manifestos and to win the trust of
176
190
voters transparently.
200
213

201
208
221
191
CONCLUSIONS:
197
222

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The 2024 Indian General Elections saddle out as a vindication of India's

electoral democratic spirit and a stark reminder of the challenges and

206
conundrums that continue to plague the electoral process and political fray.
193
192
202
214 2
The alteration from paper balloting (used in the first two general elections of
219 178
186
185
1952 and 1957) to a marking system which was being used from the 1962
203
220
230 179
general elections till 2001, when EVMs were fully used to conduct the elections,

marked a significant leap towards efficiency and a free and fair electoral
194
226 2,180
process. Yet scepticism about their reliability and biases accentuates the
199
215
231 2
importance of continuous technological and legal scrutiny. The Election
227
232
Commission of India (ECI) has consistently defended the integrity of EVMs, yet
210 181
the instances of electoral disputes and political controversies necessitate
211
228 2 182
187
enhanced transparency and accountability mechanisms. The incorporation of
233
VVPATs has been a step in the right direction, but its implementation needs
195
212
216
further refinement to address persistent concerns about electoral fraud and
196
198
223
voter trust.
207
188
Beyond technological considerations, the role of electoral laws and the MCC in
217
234 2
189
maintaining a level playing field for all political contenders is crucial. However,
204
224
the enforcement of these regulations often falls short, leading to violations that
205
218 2
threaten the sanctity of the electoral process. From campaign financing
225
235
irregularities to the strategic use of social media for misinformation,
229
contemporary elections require a more robust legal framework to combat
2
evolving challenges. Strengthening the independence and authority of the
190
Election Commission, curbing undue political influence, and instituting
200
213
comprehensive reforms in campaign funding and voter awareness programs are

essential steps toward fortifying India's electoral democracy.

201
208
221
236
191
As India progresses toward future elections, the conversation must shift from
197
222 183 2
mere procedural compliance to substantive electoral reforms. Global electoral

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best practices, such as blockchain-based voting and enhanced voter education

programs, could offer valuable insights into making the process more foolproof.
206
237 2
A truly democratic election is not just about casting votes; it is about ensuring
193
192
202
214 2
that every vote counts in a manner that is beyond reproach. The need of the
219
186
185
hour is not just reform but a renewed commitment to electoral integrity,
203
220
230 184
ensuring that democracy in India remains not just an aspiration but an enduring

reality.
194
226

199
215
231

227
232

210

211
228
187

233

195
212
216

196
198
223

207
188

217
234
189

204
224

205
218

225
235

229

190

200
213

201
208
221
236
191

197
222

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206
237

193
192
202
214

219
186
185

203
220
230

BIBLIOGRAPHY
194
226

199
215
231
D. Ashok Kumar & T. Ummal Sariba Begum, Electronic Voting Machine – A
227
232
238
Review, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition,
210
Informatics and Medical Engineering (Mar. 21-23, 2012).
211
228
187

233
https://www.scobserver.in/cases/vvpats-for-voter-verification-association-for-
195
212
216
democratic-reforms-v-election-commission-of-india/
196
198
223

207
239
188
Hari K. Prasad, J. Alex Halderman & Rop Gonggrijp, Security Analysis of India's
217
234
189
Electronic Voting Machines, in Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on
204
224
Computer and Communications Security 1 (2010),
205
218
https://jhalderm.com/pub/papers/evm-ccs10.pdf.
225
235

229

190

200
213

201
208
221
236
191

197
222

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209

206
237

193
192
202
214

219
186
185

203
220
230

194
226

199
215
231

227
232
238

210

211
228
187

233

195
212
216

196
198
223

207
239
188

217
234
189

204
224

205
218

225
235

229

190

200
213

201
208
221
236
191

197
222

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1. been seen Passive voice misuse Clarity

2. . Likewise; . The;
206
237
. However; . Nevertheless; . Now; . It; . By; . Text inconsistencies Correctness
Indian; . Prime; . With; . As; . But; . For; . To; . INDIA; . Both; .
Regional; . No;214
. This; . There; . After; . Pradhan; . While; . Shri; . "; .
193
192
202
Guinness; . Just; . BJP; . Since; . Yet; . Nationalist-populist; .
Courts; . Modi;219
.…
186
185

203
220
230
3. Likewise, the counting of these votes is equally significant, Unclear sentences Clarity
supported by quotes like "In a democracy, voting is not just a
right, it is a responsibility" by Dr Rajendra Prasad.
194
226

4. However, debates
199
215
231 and controversies continue to arise even in Unclear sentences Clarity
the 2024 Lok Sabha elections regarding the preferable method.
227
232
238

