Database Management Systems

Course Code CSE3001

LTP 4
Introduction to DBMS
DBMS stands for Database Management System. We can
break it like this DBMS = DataBase + Management System.

Database is a collection of data and Management System is

a set of programs to store and retrieve those data.

DBMS is a collection of inter-related data and set of

programs to store & access those data in an easy and
effective manner.
COMPONENTS OF DBMS

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DESCRIPTION OF
COMPONENTS
Users: Users may be of any kind such as DB administrator,
System developer, or database users.

Database application: Database application may be

Departmental, Personal, organization's and / or Internal.

DBMS: Software that allows users to create and manipulate

database access,

Database: Collection of logical data as a single unit.

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Drawbacks of File
system
Data redundancy
Data inconsistency
Data Isolation
Atomicity issues
Dependency on application programs
Data Security

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 DBMS vs. Flat
File
DBMS Flat File Management System

Multi-user access It does not support multi-user

access
Design to fulfil the need for It is only limited to smaller DBMS
small and large businesses system.
Remove redundancy and Redundancy and Integrity issues
Integrity
Easy to implement complicated No support for complicated
transactions transactions

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Advantage of DBMS over file
system
There are several advantages of Database management
system over file system. Few of them are as follows:
No redundant data.
Data Consistency and Integrity.
Data Security.

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Advantage of DBMS over file
system
Privacy
Easy access to data
Easy recovery
Flexible

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Disadvantages of DBMS
DBMS implementation cost is high compared to the file
system.

Complexity: Database systems are complex to understand.

Performance: Database systems are generic, making them

suitable for various applications. However this feature affect
their performance for some applications

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Introduction to DBMS
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software
system that is designed to manage and organize data in a
structured manner.
It allows users to create, modify, and query a database, as
well as manage the security and access controls for that
database.
DBMS provides an environment to store and retrieve the
data in coinvent and efficient manner.
Introduction to DBMS
Key Features of DBMS
Data modeling: A DBMS provides tools for creating and
modifying data models, which define the structure and
relationships of the data in a database.
Data storage and retrieval: A DBMS is responsible for
storing and retrieving data from the database, and can
provide various methods for searching and querying the
data.
Concurrency control: A DBMS provides mechanisms for
controlling concurrent access to the database, to ensure
that multiple users can access the data without conflicting
with each other.
Key Features of DBMS
Data integrity and security: A DBMS provides tools for
enforcing data integrity and security constraints, such as
constraints on the values of data and access controls that
restrict who can access the data.
Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides mechanisms for
backing up and recovering the data in the event of a
system failure.
DBMS can be classified into two types: Relational
Database Management System (RDBMS) and Non-Relational
Database Management System (NoSQL or Non-SQL)
Key Features of DBMS
RDBMS: Data is organized in the form of tables and each
table has a set of rows and columns. The data are related
to each other through primary and foreign keys.
NoSQL: Data is organized in the form of key-value pairs,
documents, graphs, or column-based. These are designed
to handle large-scale, high-performance scenarios.
Purpose of Database System
Purpose of Database System

In DBMS, database systems provide a safe and effective

platform to manage vast amounts of data.
Their role is to provide services like data organization,
storage, and manipulation, as well as to guarantee data
integrity.
A database system’s primary goal is to facilitate data retrieval
and provide a dependable storage platform for essential data.
Purpose of Database System
Efficient storage and retrieval are allowed by structured
organization of data
DBMS maintains the reliability and accuracy of the
information
Protecting confidential data is crucial and database
systems
The inclusion of strong security measures in database
systems ensures the protection of sensitive data and
upholds its confidentiality.
Conti..
Collaboration made easy with DBMS. With the provision of
a platform to access and manipulate data, multiple users
can now work together and ensure data consistency across
various applications.
Data backups and transaction management are
mechanisms provided by database systems to ensure data
durability.
Uses of DBMS
Utilizing DBMS, organizations can effectively manage and
store business-associated data, including inventory
records, financial data, customer information, and sales
transactions. This optimization of operations allows for
improved customer service and efficient decision-making.

