1.

Nouns

Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas.

Examples:

.The dog barked loudly.

.She loves reading books.

.The city was beautiful at night.

.Freedom is important to everyone.

.My friend invited me to her party.

Functions of Nouns:

Subject: The noun acts as the main focus of the sentence.

Example: The cat is sleeping.

Object: The noun receives the action of the verb.

Example: I read a book.

Predicate Noun: The noun renames or provides more information about the subject.

Example: She is a teacher.

Possessive Noun: The noun shows ownership.

Example: John's car is new.

Appositive: The noun provides additional information about another noun.

Example: My friend, Sarah, is coming over.

Types of Nouns:

Common Nouns: General names for a person, place, thing, or idea.

Examples: dog, city, book, freedom

Proper Nouns: Specific names of people, places, or organizations. They are always capitalized.

Examples: Einstein, London, Microsoft

Concrete Nouns: Nouns that can be experienced with the five senses.

Examples: apple, music, perfume

Abstract Nouns: Nouns that represent ideas, qualities, or states.

Examples: love, bravery, success

Countable Nouns: Nouns that can be counted.

Examples: apple (apples), car (cars)

Uncountable Nouns: Nouns that cannot be counted individually.

Examples: water, sugar, knowledge

Collective Nouns: Nouns that represent a group.

Examples: team, family, flock.

2. Pronouns

Pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition.

Examples:

He is my best friend.

She went to the market.

They are coming over.

It is raining.

We enjoyed the movie.

Pronouns

Functions of Pronouns:

Subject Pronoun: Acts as the subject of the sentence.

Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they

Object Pronoun: Receives the action of the verb.

Examples: me, you, him, her, it, us, them

Possessive Pronoun: Shows ownership.

Examples: my, your, his, her, its, our, their

Reflexive Pronoun: Refers back to the subject.

Examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Relative Pronoun: Introduces a clause.

Examples: who, whom, whose, which, that

Interrogative Pronoun: Used to ask questions.

Examples: who, whom, whose, which, what

Demonstrative Pronoun: Points out specific things.

Examples: this, that, these, those

Indefinite Pronoun: Refers to unspecified things or people.

Examples: someone, anybody, everything, none

Functions: Pronouns stand in for nouns, making sentences less repetitive and more fluid.

3. Verbs

Verbs express actions, occurrences, or states of being.

Examples:

She runs every morning.

He sings beautifully.

They are happy.

The cat jumped onto the table.

We have finished our homework.

Functions of Verbs:

Action Verbs: Express physical or mental actions.

Examples: run, think, eat, decide

Linking Verbs: Connect the subject with a subject complement.

Examples: am, is, are, was, were, seem, become

Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs: Used with main verbs to create verb phrases.

Examples: have, has, do, can, will

Transitive Verbs: Require a direct object to complete their meaning.

Examples: She threw the ball.

Intransitive Verbs: Do not require a direct object.

Examples: He laughed.

Types of Verbs:

Regular Verbs: Form their past tense by adding -ed.

Examples: walk (walked), talk (talked)

Irregular Verbs: Do not follow the regular -ed ending rule.

Examples: go (went), buy (bought)

Dynamic Verbs: Indicate an action, process, or sensation.

Examples: eat, run, see

Stative Verbs: Indicate a state or condition.

Examples: know, believe, own

Modal Verbs: Indicate ability, possibility, permission, or obligation.

Examples: can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would

Functions: Verbs describe what the subject does or is, forming the core of the predicate in a sentence.

4. Adjectives

Adjectives describe or modify nouns and pronouns.

Examples:

The red apple is delicious.

She wore a beautiful dress.

He is an intelligent student.

The tall building touched the sky.

The cold weather made us shiver.

Adjectives

Functions of Adjectives:

Descriptive: Describe qualities or states of nouns.

Example: The blue sky is clear.

Quantitative: Indicate quantity or number.

Example: I have three apples.

Demonstrative: Point out specific nouns.

Example: This book is interesting.

Possessive: Show ownership.

Example: My car is parked outside.

Interrogative: Used in questions.

Example: Which color do you like?

Types of Adjectives:

Descriptive Adjectives: Describe the noun.

Examples: beautiful, red, large

Quantitative Adjectives: Indicate the quantity.

Examples: some, many, few

Demonstrative Adjectives: Point out specific items.

Examples: this, that, these, those

Possessive Adjectives: Indicate ownership.

Examples: my, your, his, her, its, our, their

Interrogative Adjectives: Used to ask questions.

Examples: which, what, whose

Example Sentences:

The green grass is soft.

I saw three birds in the park.

That house is very old.

Her dress is elegant.

Which road leads to the city?

Functions: Adjectives provide more information about nouns and pronouns, specifying their qualities
or quantities.

5. Adverbs

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Examples:

She ran quickly.

He spoke softly.

The test was incredibly difficult.

She sings very well.

They arrived early.

Functions of Adverbs:

Manner: Describe how an action is performed.

Example: She sings beautifully.

Place: Indicate where an action takes place.

