Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 1

UNIT - III
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
A) Ordinary Differential Equations :
Second order non- homogeneous differential equations with
constant coefficients of the form ay'' + by'+ cy = X where X is of the
form eáx cosax and e áx sinax .
B) Partial Differential Equations :
Formation, complete integrals and general integrals, four standard
types and solving lagrange’s linear equation P p + Q q = R.
A) Ordinary Differential Equations :
An ordinary differential equation is a differential equation in which
a single independent variable enters either explicitly or implicitly.
Second order linear differential equations with constant coefficients :
A general second order non-homogeneous linear differential
equation with constant coefficients is of the form
c0 y'' + c1 y' + c2 y = X or (c0D2 + c1D + c2) y = X
d2y dy
c0 2 + c1 + c2 y = X
dx dx

d2y 2
dy
Here 2 = y'' = D y and = y' = Dy
dx dx
where c0, c1, c2 are constants c0  0, and X is a function of x.
Solutions of the above Equation is
y = Complementary Function (C.F) + Particular Integral (P.I)
The equation c0y'' + c1y' + c2y = 0 is known as a homogeneous
linear second order differential equation with constant coefficients.
The equation c0y'' + c1y' + c2y = 0 is called the characteristic
equation.
In general the characteristic equation has two roots say m1 and
m2. Then the following three Cases.
2 Tagore college - Laplace - I
Case I : Roots are real and Unequal (m1  m2) :
Let the root are m1 and m2.
C. F = Ae m1x + Be m2 x
Let the root are m1 , m2 and m3.
Roots are real and Unequal (m1  m2  m3) :
C. F = Ae m1x + Be m2 x + Ce m3 x
Case II : Roots are real and Equal (m1 = m2) :
C. F = (A  Bx)e m1x
C. F = Ae m1x + Bxe m1x
Let the root are m1 , m2 and m3.
Roots are real and Unequal (m1 = m2 = m3) :
C. F = (A  Bx  Cx 2 )e m1x
Roots are real and Unequal (m1 = m2  m3) :
C. F = (A  Bx)e m1x + Ce m3 x
Case III : Roots are Complex ( α + i β ) :
C. F = eαx (A cos βx  B sin βx)
Method for finding Particular Integral :
(a) Suppose X is of the form eαx , α is a constant
Let f (D) = c0D2 + c1D + c2
1
P.I = e αx
f ( D)
1 αx
= e
f (α )

1 αx
= e Rules Fails If f ( α ) = 0
0
x
P.I = e αx

f (D)
x αx
= f (α) e
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 3
1 αx
= e Rules Fails If f ' ( α ) = 0
0
x2
P.I = eαx
f (D)

x 2 αx
= e
f (α)

(a) Suppose X is of the form eαx cos β x, α , β are constant

Let f (D) = c0D2 + c1D + c2
1
P.I = e αx cos βx
f ( D)

αx 1
= e f (D  α) cos βx Replace D  D – α

αx 1
= e f (D  α) cos βx D2 = – β 2

αx 1
P.I = e f (D  α) cos βx Replace D  D – α

1
= eαx cos βx Rules Fails If f (D – α ) = 0
0
αx x
P.I = e f ( D) cos βx

αx x
= e f ( D  α) cos βx Replace D  D – α

1. Solve (D2 + 5 D + 6) y = 0
Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 + 5 m + 6 = 0
(m + 2) (m + 3) = 0
m = – 2, – 3
y = Ae 1 + Be m2 x
m x

y = Ae –2x + Be –3x
4 Tagore college - Laplace - I
2. Solve (D2 + 5 D + 4) y = 0
Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 + 5 m + 4 = 0
(m + 1) (m + 4) = 0
m = – 1, – 4
y = Ae + Be m2 x
m1 x

y = Ae –x + Be –4x

3. Solve (D2 – 9) y = 0
Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 – 9 = 0
m2 = 9
m =  3
m = 3, – 3
y = Ae + Be m2 x
m1 x

y = Ae 3x + Be – 3x

4. Solve (D2 + a2) y = 0

Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 + a2 = 0
m2 = – a2
m =  ai
α = 0, β = a
y = e ax (Acos β x + B sin β x)
y = Acos ax + B sin ax

5. Solve (D2 + 9) y = sin 2x.

Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 + 9 = 0
m2 = – 9
m =  3i
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 5
α = 0, β = 3
C.F = e ax (Acos β x + B sin β x)
C. F = Acos 3x + B sin 3x.
To find P.I :
1
P. I = 2 sin 2x
D 9
sin 2 x
= Put D2 = – 4
49
sin 2 x
=
5
y = C.F + P. I
sin 2 x
y = Acos 3x + B sin 3x +
5

6. Solve : (D2 + 2D + 4)y = e –2x cos3x .

Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 + 2m + 4 = 0
a = 1 , b = 2, c = 4
 b  b 2  4ac
m =
2a

 2  (2) 2  4(1)(4)
=
2(1)

 2  4  16
=
2
 2   12
=
2
 2  i2 3
=
2
= –1  i 3
Here α = – 1, β = 3
C.F = e ax (Acos β x + B sin β x)
6 Tagore college - Laplace - I
C.F = e – x (A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x)
To find P.I :
1
P. I = 2 e –2x cos3x
D  2D  4
Replace D = D – 2
1
–2x
= ( D  2) 2  2( D  2)  4 e cos3x