5. be influenced210 Passive voice misuse Clarity

211
228
187
6. , which → . This Hard-to-read text Clarity
233

7. certain → specific Word choice Engagement

195
212
216

8. which are → that

196 are
198
223 Pronoun use Correctness

207
239
188
9. which are Wordy sentences Clarity
217
234
189

10. are deemed Passive voice misuse Clarity

204
224

11. Implementing218
205 Wordy sentences Clarity

225
235
12. their operation Wordy sentences Clarity
229

13. 19th April; 1st of June; February 9; May 4; June 7; 15th August; Text inconsistencies Correctness
28th August; Jan. 30; Aug. 11; 15th March; Apr. 10; Aug. 10; April
15 190

200
213
14. June, Punctuation in Correctness
compound/complex sentences

201
208
221
236
191
15. , spanning Punctuation in Correctness
197
222
compound/complex sentences

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16. government; Government; government's Text inconsistencies Correctness

17. counted, 206

237
Punctuation in Correctness
compound/complex sentences
193
192
202
214

18. Prime Minister Narendra Modi will preside over for the rare third Unclear sentences Clarity
219
186
185
consecutive term to rule the country, making him only the
second Prime230
Minister to do so after the congress leader and
203
220
veteran Jawahar Lal Nehru in 1962.

19. parliament; Parliament

194
226
Text inconsistencies Correctness

199
215
231
20. But → However,, Nevertheless, Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery
227
232
238
21. But the BJP failed to achieve an outright majority falling well Ungrammatical sentence Correctness
210
short of the intended targets and the exit poll's predictions
which were aiming for 370 (400 with the coalition partners and
211
228
187
allies).
233
22. But the BJP failed to achieve an outright majority falling well Unclear sentences Clarity
195
212
216
short of the intended targets and the exit poll's predictions
which were aiming for 370 (400 with the coalition partners and
196
198
223
allies).
207
239
188

23. categorised; characterised; organized; recognizes; recognised; Text inconsistencies Correctness

217
234
organizations;189
polarization; stigmatising; emphasised;
organisation;224
sanitised;
204
organisations; organizing; Organisers;
recognized
205
218

24. was characterised Passive voice misuse Clarity

225
235

25. seats. 229 Closing punctuation Correctness

26. election. Closing punctuation Correctness

190

27. is reliant → relies

200
213
Wordy sentences Clarity

28. two Wordy sentences Clarity

201
208
221
236
191
29. diversity. Closing punctuation Correctness
197
222

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30. Gilles Verniers, "Caste and Community Break-up of the New Lok Incomplete sentences Delivery
Sabha," Hindustan Times, June 7, 2024,
https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/caste-and-
206
237
community-break-up-of-the-new-lok-sabha-
101717726693069.html.
193
192
202
214

31. were formed 219

186
185 Passive voice misuse Clarity

203
220
230
32. 1984, Punctuation in Correctness
compound/complex sentences

194
226
33. This Intricate text Clarity
199
215
231

34. Tone suggestions Delivery

227
232
238

35. 210
There were several significant issues for voters in General Unclear sentences Clarity
Elections 2024 that remained unresolved.
211
228
187

36. The major conundrums

233 were unemployment, economy, foreign Incorrect phrasing Correctness
policy implementation, welfare schemes, and Hindu
nationalism. 216
195
212

196
198
223
37. biggest → most significant Word choice Engagement
207
239
188

38. people with low

189 incomes, people experiencing poverty
217
234 Potentially sensitive language Delivery

204
224
39. "This Government has accepted this responsibility," the Prime Ungrammatical sentence Correctness
Minister said 218
& the Government has fulfilled its promise in
205
record time.
225
235

40. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana is a National Mission on Incorrect phrasing Correctness
229
Financial Inclusion which has an integrated approach to bring
about comprehensive financial inclusion and provide banking
services to all households in the country.
190

41. Saxena, 200

213
Punctuation in Correctness
compound/complex sentences

42. This Intricate text Clarity

201
208
221
236
191

43. strongly 197

222 Wordy sentences Clarity

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44. For much of its past as an independent state, India has been an Incorrect phrasing Correctness
electoral democracy but the V-Dem Institute now regards India
as an electoral autocracy without sufficient freedoms and
safeguards to237
206
ensure a free and fair electoral process.