DBMS is the engine behind e-commerce and retail

operations, providing support to online platforms and
retail networks with regard to inventory management,
payment processing, product catalos, customer orders,
and more. By ensuring smooth transactions and
personalized shopping experiences, greatly enhances
overall performance.
In healthcare, utilizing DBMS is crucial for improved patient care,
diagnosis, and treatment through access to comprehensive patient
data. This plays a significant role in electronic health records (EHRs),
patient management, medical imaging, and research.

Educational institutions make use of DBMS for storing and

generating student information systems, library management, and
research databases. It aids in data analysis, reporting, and resource
allocation.

DBMS supports various governmental functions, including

citizen databases, tax management, public safety systems, and
administrative processes. It enhances efficiency, transparency, and
accountability.
View of data
A view of data in DBMS is created to display the specific
information that a user needs, rather than revealing
sensitive portions of the schema that should remain
confidential to the owner.

Essentially, the data view in a DBMS presents a selective

representation instead of exposing the complete
database.
Conti…
Data Abstraction and Data
Independence
Database systems comprise complex data structures. In
order to make the system efficient in terms of retrieval of
data, and reduce complexity in terms of usability of users,
developers use abstraction i.e. hide irrelevant details from
the users.
This approach simplifies database design.
Level of Abstraction in a DBMS
Level of Abstraction in a
DBMS
There are mainly 3 levels
of data abstraction:

•Physical or Internal Level

•Logical or Conceptual Level

•View or External Level

Physical or Internal Level
This is the lowest level of data abstraction.
It tells us how the data is actually stored in memory.
Access methods like sequential or random access and file
organization methods like B+ trees and hashing are used
for the same.
Usability, size of memory, and the number of times the
records are factors that we need to know while designing
the database.
Suppose we need to store the details of an employee.
Blocks of storage and the amount of memory used for
these purposes are kept hidden from the user.
Logical or Conceptual Level
This level comprises the information that is actually stored
in the database in the form of tables.
It also stores the relationship among the data entities in
relatively simple structures.
At this level, the information available to the user at the
view level is unknown.
We can store the various attributes of an employee and
relationships, e.g. with the manager can also be stored.
The logical level thus describes the entire database in
terms of a small number of relatively simple structures.
Logical or Conceptual Level
Although implementation of the simple structures at the
logical level may involve complex physical-level structures,
the user of the logical level does not need to be aware of
this complexity.
The user of the logical level does not need to be aware of
this complexity. This is referred to as physical data
independence.
View or External Level

This is the highest level of abstraction. Only a part of the

actual database is viewed by the users.
This level exists to ease the accessibility of the database by
an individual user.
Users view data in the form of rows and columns. Tables
and relations are used to store data.
Multiple views of the same database may exist. Users can
just view the data and interact with the database, storage
and implementation details are hidden from them.
 Example: In case of storing customer
data,
Physical level – it will contains block of storages
(bytes,GB,TB,etc)

Logical level – it will contain the fields and the attributes of

data.

View level – it works with CLI or GUI access of database

Data Independence
Data Independence is mainly defined as a property of DBMS
that helps you to change the database schema at one level of a
system without requiring to change the schema at the next
level.

It helps to keep the data separated from all program that makes
use of it.

We have namely two levels of data independence arising from

these levels of abstraction:

❑ Physical level data independence

❑ Logical level data independence
Physical Level Data Independence
It refers to the characteristic of being able to modify the physical
schema without any alterations to the conceptual or logical schema

e.g., the Conceptual structure of the database would not be affected

by any change in storage size of the database system server.

These alterations or modifications to the physical structure may

include:

✔ Utilizing new storage devices.

✔ Modifying data structures used for storage.
✔ Altering indexes or using alternative file organization
techniques etc.
Logical Level Data Independence

It refers characteristic of being able to modify the logical

schema without affecting the external schema or
application program.

The user view of the data would not be affected by any

changes to the conceptual view of the data

These changes may include insertion or deletion of

attributes, altering table structures entities or relationships
to the logical schema, etc.