1
= e – 2x 2 cos3x
D  4D  4  2 D  4  4
1
= e – 2x cos3x
D2  2D  4
1
= e – 2x 2 cos3x Put D2 = – 32 = – 9
D  2D  4
1
= e – 2x cos3x
 9  2D  4
1
= e – 2x cos3x
 5  2D
1  5  2D
= e – 2x × cos3x
 5  2D  5  2D
 5  2D
= e – 2x cos3x Put D2 = – 32 = – 9
25  4 D 2
 5 cos 3 x  2 D (cos 3 x)
= e – 2x
25  4(9)
 5 cos 3 x  6 sin 3 x
= e – 2x
25  36
 5 cos 3x  6 sin 3x
= e – 2x
61

e 2 x (5 cos 3x  6 sin 3x)

P. I = –
61
y = C.F + P. I
e 2 x (5 cos 3 x  6 sin 3 x )
y = e – x (Acos 3 x + B sin 3 x) –
61
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 7
7. Solve : (D2 – 4D + 3)y = 3e – x cos2x .
Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 – 4m + 3 = 0
(m – 1) (m – 3) = 0
m = 1, 3
C.F = A e m1 x + B e m2 x
C.F = A e x + B e 3x
To find P.I :
1
P. I = 3e – x cos2x Replace D = D – 1
D 2  4D  3
1
= 3e – x ( D  1)2  4( D  1)  3 cos2x

1
= 3e – x 2 cos2x
D  2D  1  4D  4  3
1
= 3e – x 2 cos2x
D  6D  8
1
= 3e – x cos2x Put D2 = – 22 = – 4
D2  6D  8
1
= 3e – x cos2x
 4  6D  8
1
= 3e – x cos2x
4  6D
3e  x 1 2  3D
= × cos2x
2 2  3D 2  3D

3e  x 2  3D
= 2 cos2x Put D2 = – 22 = – 4
2 4  9D
3e  x 2 cos 2 x  3D (cos 2 x)
= 4  9( 4)
2
3e  x 2 cos 2 x  6 sin 2 x
=
2 40

3e  x (cos 2 x  3 sin 2 x )
=
40
8 Tagore college - Laplace - I
3e  x (cos 2 x  3 sin 2 x )
P. I =
40
3e  x (cos 2 x  3 sin 2 x)
y = A e x + B e 3x +
40

8. Solve : (D2 + 4D + 13)y = e – 2x cos3x .

Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 + 4m + 13 = 0
a = 1 , b = 4, c = 13
 b  b 2  4ac
m =
2a

 4  (4) 2  4(1)(13)
=
2(1)

 4  16  52
=
2
 4   36
=
2
 4  i6
=
2
= –2  3i
Here α = – 2, β = 3
C.F = e ax (Acos β x + B sin β x)
C.F = e – 2 x (A cos 3x + B sin 3x)
To find P.I :
1
P. I = 2 e –2x cos3x Replace D = D – 2
D  4 D  13
1
= e –2x ( D  2) 2  4( D  2)  13 cos3x

1
= e –2x 2 cos3x
D  4 D  4  4 D  8  13
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 9
1
= e –2x 2 cos3x Put D2 = – 32 = – 9
D 9
1
= e –2x cos3x
99
1
= e –2x cos3x Rules Fails
0
x
= e –2x cos3x
2D
xe 2 x 1
= (cos 3x) Integrate
2 D

xe 2 x sin 3 x
=
2 3

xe 2 x sin 3 x
=
6
y = C.F + P. I
xe 2 x sin 3 x
y = e – 2 x (A cos 3x + B sin 3x) +
6

9. Solve : (D2 – 4D + 13)y = e 2x cos3x .

Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 – 4m + 13 = 0
a = 1 , b = – 4, c = 13
 b  b 2  4ac
m =
2a

4  (4) 2  4(1)(13)
=
2(1)

4  16  52
=
2
4   36
=
2
10 Tagore college - Laplace - I
4  i6
=
2
= 2  3i
Here α = 2, β = 3
C.F = e ax (Acos β x + B sin β x)
C.F = e 2 x (A cos 3x + B sin 3x)
To find P.I :
1
P. I = 2 e 2x cos3x
D  4 D  13
Replace D = D + 2
1
= e 2x
( D  2)  4( D  2)  13 cos3x
2

1
= e 2x 2 cos3x
D  4 D  4  4 D  8  13
1
= e 2x 2 cos3x Put D2 = – 32 = – 9
D 9
1
= e 2x cos3x
99

1
= e 2x cos3x Rules Fails
0
x
= e 2x cos3x
2D
xe2 x 1
= (cos 3x) Integrate
2 D
xe2 x sin 3 x
=
2 3
xe 2 x sin 3x
=
6

2x xe 2 x sin 3x
y = e (A cos 3x + B sin 3x) +
6
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 11
10. Solve : (D2 – 4D + 3)y = 3e x cos2x .
Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 – 4m + 3 = 0
(m – 1) (m – 3) = 0
m = 1, 3
C.F = A e m1 x + B e m2 x
C.F = A e x + B e 3x
To find P.I :
1
P. I = 2 3e x cos2x Replace D = D + 1
D  4D  3
1
= 3e x ( D  1)2  4( D  1)  3 cos2x