Example: The cat is here.

Time: Specify when an action occurs.

Example: He arrived yesterday.

Frequency: Show how often an action occurs.

Example: She always smiles.

Degree: Indicate the extent of an action.

Example: He is very tall.

Types of Adverbs:

Adverbs of Manner: Describe how something happens.

Examples: quickly, slowly, carefully

Adverbs of Place: Indicate location.

Examples: here, there, everywhere

Adverbs of Time: Indicate timing.

Examples: now, soon, yesterday

Adverbs of Frequency: Indicate frequency.

Examples: always, never, often

Adverbs of Degree: Indicate intensity or degree.

Examples: very, quite, almost

Example Sentences:

He ran quickly.

They live there.

She will leave soon.

He often visits his grandparents.

The soup is too hot.

Functions: Adverbs provide details about how, when, where, or to what extent actions are performed.

6. Prepositions

Prepositions show relationships between nouns (or pronouns) and other words in a sentence.

Examples:

The book is on the table.

She walked through the park.

He sat beside her.

The cat is hiding under the bed.

We traveled across the country.

Functions of Prepositions:

Time: Indicate when something happens.

Example: She arrived at noon.

Place: Indicate where something is located.

Example: The book is on the table.

Direction: Show the direction of an action.

Example: He walked toward the park.

Agent: Indicate the agent performing an action.

Example: The song was written by him.

Instrument: Show the instrument used in the action.

Example: She wrote the note with a pen.

Types of Prepositions:

Prepositions of Time: Indicate time.

Examples: at, in, on, before, after

Prepositions of Place: Indicate location.

Examples: at, on, in, by, beside

Prepositions of Direction: Indicate direction.

Examples: to, toward, through, into

Prepositions of Agent: Indicate the agent.

Examples: by, with

Prepositions of Instrument: Indicate the instrument.

Examples: with, by

Example Sentences:

We will meet at noon.

The cat is sitting on the couch.

He walked toward the exit.

The poem was written by her.

She painted the picture with watercolors.

Functions: Prepositions link nouns/pronouns to other elements, indicating time, place, direction, or
manner.

7. Conjunctions
Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses.

Examples:

She likes apples and oranges.

He will go if it rains.

I wanted to go, but I was tired.

You can have tea or coffee.

She studied hard, so she passed.

Functions of Conjunctions:

Coordinating Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance.

Example: She likes tea, and he likes coffee.

Subordinating Conjunctions: Connect a dependent clause to an independent clause.

Example: He left because he was tired.

Correlative Conjunctions: Work in pairs to connect elements.

Example: Either you or I will go.

Conjunctive Adverbs: Connect independent clauses and show the relationship between them.

Example: She was tired; therefore, she went to bed early.

Types of Conjunctions:

Coordinating Conjunctions: Connect equal elements.

Examples: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so

Subordinating Conjunctions: Connect dependent and independent clauses.

Examples: because, although, since, unless

Correlative Conjunctions: Pairs of conjunctions.

Examples: either...or, neither...nor, both...and

Conjunctive Adverbs: Show relationship between clauses.

Examples: however, therefore, moreover

Example Sentences:
She loves dancing, and he loves singing.

I stayed home because it was raining.

Either you or I will win the game.

He was tired; however, he finished his work.

She likes both coffee and tea.

Functions: Conjunctions join parts of sentences, showing relationships between them.

8. Interjections

Interjections express strong emotions or sudden bursts of feeling.

Types of Interjections

Interjections of Joy

Function: Express happiness, excitement, or delight.

Examples: hooray, yay, wow

Example Sentences:

Hooray! We won the game.

Yay! It's finally the weekend.

Wow! This place is amazing.

Yippee! We got tickets to the concert.

Hurrah! The project is complete.

Interjections of Surprise

Function: Convey astonishment or shock.

Examples: oh, ah, wow

Example Sentences:

Oh! I didn't see you there.

Ah! That was unexpected.

Wow! You did an excellent job.

Oh my! What a surprise!

Goodness! I can't believe it.

Interjections of Pain

Function: Express physical or emotional pain.

Examples: ouch, ow, oh

Example Sentences:

Ouch! That hurt.

Ow! My foot!

Oh! I stubbed my toe.

Aww! That really hurt my feelings.

Yikes! That looks painful.

Interjections of Anger

Function: Show frustration, annoyance, or anger.

Examples: grr, ugh, darn

Example Sentences:

Grr! This is so frustrating.

Ugh! I can't believe this happened.

Darn! I missed the bus.

Oh no! This is really annoying.

Shoot! I forgot my keys.

Interjections of Greeting

Function: Used to greet or say farewell.

Examples: hello, hi, hey

Example Sentences:

Hello! How are you?

Hi! Nice to see you.

Hey! What's up?

Greetings! Welcome to the party.

Hi there! How's it going?

Examples:

Wow! That's amazing!

Ouch! That hurt.

Hey! Look over here.

Oh! I didn't see you there.

Hooray! We won the game.

Functions: Interjections convey emotions and are often followed by an exclamation point.