193
192
202
214
45. were constrained Passive voice misuse Clarity
219
186
185

46. Yet → However,,

203 Nevertheless,
220
230 Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery

47. swadharma Unknown words Correctness

194
226

48. Yet their limited nature means the considerable onus is placed Unclear sentences Clarity
199
215
231
on personal duty to pursue 'empowerment through market
participation, which is consistent with Hindutva's emphasis on
227
232
238
swadharma (own duty) for the upholding of social order rather
than transformation.
210

211
228
49. were targeted187 Passive voice misuse Clarity
233
50. were filled Passive voice misuse Clarity
195
212
216

51. that the 196

198
223 Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery

207
239
188
52. The Election Commission failed to adequately enforce the Model Unclear sentences Clarity
Code of Conduct
189 concerning these comments.
217
234

204
224
53. commission; Commission Text inconsistencies Correctness
205
218

54. being established Passive voice misuse Clarity

225
235

55. Based on the 229

recommendations of the pre-independence Law Incorrect phrasing Correctness
Commissions that were established by the British governments
with the first commission being established in 1834.

190
56. Based on the recommendations of the pre-independence Law Passive voice misuse Clarity
Commissions213 that were established by the British governments
200

with the first commission being established in 1834.

57. were enacted236

201
208
221
191 Passive voice misuse Clarity

197
222
58. , viz. Punctuation in Correctness
compound/complex sentences

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59. etc. Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

60. etc 206

237
Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery

61. report; Report214

193
192
202
Text inconsistencies Correctness
219
186
185
62. of the Code Incorrect phrasing Correctness
203
220
230

63. considered Wordy sentences Clarity

194
226
64. 33rd, Punctuation in Correctness
199
215
231
compound/complex sentences

227
232
238
65. the enactment of → enacting Wordy sentences Clarity
210
66. Act, Punctuation in Correctness
211
228
187 compound/complex sentences

233
67. 4 → four Improper formatting Correctness
195
212
216

68. The 20th Law223

Commission had submitted 4 reports report no
196
198 Ungrammatical sentence Correctness
248 to 251 recommending the Repeal of obsolete laws
/outdated Laws
188 which has resulted in repeal by the legislature
207
239
of over 1500 central Acts.
217
234
189

69. Repeal; repeal224

204 Text inconsistencies Correctness

205
218
70. legislature; Legislature Text inconsistencies Correctness
225
235

71. Based on the recommendation of Report No. 253 of the Law Ungrammatical sentence Correctness
229
Commission "The Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and
Commercial Appellate Division, High Court Bill, 2015 was
introduced in the Parliament which has since been enacted.
190

72. been enacted Passive voice misuse Clarity

200
213

73. no Wordy sentences Clarity

201
208
221
236
191
74. are referred Passive voice misuse Clarity
197
222

75. referred to as → called Wordy sentences Clarity

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76. To strengthen democracy, equitable politics, the election of the Ungrammatical sentence Correctness
best candidate and equal representation several
recommendations are made by the law commission, including
206 on the Electoral Reforms which calls for
237
its 255th Report
reinforcing and strengthening the office of the Election
193
192
202
214
Commission of…
219
186
185

77. There are various articles instituted in our constitution that Unclear sentences Clarity
203
220
230
govern the elections and are responsible for their smooth
functioning.

78. 194
226
constitution; Constitution Text inconsistencies Correctness

199
215
231
79. that were connected Incorrect phrasing Correctness
227
232
238

80. having a connection

210
→ connected Wordy sentences Clarity

211
228
187
81. This Intricate text Clarity
233
82. is given Passive voice misuse Clarity
195
212
216

83. , and 196

198
223 Punctuation in Correctness
compound/complex sentences
207
239
188

84. to adjudicate234
217
189 Wordy sentences Clarity

204
224
85. was eliminated Passive voice misuse Clarity
205
218

86. be included Passive voice misuse Clarity

225
235

87. main → central

229 Word choice Engagement

88. to Wordy sentences Clarity

190

89. House or Incorrect phrasing Correctness

200
213

90. was decided Passive voice misuse Clarity

201
208
221
236
191

197
222

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91. With the introduction of this Amendment(61st), a chance was Unclear sentences Clarity
given to unrepresented youths to express their views, opinions
and emotions out in the open, thus inspiring and encouraging
206
237
them to participate in the political affairs of the nation.

193
192
202
214
92. is not made Passive voice misuse Clarity
219
186
185

93. India is constitutionally

203
220
230 a socialist, secular and democratic Incorrect phrasing Correctness
Republic and the success of democracy depends upon the
smooth functioning of the electoral process.