1
= 3e x cos2x
D 2  2D  1  4 D  4  3
1
= 3e x 2 cos2x
D  2D
1
= 3e x 2 cos2x Put D2 = – 22 = – 4
D  2D
1
= 3e x cos2x
 4  2D
1  4  2D
= 3e x × cos2x
 4  2D  4  2D
 4  2D
= 3e x cos2x Put D2 = – 22 = – 4
16  4 D 2
 4 cos 2 x  2 D(cos 2 x)
= 3e x
16  4(4)
 4 cos 2 x  4 sin 2 x
= 3e x
32
cos 2 x  sin 2 x
P. I = – 3e x
8
3e  x (cos 2 x  sin 2 x )
y = A e x + B e 3x –
8
12 Tagore college - Laplace - I
11. Solve : (D2 + 2D – 3)y = e x cosx .
Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 + 2m – 3 = 0
(m – 1) (m + 3) = 0
m = 1, – 3
C.F = A e m1 x + B e m2 x
C.F = A e x + B e – 3x
To find P.I :
1
P. I = 2 e x cosx Replace D = D + 1
D  2D  3
1
= e x ( D  1) 2  2( D  1)  3 cosx

1
= ex cosx
D2  2D  1  2D  2  3
1
= ex cosx
D2  4D
1
= ex cosx Put D2 = – 12 = – 1
D2  4D
1
= ex cosx
 1  4D
1  1  4D
= ex × cosx
 1  4D  1  4D
1  4D
= ex cosx Put D2 = – 12 = – 1
1  16 D 2
 cos x  4 D (cos x)
= ex 1  16( 1)

 cos x  4 sin x
= ex
17
ex
P. I = – [cosx – 4 sinx]
17
ex
y = A e x + B e – 3x – [cosx – 4 sinx]
17
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 13
12. Solve : (D2 – 2D + 2)y = e x sinx .
Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 – 2m + 2 = 0
a = 1 , b = – 2, c = 2
 b  b 2  4ac
m =
2a

2  (2) 2  4(1)(2)
=
2(1)

2  4 8
=
2
2 4
=
2
2  i2
=
2
= 1  i
Here α = 1, β = 1
C.F = e ax (Acos β x + B sin β x)
C.F = e x (A cos x + B sin x)
To find P.I :
1
P. I = 2 e x sinx Replace D = D + 1
D  2D  2
1
= ex
( D  1)  2( D  1)  2 sinx
2

1
= ex 2 sinx
D  2D  1  2D  2  2
1
= ex 2 sinx
D 1
1
= ex sinx Put D2 = – 12 = – 1
1  1
14 Tagore college - Laplace - I
1
= ex sinx Rules Fail
0
x
P.I = e x sinx
2D
xe x 1
= sinx
2 D
xe x
=
2  sin xdx
xe x
= [–cos x]
2

xe x
P. I = – cos x
2
xe x
y = e x (A cos x + B sin x) – cos x
2

13. Solve : (D2 – 4D + 3)y = e – x sinx .

Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 – 4m + 3 = 0
(m – 1) (m – 3) = 0
m = 1, 3
C.F = A e m1 x + B e m2 x
C.F = A e x + B e 3x
To find P.I :
1
P. I = e – x sinx Replace D = D – 1
D2  4D  3
1
= e – x ( D  1) 2  4( D  1)  3 sinx

1
= e–x 2 sinx
D  2D  1  4D  4  3
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 15
1
= e–x 2 sinx
D  6D  8
1
= e–x sinx Put D2 = – 12 = – 1
 1  6D  8
1
= e–x sinx
7  6D
1 7  6D
= e–x × sinx
7  6D 7  6D
7  6D
= e–x sinx Put D2 = – 12 = – 1
49  36D 2
7 sin x  6 D(sin x)
= e–x
49  36
7 sin x  6 cos x
= e–x
85

e x
P. I = [7 sinx + 6 cosx]
85

e x
y = A e x + B e 3x + [7 sinx + 6 cosx]
85

14. Solve : (D2 – 6D + 8)y = e x sinx .

Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 – 6m + 8 = 0
(m – 2) (m – 4) = 0
m = 2, 4
C.F = A e m1 x + B e m2 x
C.F = A e 2x + B e 4x
To find P.I :
1
P. I = 2 e x sinx Replace D = D + 1
D  6D  8
1
= e x ( D  1)2  6( D  1)  8 sinx
16 Tagore college - Laplace - I
1
= ex 2 sinx
D  2D  1  6D  6  8
1
= ex 2 sinx
D  4D  3
1
= ex sinx Put D2 = – 12 = – 1
 1  4D  3
1
= ex sinx
2  4D
1 2  4D
= ex × sinx
2  4D 2  4D
2  4D
= ex sinx Put D2 = – 12 = – 1
4  16 D 2
2 sin x  4 D(sin x)
= ex
4  16
2 sin x  4 cos x
= ex
20
ex
P. I = [sinx + 2 cosx]
10
ex
y = A e 2x + B e 4x + [sinx + 2 cosx]
10

