Q.

1 Answer Marks

5(a) irregular arrangement of at least 8 molecules with at least one molecule touching other B1

5(b) solid – vibrate (about fixed positions) B1

liquid – change position / slide (over each other) B1

or move / translate throughout (liquid)
or move in clusters

gas – random movement B1

or move in all directions
or high speed / kinetic energy or have range of speeds
or move throughout container
or move in a straight line (between collisions)
or move freely

5(c) no / weak force between molecules in gases B1

or molecules not held together in gases

speed / K.E of gas molecules fast(er) than solids B1

Q.2 Answer Marks

4(a) any three from: B3

• moving particles have momentum OR particles hit walls
• momentum changes when particles hit walls
• force exerted (by particles) due to (rate of) change of momentum
• pressure is (total) force (of particles) per unit area (of wall).

4(b) pressure increases M1

(there is a) greater change of momentum OR (particles exert) greater force (on same area) OR particles move faster OR A1
particles have more KE

4(c) (pressure =) 1.5  105 Pa A1

p 1 V1 = p2 V2 OR (p2 =) p1 V1 /V2 OR pV = constant (for fixed m, fixed T) C1

(p2 =) 9(.0)  104  170 / 100 C1

 Q.3 Answer Marks

4(a) molecules escape from the surface of the liquid

B1
more energetic / faster moving molecules escape

slower / less energetic molecules are left behind B1

temperature of liquid decreases because average K.E. of remaining molecules is lower B1

4(b) any two from: B2

air temperature increases
more wind
cloud stops covering the Sun

Q.4 Answer Marks

5(a)(i) E = Pt in any form C1

(E =) 6000 J A1

5(a)(ii) E = mcΔT in any form C1

6000 C1
c=
550 ( 33 − 20 )

(c =) 0.84 J / (g °C) OR 840 J / (kg °C) A1

5(a)(iii) EITHER some of energy supplied by the heater heats the heater / goes to lagging / goes to surroundings M1

specific heat capacity is lower than value in (ii) A1

OR M1
some energy may be absorbed from surroundings if they are at a higher temperature

specific heat capacity is higher than value in (ii) A1

Q.5 Answer Marks

2(a) dull black line 100 B1

dull white 60 and shiny white 40 B1

2(b) hot air rises B1

density of hot air less (than cold air) or air expands on heating B1

hot air rises and cold air falls or a complete current described B1

Q.6 Answer Marks

5(a) (E =) 410 000 000 J OR 410 MJ OR 4.1  108 J A3

E = mcT OR (E =) mcT OR 1200  960  360 C1

(T =) 360 (°C) C1

5(b) (thermal) radiation M1

electromagnetic / e-m / infrared / IR (radiation emitted from block) A1

travels to worker OR is absorbed by worker OR travels without needing a medium A1

5(c) conduction B1

delocalised / free / moving electrons B1

any one from: B1

• (electrons) move (from outer surface) to interior (of rollers)
• (electrons) travel through(out) the solid / large distances
• (electrons) collide with distant particles
• lattice vibrations transfer thermal energy to neighbouring particles OR particles vibrate and cause nearby / adjacent
particles to vibrate OR vibrating particles collide with particles transferring energy.