194
226
94. is marked Passive voice misuse Clarity
199
215
231

95. major → significant Word choice Engagement

227
232
238

96. 210in its working appeared, for the first time, in the
The distortions Incorrect phrasing Correctness
fifth general election (1971) and these got multiplied in
211
228
187
successive elections, especially those held in the eighties and
thereafter. 233

195
212
216
97. its Wordy sentences Clarity
196
198
223
98. been taken Passive voice misuse Clarity
207
239
188

99. ), 217
234
189 Punctuation in Correctness
compound/complex sentences
204
224

100. is used 205

218
Passive voice misuse Clarity

225
235
101. Tone suggestions Delivery
229
102. This Intricate text Clarity

103. This instrument

190 caters for the need for a more reliable and time- Incorrect phrasing Correctness
efficient process that forms the basis of democracy in India i.e.
the counting of
200votes, which leads to free and fair elections.
213

104. at Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

201
208
221
236
191

105. consist → consists

197
222
Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness

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106. are connected Passive voice misuse Clarity

107. Election Commission

206
237
of India, Electronic Voting Machines in Unclear sentences Clarity
India: A Status Paper available at consist of two Units - a
Control Unit (C.U.)
193
192
202
214 and a Balloting Unit (B.U.) that are connected
through a five-metre cable.
219
186
185

108. Election Commission

203
220
230 of India, FAQ on EVM, Incomplete sentences Delivery
https://ceomanipur.nic.in/documents/FAQ%20on%20EVM.pdf
(last visited Jan. 30, 2025).

194
226
109. is mostly used Passive voice misuse Clarity
199
215
231

110. mostly used → mainly used, used chiefly Word choice Engagement
227
232
238

111. contains → Contains

210 Improper formatting Correctness

211
228
187
112. can record Wordy sentences Clarity
233

113. was first used216

195
212
Passive voice misuse Clarity

114. However, EVM223

196
198
was first used in the year 1982 in Kerala for an Incorrect phrasing Correctness
election purpose on an experimental basis, but there were no
207
239
188
legal provisions that governed the usage of EVM at that time.
217
234
189

115. From the year 1982 onwards, there was a gradual shift in the Incorrect phrasing Correctness
204
224
usage of EVM, which challenges the validity of EVM in India in
the case of A.C.
205
218
Jose v. Sivan Pallai & Ors.

116. It was held by235

225
the Hon'ble Supreme Court in this case that the Passive voice misuse Clarity
EVMs cannot be used in an election process until there is a
229
specific legal provision governing its usage.

117. was thus inserted Passive voice misuse Clarity

190

118. The Representation

200
213 of the People Act, 1951, No. 43, Acts of Incomplete sentences Delivery
Parliament, 1951 (India), available at
https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2096/9/A1951-
43.pdf.
201
208
221
236
191

119. which → Which

197
222 Improper formatting Correctness

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120. was challenged Passive voice misuse Clarity

121. be hacked 206

237
Passive voice misuse Clarity

193
192
202
214
122. were later rejected Passive voice misuse Clarity
219
186
185
123. For instance, in the Bhind elections, there was a demonstration Incorrect phrasing Correctness
203 VVPAT works along with EVMs by an official of
220
230
to showcase how
the election commission.

124. For instance, 226

in the Bhind elections, there was a demonstration
194 Unclear sentences Clarity
to showcase how VVPAT works along with EVMs by an official of
199
215
231
the election commission.
227
232
238
125. or so Incorrect phrasing Correctness
210

126. But → However,,

187 Nevertheless,
211
228 Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery

233
127. But later, the election commission dismissed this matter by Incorrect phrasing Correctness
stating that EVM
195
212
216
machines and VVPAT slips are beyond doubt
leaving apprehension in the minds of people that these
machines can223 be tampered with.
196
198

207
239
188
128. with Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery
217
234
189

129. In the Hari K. Prasad Case, Hari Prasad was an engineer who Ungrammatical sentence Correctness
204
224
tried to expose the loopholes of the EVM machine by conducting
an in-depth study
205
218
of Indian EVM with the help of J. Alex
Halderman & Rop Gonggrijp.
225
235

130. be hacked Passive voice misuse Clarity

229

131. According to them, the display of EVM can be hacked, but their Passive voice misuse Clarity
voice was suppressed by the Election Commission of India.
190

132. was arrested 213

200 Passive voice misuse Clarity

133. He was arrested with an allegation that he had stolen an EVM Passive voice misuse Clarity
machine from236
the commission for his research, which was
201
208
221
191
denied by the commission.
197
222

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134. This case is still challenging the commitments of ECI about the Incorrect phrasing Correctness
security of EVM machines, but this case raised a serious
concern about whether EVMs are safe and secure.
206
237

135. voters' belief 214

193
192
202 Wordy sentences Clarity

219
186
185
136. Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail, commonly called VVPAT, is an Incorrect phrasing Correctness
independent device
203
220
230 that strengthens the belief of voters that
votes cast through EVMs are accurate and non-tampered.