15. Solve : (D2 + 4D + 4)y = e – x sin2x .

Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 + 4m + 4 = 0
(m + 2) (m + 2) = 0
m = – 2, – 2
C.F = (A + Bx) e m1 x
C.F = (A + Bx) e – 2x
To find P.I :
1
P. I = e – x sin2x Replace D = D – 1
D2  4D  4
1
= e – x ( D  1)2  4( D  1)  4 sin2x
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 17
1
= e–x 2 sin2x
D  2D  1  4D  4  4
1
= e–x 2 sin2x
D  2D  1
1
= e–x sin2x Put D2 = – 22 = – 4
 4  2D  1
1
= e–x sin2x
 3  2D
1  3  2D
= e–x × sin2x
 3  2D  3  2D
 3  2D
= e–x sin2x Put D2 = – 22 = – 4
9  4D2
  3 sin 2 x  2 D(sin 2 x) 
= e–x  
 9  16 

  3 sin 2 x  4 cos 2 x 
= e–x  
 25 

e x
P. I = – [ 3sin2x + 4 cos2x]
25
e x
y = (A + Bx) e – 2x – [ 3sin2x + 4 cos2x]
25

16. Solve : (D2 + 2)y = e x sin 2x .

Solution :
The Auxiliary Equation is
m2 + 2 = 0
m2 = – 2
m = i 2
Here α = 0, β = 2
C.F = e ax (Acos β x + B sin β x)
C.F = A cos 2 x + B sin 2x
18 Tagore college - Laplace - I
To find P.I :
1
P. I = e x sin 2x Replace D = D + 1
D2  2
1
= ex
( D  1) 2  2 sin 2x
1
= ex 2 sin 2x
D  2D  1  2
1
= ex 2 sin 2x
D  2D  3
1
= ex sin 2x Put D2 = – 22 = – 4
 4  2D  3
1
= ex sin 2x
 1  2D
1  1  2D
= ex × sin 2x
 1  2D  1  2D
 1  2D
= ex sin 2x Put D2 = – 22 = – 4
1  4D2
  sin 2 x  2 D(sin 2 x) 
= ex  
 1  16 

ex
P. I = – [sin2x + 4 cos2x]
17
ex
y = A cos 2 x + B sin 2x– [sin2x + 4 cos2x]
17
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 19
B) Partial Differential Equations :
A differential equation involving derivatives with respect to more
than one independent variables is called a partial differential equation
The order of a partial differential equation if the order of the
highest partial derivative occurring in the equation.
The degree of a partial differential equation is the greatest
exponent of the highest order.
A relation between involved variables, which satisfy the given
differential equation is called its solution.
The solution which contains as many arbitrary constants as the
order of the differential equation is called the general solution and the
solution free from arbitrary constants is called particular solution.
Throughout this chapter we use the following notations; z will be
taken as a dependent variable which depends on two independent
variables x and y so that z = f (x, y).
We write
z z 2 z
= p, y
= q, = r,,
x x 2

2z 2z 2 z
= = s, = t.
xy yx y 2
Formation of P.D.E by Elimination of Arbitrary Constants :
Let f (, y, z, a, b) = 0. ....... (1)
be an equation which contains two arbitrary constants ‘a’ and ‘b’.
Partially differentiating (1) with respect to ‘x’ and ‘y’ we get two
more equations.
Eliminating a and b from these three equations,
we get f (, y, z, a, b) = 0 this is a p.d.e of first order.
In this case the number of arbitrary constants to be eliminated is
equal to the number of independent variables and we obtain a first order
partial differential equation.
If the number of arbitrary constants to be eliminated is more than
the number of independent variables, we get partial differential equations
of second or higher order.
20 Tagore college - Laplace - I
1. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
constants from z = ax + by + a2 + b2.
Solution :
z = ax + by + a2 + b2
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= a = b
x y
p = a q = b
z = px + qy + p2 + q2

2. Form the PDE by eliminating a and b from z = (x + a) (y + b).

Solution :
z = (x + a) (y + b)
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= (y + b) = (x + a)
x y
p = (y + b) q = (x + a)
z = pq

3. If z = ax + by + ab eliminating a and b from the PDE.

Solution :
z = ax + by + ab
z z
we know that = p, =q
x y
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= a = b
x y
p = a q = b
z = px + qy + pq
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 21
4. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
constants from z = (x2 + a) (y2 + b).
Solution :
z = (x2 + a) (y2 + b)
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= 2x (y2 + b) = 2y (x2 + a)
x y
p = 2x (y2 + b) q = 2y (x2 + a)
p q
= (y2 + b) 2y
= (x2 + a)
2x
p q
z =
2x 2 y
4xyz = pq

5. Eliminating a and b from z = axy + b.

Solution :
z = axy + b
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= ay = ax
x y
p = ay q = ax
p q
= a = a
y x
p q
=
y x
px = qy
22 Tagore college - Laplace - I
6. Form the PDE by eliminating a and b from
z = xy + y x 2  a 2  b2 .
Solution :
z = xy + y x 2  a 2  b 2
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z 2 xy z
= y+ 2 2 2 = x + x 2  a 2  b2
x 2 x a b y
xy
p = y+ q = x + x 2  a 2  b2
x  a2  b2
2

xy
p–y = q–x = x 2  a 2  b2
x  a2  b2
2

z = xy + y (q – x)
z = xy + y q – xy
z = y q.

7. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary

constants from z = (x2 + a2) (y2 + b2).
Solution :
z = (x2 + a2) (y2 + b2)
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= 2x (y2 + b2) = 2y (x2 + a2)
x y
p = 2x (y2 + b2) q = 2y (x2 + a2)
p q
= (y2 + b2) 2y
= (x2 + a2)
2x
p q
z =
2x 2 y
4xyz = pq
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 23
8. Eliminating a and b from z = ax + by.
Solution :
z = ax + by
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= a = b
x y
p = a q = b
z = px + qy

9. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary

constants from z = a2x + b2y + ab.
Solution :
z = a2 x + b2 y + ab
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= a2 = b2
x y
p = a2 q = b2
z = p2 x + q2 y + pq

x2 y2
10. Eliminating a and b from 2z =  .
a2 b2
Solution :
x2 y 2
2z = 
a2 b2
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z 2x z 2y
2 = 2 2 =
x a y b2
24 Tagore college - Laplace - I
x y
p = q =
a2 b2
1 p 1 q
= =
a2 x b2 y

p q
2z = x2 + y2
x y
2z = p x + q y.

11. Eliminating a and b from log(az – 1) = x + ay + b.

Solution :
log(az – 1) = x + ay + b
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
1 z 1 z
a = 1 a = a
az  1 x az  1 y
1 1
ap = 1 q = 1
az  1 az  1
a p = az – 1 q = az – 1
q 1
ap = q a =
z
q
a = p

q 1 q
= p
z
qz = p (q + 1)

12. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary

constants from z = ax + by + a 2  b2 .
Solution :
z = ax + by + a 2  b2
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 25
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= a = b
x y
p = a q = b
z = px + q y + p2  q2

13. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary

constants from (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 + z2 = 1
Solution :
(x – a)2 + (y – b)2 + z2 = 1
z2 = 1 – (x – a)2 – (y – b)2
z z
we know that = p, =q
x y
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
2z = –2(x – a) 2z = – 2(y – b)
x y
z p = – (x – a) zq = – (y – b)
– z p = (x – a) – zq = (y – b)
(– z p)2 + (– zq)2 + z2 = 1
( p2 + q2 + 1) z2 = 1

14. Eliminating a and b from ax2 + by2 = 1 – z2.

Solution :
ax2 + by2 = 1 – z2.
1 – z2 = ax2 + by2.
z z
we know that = p, =q
x y
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
–2z = 2ax –2z = 2 by
x y
26 Tagore college - Laplace - I
– z p = ax – zq = by
zp zq
a = – b = – y
x
zp 2 zq 2
– x – y y = 1 – z2
x
xzp + yzq = z2 – 1

Formation of P.D.E by Elimination of Arbitary Function :

The elimination of one arbitrary function from a given relation
gives a partial differential equation of first order while elimination of
two arbitrary function from a given relation gives a second or higher
order partial differential equation.

1. Form the PDE by eliminating f from z = f (x + y).

Solution :
z = f (x + y)
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= f ' (x + y) = f ' (x + y)
x y
p = f ' (x + y) ...(1) q = f ' (x + y) ... (2)
From (1) and (2)
p = q

2. Form the PDE by eliminating f from z = f (x2 + y2 + z2).

Solution :
z = f (x2 + y2 + z2)
z z
we know that = p, =q
x y
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z z z
= f '(x2+y2+z2) (2x + 2z ) = f'(x2+y2+z2)(2y+2z )
x x y y
2 2 2 2 2 2
p = 2 f '(x + y + z ) (x + zp) q = 2 f'(x +y +z )(y + zq)
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 27
p q
x  zp
= 2 f '(x2 + y2 + z2)...(1) y  zq
= 2 f'(x2+y2+z2) .... (2)
From (1) and (2)
p q
x  zp
= y  zq
p (y + zq) = q (x + zp)
p y + zpq = qx + zpq
p y = qx

3. Eliminate the function f from z = f (x2 + y2).

Solution :
z = f (x2 + y2)
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= f '(x2 + y2) (2x) = f '(x2 + y2 )(2y)
x y
p = 2x f '(x2 + y2) q = 2y f ' (x2 + y2)
p q
= 2 f '(x2 + y2) ...... (1) = 2 f'(x2 + y2) .... (2)
x y
From (1) and (2)
p q
=
x y
py = qx

4. Eliminate f from z = f (x2 – y2).

Solution :
z = f (x2 – y2)
z z
we know that = p, =q
x y
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= f ' (x2 – y2) (2x) = f '(x2 – y2 ) (–2y)
x y
28 Tagore college - Laplace - I
2 2
p = 2x f '(x – y ) q = –2y f ' (x2 – y2)
p q
= 2 f '(x2 – y2) ...... (1) – = 2 f'(x2 – y2) .... (2)
x y
From (1) and (2)
p q
= –
x y
py+qx = 0

5. Eliminate the function f from z = xy + f (x2 + y2).

Solution :
z = xy + f (x2 + y2)
z z
we know that = p, =q
x y
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= y + f '(x2 + y2) (2x) = x + f '(x2 + y2 )(2y)
x y
p – y = 2x f '(x2 + y2) q – x = 2y f ' (x2 + y2)
p y qx
= 2 f '(x2 + y2) ...... (1) = 2 f'(x2 + y2) .... (2)
x y
From (1) and (2)
p y qx
= y
x
p y – y2 = q x – x2
p y – q x = y2 – x2