137. is cast 194

226
Passive voice misuse Clarity

199
215
231
138. was started Passive voice misuse Clarity
227
232
238
139. was introduced Passive voice misuse Clarity
210

140. were conducted

211
228
187 Passive voice misuse Clarity

233
141. allowing → Allowing Improper formatting Correctness
195
212
216

142. fullest → most entire, most whole Word choice Engagement

196
198
223

143. the Hon'ble Supreme

207
239
188 Court held that a 'paper trail' is an Unclear sentences Clarity
essential need to provide voters with the fullest transparency.
217
234
189

144. also 204

224 Wordy sentences Clarity

205
218
145. This Intricate text Clarity
225
235

146. However, MCC is not a statutory law or any law passed by the Ungrammatical sentence Correctness
229
Parliament but political parties, candidates, organisations,
committees, and institutions fully or partly funded by the state
and centre are bound to comply with the rules and regulations
of MCC otherwise
190 resulting in punitive actions.

200
213
147. fully → wholly Word choice Engagement

148. Practices; → Practices: Incorrect punctuation Correctness

201
208
221
236
191

149. etc 197

222 Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery

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150. were held Passive voice misuse Clarity

151. is announced237
206
Passive voice misuse Clarity

193
192
202
214
152. , and it → . It Hard-to-read text Clarity
219
186
185
153. that they must Incorrect phrasing Correctness
203
220
230

154. take care → consider Wordy sentences Clarity

194
226
155. be discussed Passive voice misuse Clarity
199
215
231

156. be compromised Passive voice misuse Clarity

227
232
238

157. be sought 210 Passive voice misuse Clarity

211
228
187
158. is advised Passive voice misuse Clarity
233

159. any Wordy sentences Clarity

195
212
216

160. Meetings: It is223

196
198
advised to political parties and candidates that Incorrect phrasing Correctness
any meeting if proposed, must be informed to local police to
207
239
188
maintain the law and order to avoid any chaos.
217
234
189
161. They must ascertain to follow any regulatory order at that time Incorrect phrasing Correctness
204
224
in the proposed area of the meeting and also have to seek
permission for any equipment such as loudspeakers.
205
218

162. as well as → and

225
235 Wordy sentences Clarity

229
163. takes place → occurs Wordy sentences Clarity

164. for the approval

190
of → to approve Wordy sentences Clarity

165. , respectively213
200
Punctuation in Correctness
compound/complex sentences

166. be used 201

208
221
236
191 Passive voice misuse Clarity

197
222

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167. However, no such area can be used as a campaigning office or a Unclear sentences Clarity
public meeting office.

206
237
168. there Wordy sentences Clarity
193
192
202
214

169. full → entire, whole Word choice Engagement

219
186
185

170. 203
220
230
are also suspended Passive voice misuse Clarity

171. Certain → Specific Word choice Engagement

194
226

172. were issued 199

215
231
Passive voice misuse Clarity

227
232
238
173. was held Passive voice misuse Clarity
210
174. be contrary to → contradict Wordy sentences Clarity
211
228
187

175. be considered233 Passive voice misuse Clarity

195
212
216
176. voters' trust Wordy sentences Clarity
196
198
223

177. Promises made in manifestos must also reflect the means to Incorrect phrasing Correctness
207
239
achieve those188
claims to avoid vague promises from the
manifestos and
217
234
to win the trust of voters transparently.
189

178. 204
224
, which Punctuation in Correctness
compound/complex sentences
205
218

179. 225
235
were fully used Passive voice misuse Clarity

229
180. Yet → However,, Nevertheless, Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery

181. the instances190

of Wordy sentences Clarity

182. Incorporating213
200
Wordy sentences Clarity

183. mere Wordy sentences Clarity

201
208
221
236
191

197
222

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184. The need of the hour is not just reform but a renewed Unclear sentences Clarity
commitment to electoral integrity, ensuring that democracy in
India remains not just an aspiration but an enduring reality.
206
237

185. India, the largest

193 electoral democracy in the world,
192
202
214 https://2017.nightofideas.co.uk/g Originality
uest/mukulika-banerjee/
219
186
185

186. has over 900 million

203
220
230 eligible voters out of a total population of Originality
1.4 billion, making its election system a jaw-dropping and mind-
blowing process.