6. Eliminate the function f from z = x + y + f (xy).

Solution :
z = x + y + f (xy)
z z
we know that = p, =q
x y
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= 1 + f '(x y) (y) = 1 + f '(x y) (x)
x y
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 29
p – 1 = f '(x y) (y) q – 1 = f '(x y) (x)
p 1 q 1
y
= f '(x y) ...... (1) = f '(x y) .... (2)
x
From (1) and (2)
p 1 q 1
y
=
x
px–x = qy– y
px– qy = x – y
x
7. Eliminate the function f from z = x f   .
 y
Solution :
x
z = x f  y 
 

z x
 = f  y 
x  

z z
we know that = p, =q
x y
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y

z  x  x1 z  x  x 
= f   + xf '     = x f '     y 2 
x  y  y  y y  y  

z  x x  x x x

p = + f '  y   y  q = – f '  y   y   y 
x       

z  x x qy  x x
p – = f '  y   y  .... (1) – = f '  y   y  .... (2)
x    x   
From (1) and (2)
z qy
p – = –
x x
px–z = –qy
px+qy–z = 0
30 Tagore college - Laplace - I
x
8. Eliminate the function f from z = f  y  .
 
Solution :
x
z = f  
 y
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y

z  x1 z  x  x 
= f '     = f '     y 2 
x  y  y y  y  

 x1  x x 
p = f '  y   y  q = f '  y    y 2 
     

 x qy 2  x
py = f '  y  ...... (1) – = f '  y  .... (2)
  x  
From (1) and (2)
qy 2
py = –
x
p xy = – q y2
p xy + q y2 = 0

xy
9. Eliminate the function f from z = f   .
 z 
Solution :
 xy 
z = f 
 z 
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
 z   z 
 zy  xy   zx  xy 
z  xy  x z  xy   y 
= f '   = f '  
x  z   z2  y  z  z2 
  
   
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 31
 xy   zy  xyp   xy   zx  xyq 
p = f '   2  q = f '   2 
 z  z   z  z 
pz 2  xy  qz 2  xy 
zy  xyp
= f '  z  ...... (1) zx  xyq
= f '  z  .... (2)
   
From (1) and (2)
pz 2 qz 2
zy  xyp
= zx  xyq
p (zx – xy q) = q (zy – xy p)
p zx – xy pq = q zy – xy pq
p zx = q zy
px = qy

 y
10. Eliminate the function f from z = f   .
 x
Solution :
 y
z = f 
 x
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z  y  y  z  y 1
= f '   2  = f '   
x  x  x  y  x  x

 y  y   y 1
p = f '   2  q = f '   
 x  x   x  x

px 2  y  y
– = f '   ...... (1) q x = f '   .... (2)
y  x  x
From (1) and (2)
px 2
– = qx
y
– p x2 = q xy
px+qy = 0
32 Tagore college - Laplace - I
Formation of P.D.E by Elimination of Arbitary Function :

1. Eliminating f1 and f2 from z = f1 (x + y) + f2 (x – y).

Solution :
z = f1 (x + y) + f2 (x – y)
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= f1 ' (x + y) + f2' (x – y) = f1 ' (x + y) – f2' (x – y)
x y

2 z 2 z
= f1 '' (x + y) + f2'' (x – y) = f1 '' (x + y) + f2'' (x – y)
x 2 y 2

2 z 2 z
=
x 2 y 2

2. Eliminating f1 and f2 from z = f1 (x + ay) + f2 (x – ay).

Solution :
z = f1 (x + ay) + f2 (x – ay)
z z
we know that = p, =q
x y
Diff w. r. to x Diff w. r. to y
z z
= f1 ' (x + ay) + f2' (x – ay) = af1 ' (x +ay)–a f2' (x– ay)
x y

2 z 2 z
= f1 '' (x + ay) + f2'' (x – ay) = a2f1 ''(x+ay) +a2 f2''(x–ay)
x 2 y 2

2 z 2 z
= f1 '' (x + ay) + f2'' (x – ay) = a2 [f1 ''(x+ay) + f2''(x–ay)]
x 2 y 2

2 z 2 z
2
= a
x 2 y 2
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 33
Formation of PDE by eliminate arbitrary function from f (u,v) = 0:
Here u is the function of x, y and z.
And v is the function of x, y and z.
z z
= p, y = q,
x
To eliminate
u u
x y
v v = 0
x y

1. Form the PDE by eliminating f from z = f (x, y).

Solution :
z = f (x, y)
z z
we know that = p, =q
x y
Let u=x Let v=y
u v
= 1 = 0
x x
u v
= 0 = 1
y y
To eliminate
u u
x y
v v = 0
x y

2. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary

function f from the relation f (x2 + y2 + z2, xyz) = 0.
Solution :
f (x2 + y2 + z2, xyz) = 0
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
34 Tagore college - Laplace - I
2 2 2
u = x +y +z v = xyz
u z v z
= 2x + 2z = yz + xy
x x x x
= 2x + 2z p = yz + xyp
u z v z
= 2y + 2z = xz + xy
y y y y
= 2y + 2z q = xz + xyq

To eliminate
u u
x y
v v = 0
x y

2 x  2 zp 2 y  2 zq
= 0
yz  xyp xz  xyq

x  zp y  zq
= 0
yz  xyp xz  xyq
x2z + z2 p + x2yq + xyz pq – y2z – yz2 q – xy2 p – xyz pq = 0
x2z + xz2 p + x2yq – y2z – yz2 q – xy2 p = 0
(x2 – y2) z + x (z2 – y2 ) p + y (x2 – z2 ) q = 0
x (y2 – z2 ) p + y (z2 – x2 ) q = z (x2 – y2)

3. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function f from the

relation f (x + y + z, xyz) = 0.
Solution :
f (x + y + z, xyz) = 0
z z
we know that = p, =q
x y
u = x+y+z v = xyz
u z v z
= 1+ = yz + xy
x x x x
= 1+ p = yz + xyp
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 35
u z v z
= 1+ = xz + xy
y y y y
= 1+ q = xz + xyq
To eliminate

u u
x y
v v = 0
x y

1 p 1 q
= 0
yz  xyp xz  xyq
xz + xz p + xyq + xypq – yz – yz q – xy p – xy pq = 0
xz + xz p + xyq – yz – yz q – xy p = 0
– xz – xz p – xyq + yz + yz q + xy p = 0
x(y – z) p + y(z – x) q = z (x – y)

4. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating f from

f (x2 + y2 + z2, x + y + z) = 0.
Solution :
f (x2 + y2 + z2, x + y + z) = 0
z z
we know that = p, y
=q
x
u = x2 + y2 + z2 v = x+y+z
u z v z
= 2x + 2z = 1+
x x x x
= 2x + 2z p = 1+p
u z v z
= 2y + 2z = 1+
y y y y
= 2y + 2z q = 1+q
To eliminate
u u
x y
v v = 0
x y
36 Tagore college - Laplace - I
2 x  2 zp 2 y  2 zq
= 0
1 p 1 q

x  zp y  zq
= 0
1 p 1 q
x + z p + xq + z pq – y – zq – py – z pq = 0
x + z p + xq – y – zq – py = 0
z p + xq – zq – py = –x+ y
– z p – xq + zq + py = x– y
(y – z ) p + (z – x) q = x– y

Elementry Partial Differential Equation:

2 z
1. Solve : = sin x.
x 2
Solution :
2 z
= sin x
x 2
Integrate w.r. to x.
z
= – cos x + f (y)
x
Integrate w.r. to x.
z = – sin x + x f (y) + g (y)
z
2. Solve : x + y = 0.
x
Solution :
z
y = –x
x
z x
= – y
x
Integrate w.r. to x.
x2
z = – + f (y)
2y
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 37
2 z
3. Solve : = 0.
xy
Solution :
2 z
= 0
xy
Integrate w.r. to x.
z
y
= f (y)
Integrate w.r. to y.
z = F (y) + g (x)

2 z
4. Solve : = x2 + y2 .
xy
Solution :
2 z
= x2 + y2
xy
Integrate w.r. to x.
z x3
= + xy2 + f (y)
y 3
Integrate w.r. to y.
yx3 xy 3
z = + + F (y) + g (x)
3 3

z
5. Solve : = cos x.
x
Solution :
z
= cos x
x
Integrate w.r. to x.
z = sin x + f (y)
38 Tagore college - Laplace - I
2 z
6. Solve : = x y.
xy
Solution :
2 z
= xy
xy
Integrate w.r. to x.
z x2 y
y
= + f (y)
2
Integrate w.r. to y.
x2 y 2
z = + F (y) + g (x)
4

Solution of Non - Linear Partial Differential

Equations
Complete Integral :
Any solution of a partial differential equation in which the number
of arbitrary constants is equal to the nurnber of independent variables is
called the complete integral.
Particular Integral :
Any solution obtained from the complete integral by giving
particular values to the arbitrary constants is called a Particular Integral.
Singular Integral :
Any solution obtained from the complete integral by eliminating
arbitrary constants is called a Singular Integral.
General Integral :
Any solution which contains the maximum number of arbitrary
functions is called as a General Integral.
Standard types of first order partial differential equations :
The general form of first order partial differential equation is
f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0.
Type - I :
f (p, q) = 0. i.e., the equation contain p and q only.
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 39
To find Complete Integral :
Given f (p, q) = 0 ............. (1)
z z
We know that = p, y = q,
x
Let z = ax + by + c ................ (2)
Eq (2) diff w.r to x. Eq (2) diff w.r to y.
z z
= a = b
x y
p = a q = b
Substute eq (1) we get either b or a.
Then substute (2) i.e., z = ax + by + c .
Hence we get the complete integral.

1. Solve : pq = n.
Solution :
Given pq = n .............. (1)
z z
We know that = p, y = q,
x
Let z = ax + by + c ................ (2)
Eq (2) diff w.r to x. Eq (2) diff w.r to y.
z z
= a = b
x y
p = a q = b
Substute eq (1) we get either b or a.
ab = n
n
b =
a
Then substute (2)
n
z = ax +   y + c .
a
40 Tagore college - Laplace - I
2. Solve : p = q2.
Solution :
Given p = q2 .............. (1)
z z
We know that = p, = q,
x y
Let z = ax + by + c ................ (2)
Eq (2) diff w.r to x. Eq (2) diff w.r to y.
z z
= a = b
x y
p = a q = b
Substute eq (1) we get either b or a.
a = b2
b =  a

Then substute (2)

z = ax  ay+c.