194
226
187. . Likewise, the counting of these votes is equally significant, Originality
supported by 231 quotes like "In a democracy, voting is not just a
199
215
right, it is a responsibility" by Dr Rajendra Prasad. The voting
system in India 227has evolved from cumbersome ballot papers to
232
238

convenient Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs)

210

188. in the 2024 Lok

187Sabha elections regarding the
211
228 'Rahul as PM' chorus grows louder Originality
- News Today | First with the news
233 https://newstodaynet.com/2023/
08/31/rahul-as-pm-chorus-
195
212
216
grows-louder/
196
198
223

189. The Election Commission of India (ECI) has consistently Electoral Bond Data Reveals Originality
207
239
188
Major Contributors To Political
Parties - News Island
217
234
189
https://newsisland.in/electoral-
204
224 bond-data-reveals-major-
contributors-to-political-parties/
205
218

190. In the 2024 Lok

225
235
Sabha elections, BJP had Elections 2024 Results: Did Ram Originality
Mandir, Ration, and Modi's
229 Guarantee Fail BJP? 5 Major
Reasons
https://bynewsindia.com/politics/
elections-2024-results-did-ram-
190
mandir-ration-and-modis-
200
213
guarantee-fail-bjp-5-major-
reasons/

201
208
221
236
191

197
222

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191. y. However, the factors that resulted in securing a lower number Originality
of seats than expected are crucial to understanding, such as
serious allegations regarding the fairness of elections,
unemployment, 206 and some other measures which are deemed to
237

be considered an autocratic governmen

193
192
202
214

192. The implementation

219
186
185 of the Model Code of Conduct BJP accuses Congress of Ignoring Originality
Law and Order - The Daily
203
220
230
Guardian
https://thedailyguardian.com/bjp-
accuses-congress-of-ignoring-
194
226 law-and-order/

199
215
231
193. (MCC) clarifies the ethical guidelines for conducting elections, Originality
which political parties and candidates must follow. The
227
232
238
necessity for the MCC has evolved over the years in response to
various unscrupulous
210 tactics used by political parties, such as
making false claims in their manifesto
211
228
187

194. s. Now, it addresses

233 voters' needs by preventing undue influence Originality
from these techniques through punitive measures against the
offenders. This195article aims to thoroughly elucidate EVM
212
216

machines and provide an in-depth understanding of how they

196
198
223
operate. It also sheds light on the VVPAT system, a tool t…
207
239
188
195. we aim to offer a comprehensive analysis of the Exciting Changes in Bitcoin Originality
217
234
189 Mining - Balancing Profit and
Planet
204
224
https://bqfunds.com/exciting-
205
218
changes-in-bitcoin-mining-
balancing-profit-and-planet/
225
235

196. structure, administration, and reforms of Indian elections, Originality

229
focusing on the MCC, electoral reforms, and the upcoming 2024
Lok Sabha elections. RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIA'S
2024 GENERAL ELECTION
190

197. groups. INDIA,213on the other hand, made caste a key instrument
200
Originality
of social justice, promising representation and a welfare regime
that recognizes the role caste plays in perpetuating inequalities.
Both alliances claim to be inclusive of India's caste di
201
208
221
236
191

197
222

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198. victory in the aftermath of Indira Gandhi's assassination. A scholar and a politician - Originality
Frontline
https://frontline.thehindu.com/ot
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237 her/obituary/article30203212.ece

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199. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), one of the biggest Satish paper on Rise of BJP - Originality
financial inclusion
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185 initiatives in the world, was announced by PDFCOFFEE.COM
Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi on 15th August 2014 from https://pdfcoffee.com/satish-
the ramparts 230
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of the Red Fort. While launching the programme on paper-on-rise-of-bjp-pdf-
28th August, the Prime Minister described the occasion… free.html

200. 194
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credit, remittances facility, insurance and pension. Guinness Satish paper on Rise of BJP - Originality
World Records has also recognised the achievements made PDFCOFFEE.COM
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the "Most bank227
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210

201. -populism-in-india/ Modi's initial campaigning revolved around Originality

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his welfare 'guarantees' for improving the lives of the poor and
the building of233a temple marking the birthplace of the god Rama
on the site of a mosque demolished by Hindutva activists in
1992. This campaigning
195
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216 emphasised aspirational…

196
198
223
202. Based on the recommendations of the pre-independence Law Achievements/Impact of Law Originality
Commissions239
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188 Commission Report | Law
Commission of India | India
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234
189 https://lawcommissionofindia.nic.
in/achievements-impact-of-law-
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224
commission-report/
205
218
203. Many Acts were enacted viz., Religious Endowments Act 1863, Achievements/Impact of Law Originality
225
235
Official Trustees Act 1864, Carriers Act 1865, Indian Companies Commission Report | Law
Act 1866, General Clauses Act 1868, Divorce Act 1869, Court Commission of India | India
229
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Prevention Act 1870, code of criminal procedure revise… in/achievements-impact-of-law-
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190

204. The first Law 213

Commission of India submitted its 14th report
200
Achievements/Impact of Law Originality
titled 'Reforms of Judicial Administration' in 1958 Commission Report | Law
Commission of India | India
https://lawcommissionofindia.nic.
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208
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191 in/achievements-impact-of-law-
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205. both civil and criminal. A comprehensive report for the revision Achievements/Impact of Law Originality
Code of Criminal Procedure, namely the 41st report titled 'The Commission Report | Law
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898' was submitted in 1969. This Commission of India | India
206 consideration the recommendations made in
237
report took into https://lawcommissionofindia.nic.
the earlier reports of the Commission dealing with… in/achievements-impact-of-law-
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commission-report/
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185

206. report no 248 to 251 recommending the Repeal of obsolete laws Achievements/Impact of Law Originality
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/outdated Laws which has resulted in repeal by the legislature Commission Report | Law
of over 1500 central Acts. Based on the recommendation of Commission of India | India
Report No. 253 of the Law Commission "The Commercial Courts, https://lawcommissionofindia.nic.
Commercial Division
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226 and Commercial Appellate Division, … in/achievements-impact-of-law-
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207. general legal 238

reforms, judicial reforms, and matters related to
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Achievements/Impact of Law Originality
personal laws, Commission Report | Law
210 Commission of India | India
https://lawcommissionofindia.nic.
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187 in/achievements-impact-of-law-
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208. https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-
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216 Municipal Bonds: Financing Originality
india/amendments Urbanization in India
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209. Article 325: No

188person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim
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239 Elections - Superphysics Originality
to be included in a special, electoral roll on https://www.superphysics.org/res
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189 earch/constitutions/in/part-15/

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210. Article 326: Elections to the House of the People and to the Article 326: Elections to the House Originality
Legislative Assemblies
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218 of States to be of the People and to the
Legislative Assemblies of States
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to be on the basis of adult
suffrage - Constitution of India
229
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et/articles/article-326-elections-
to-the-house-of-the-people-and-
190 to-the-legislative-assemblies-of-
states-to-be-on-the-basis-of-
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211. adult suffrage That is to say, every person who is a citizen of Constitution of India » 326. Originality
India and who is not less than eighteen years of age on such Elections to the House of the
date as may be fixed People and to the Legislative
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237 Assemblies of States to be on the
basis of adult suffrage.
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article_326/

212. that behalf by230

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or under any law made by the appropriate Constitution of India » 326. Originality
Legislature and is not otherwise disqualified under this Elections to the House of the
Constitution or any law made by the appropriate Legislature on People and to the Legislative
the ground of226non-residence, unsoundness of mind, crime or
194 Assemblies of States to be on the
corrupt or illegal practice, shall be entitled to be registered … basis of adult suffrage.
199
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231 http://constitutionofindia.etal.in/
article_326/
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213. vote in the elections

210 for the Lok Sabha India general election 2024: A Originality
simple guide
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187 https://wtxnews.com/india-
general-election-2024/
233

214. Article 327: Power

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216 of Parliament to make provision Article 327: Power of Parliament Originality
to make provision with respect to
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elections to Legislatures -
Constitution of India
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188
https://www.constitutionofindia.n
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189 et/articles/article-327-power-of-
parliament-to-make-provision-
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legislatures/
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215. House of the Legislature

225
235 of a State, including the preparation of Indian Constitution- Elections Originality
electoral rolls, the delimitation of constituencies and all other [Part 2] - Porul
matters necessary
229 for securing the due constitution of such https://www.porul.in/2023/05/ind
House or Houses. ian-constitution-elections-part-
2.html
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216. Article 328: Power of Legislature of a State to make provision Article 328: Power of Legislature Originality
of a State to make provision with
respect to elections to such
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237 Legislature - Constitution of India
https://www.constitutionofindia.n
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et/articles/article-328-power-of-
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legislature-of-a-state-to-make-
provision-with-respect-to-
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230 elections-to-such-legislature/

217. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and in so far as Indian Constitution- Elections Originality
provision in that
194 behalf is not made by Parliament, the
226 [Part 2] - Porul
Legislature of a State may from time to time by law make https://www.porul.in/2023/05/ind
provision 199
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231 ian-constitution-elections-part-
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218. all matters relating

210 to, or in connection with, the elections to the Indian Constitution- Elections Originality
House or either House of the Legislature of the State including [Part 2] - Porul
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the preparation
187 of electoral rolls and all other matters https://www.porul.in/2023/05/ind
necessary for securing the due constitution of such House or ian-constitution-elections-part-
233
Houses. 2.html
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212
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219. Our system was largely free from any major flaw till the fourth Electoral Reforms in India: Originality
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general Proactive Role of Election
Commission - Mainstream Weekly
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188
http://www.mainstreamweekly.ne
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189 t/article1049.html

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220. 1967). The distortions in its working appeared, for the first time, Electoral Reforms in India: Originality
in the fifth general
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Proactive Role of Election
Commission - Mainstream Weekly
225
235 http://www.mainstreamweekly.ne
t/article1049.html
229

221. Published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section Theoretical Underpinnings of Originality
3(ii Copyright and Design Laws:
190 Decisions of the Supreme Court of
India
200
213

222. available at https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile? Differential Treatment Among Originality

actid=AC_CEN Creditors Under India's Insolvency
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191 and Bankruptcy Code, 2016:
Issues and Solutions
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223. Legal History of EVMs and VVPATs: A Compilation and Analysis How a shift to EVMs has helped in Originality
of Case Laws ‘greening’ the polls - The Hindu
BusinessLine
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237 https://www.thehindubusinesslin
e.com/news/elections/how-a-
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shift-to-evms-has-helped-in-
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185
greening-the-
polls/article67975713.ece
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224. The Model Code Of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines Polity (India) Blog - Shashank Originality
Creativity
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226 https://shashankcreativity.com/ca
tegory/polity-india
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225. political parties

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to ensure free and fair elections Government Responses to Originality
Disinformation on Social Media
210 Platforms: Argentina, Australia,
Canada, China, Denmark, Egypt,
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187 European Union, France, Germany,
India, Israel, Mexico, Russian
233
Federation, Sweden, United Arab
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Emirates, United Kingdom

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226. are bound to comply with the rules and regulations of St. JOSEPH’S ASSISTED LIVING Originality
CENTER &mdash Providing
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seniors with compassionate
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189 support for a peaceful life.
https://oldagehome.org/about.ph
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224 p

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227. Chapter III of The Representation of People Act, 1951. The Saga Of Decriminalization Of Originality
225
235 Electoral Politics In India And The
Way Forward – 244th Law
229 Commission Report - JCV India
https://www.jcvindia.com/the-
saga-of-decriminalization-of-
electoral-politics-in-india-and-
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the-way-forward-244th-law-
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228. the ideals and principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution Celebrating the 75th Republic Day Originality
in 2024: A Milestone for India -
News9T
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the-75th-republic-day-in-2024-a-
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milestone-for-india/
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229. the means to achieve those claims to avoid vague promises from Originality
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the manifestos and to win the trust of voters transparently.
CONCLUSIONS: The 2024 Indian General Elections saddle out as
a vindication of India's electora
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226

230. 01, when EVMs were fully used to conduct the elections, marked Originality
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a significant leap towards efficiency and a free and fair electoral
process. Yet scepticism
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about their reliability and biases
accentuates the importance of continuous technological and
legal scrutiny.210

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231. The Election Commission of India (ECI) has consistently Electoral Bond Data Reveals Originality
233 Major Contributors To Political
Parties - News Island
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216 https://newsisland.in/electoral-
bond-data-reveals-major-
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contributors-to-political-parties/
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232. EVMs, yet the instances of electoral disputes and political Originality
controversies234
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necessitate enhanced transparency and
189

accountability mechanisms. The incorporation of VVPATs has

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been a
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233. step in the right direction, but its implementation needs [Open Access Week 2022 special] Originality
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How the US OSTP policy could
transform academia: A cross-
229
section of expert views
https://www.editage.com/insights
/open-access-week-2022-
190 special-how-the-us-ostp-policy-
could-transform-academia-a-
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213 cross-section-of-stakeholder-
views?refer-type=article

234. However, the 236

enforcement of these regulations often falls short,
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leading to violations Archives - Dr. Handicap
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235. rategic use of social media for misinformation, contemporary Originality
elections require a more robust legal framework to combat
evolving challenges. Strengthening the independence and
206 Election Commission, curbing undue political
237
authority of the
influence, and instituting comprehensive reforms in campaign
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f…
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236. As India progresses toward future elections, the conversation Originality

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must shift from mere procedural compliance to substantive
electoral reforms. Global electoral best practices, such as
blockchain-based voting and enhanced voter education
programs, could
194 offer valuable insights into making the process
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m…
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237. A truly democratic

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election is not just about African Democracy and Originality
Development: Challenges for
210 Post-Conflict African Nations
9780739175491, 9780739175507,
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187 2012029673 - DOKUMEN.PUB
https://dokumen.pub/african-
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238. Proceedings of189the International Conference on Pattern

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Recognition, Informatics and Medical Engineering diseases using stacking hybrid
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Proceedings of
225the 17th ACM Conference on Computer and
235 Issues in Direct-Recording
Communications Security Electronic Voting Machines
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