3. Solve : p + q = 1.
Solution :
Given p + q =1 .............. (1)

z z
We know that = p, y = q,
x
Let z = ax + by + c ................ (2)
Eq (2) diff w.r to x. Eq (2) diff w.r to y.
z z
= a = b
x y
p = a q = b
Substute eq (1) we get either b or a.
a + b = 1
b = 1 – a
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 41
b = 1  a  2

Then substute (2)


z = a x + 1 a 2
y+c.

4. Solve : p + q = pq.
Solution :
Given p + q = pq .............. (1)
z z
We know that = p, = q,
x y
Let z = ax + by + c ................ (2)
Eq (2) diff w.r to x. Eq (2) diff w.r to y.
z z
= a = b
x y
p = a q = b
Substute eq (1) we get either b or a.
b + a = ab
b + a – ab = 0
b – ab = – a
b (1 – a) = – a
b (a – 1) = a
a
b =
a 1
Then substute (2)
 a 
z = ax +  y + c .
 a 1 

6. Solve p2 + q2 = m2.
Solution :
Given p2 + q2 = m2 .............. (1)
z z
We know that = p, = q,
x y
Let z = ax + by + c ................ (2)
42 Tagore college - Laplace - I
Eq (2) diff w.r to x. Eq (2) diff w.r to y.
z z
= a = b
x y
p = a q = b
Substute eq (1) we get either b or a.
a2 + b2 = m2
b2 = m2 – a2
b =  m2  a2
Then substute (2)
z = a x  y m2  a2 + c .

7. Solve p2 + q2 = npq.
Solution :
Given p2 + q2 = npq .............. (1)
z z
We know that = p, y = q,
x
Let z = ax + by + c ................ (2)
Eq (2) diff w.r to x. Eq (2) diff w.r to y.
z z
= a = b
x y
p = a q = b
Substute eq (1) we get either b or a.
a2 + b2 = nab
b – nab + a2 = 0
2

A = 1, B = – na , C = a2
 B  B 2  4 AC
b =
2A

na  n 2 a 2  4a 2 na  a n 2  4
b = =
2 2
Then substute (2)
 na  a n 2  4 
 
z = ax+  2 y + c .
 
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 43
8. Solve : p + q + pq = 0.
Solution :
Given p + q + pq = 0. .............. (1)
z z
We know that = p, = q,
x y
Let z = ax + by + c ................ (2)
Eq (2) diff w.r to x. Eq (2) diff w.r to y.
z z
= a = b
x y
p = a q = b
Substute eq (1) we get either b or a.
a + b + ab = 0
b + ab = – a
b(1 + a) = – a
a
b = –
1 a
Then substute (2)
 a 
z = a x – 1 a  y + c .
 

Type - II :
f (x, p, q) = 0.
To find Complete Integral :
Given f (x, p, q) = 0 ............. (1)
Let q = a, or q = a.
Then find p.
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy .

1. Solve : p + q = x.
Solution :
Given p + q = x .............. (1)
44 Tagore college - Laplace - I
Let q=a

Substute eq (1) we get

p+a = x
p = x–a
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
dz = (x – a) dx + a dy
Integrating

 dz =  ( x  a)dx + a  dy
( x  a) 2
z= +ay +c
2

2. Solve : p + q = x.
Solution :
Given p + q =x .............. (1)
2
Let q=a

Substute eq (1) we get

p +a = x

p = x–a
p = (x – a)2

The complete integral solution is

dz = p dx + q dy
dz = (x – a)2 dx + a 2 dy
Integrating
2
 dz =  ( x  a) dx + a  dy 2

( x  a )3
z= + a2 y + c
3
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 45
3. Solve the partial differential equation pq = x.
Solution :
Given pq = x .............. (1)
Let q=a

Substute eq (1) we get

pa = x
x
p =
a
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
x
dz = dx + a dy
a
Integrating
1
 dz =
a 
xdx + a  dy
x2
z= +ay +c
2a

4. Solve the partial differential equation xp + p2 = q.

Solution :
Given xp + p2 = q .............. (1)
Let q=a
Substute eq (1) we get
xp + p2 = a
2
p +px–a = 0
a = 1, b = x , c = – a
 b  b 2  4ac
p =
2a

 x  x 2  4a
p =
2
x x 2  4a
p = – 
2 2
46 Tagore college - Laplace - I
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
x x 2  4a
dz = – dx  dx + a dy
2 2
Integrating

x2 x 2  4a
z=   dx + a y + c
2 2

x2 1
  x x  4a  4a log ( x x  4a ) + a y + c
2 2
z=
2 4  

5. Solve the partial differential equation p2 (1 + x2 ) = q.

Solution :
Given p2 (1 + x2 ) = q .............. (1)
Let q=a
Substute eq (1) we get
p2 (1 + x2 ) = a
a
p2 = 2
x 1
a
p =  2
x 1

The complete integral solution is

dz = p dx + q dy
a
dz =  dx + a dy
x2  1
Integrating
1
z=  a  x 2 1
dx + a y + c

z=  a log ( x  x 2  1) + a y + c
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 47
Type - III :
f (y, p, q) = 0.
To find Complete Integral :
Given f (y, p, q) = 0 ............. (1)
Let p = a, or p = a.
Then find q.
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy .

1. Solve : p + q = y.
Solution :
Given p + q = y .............. (1)
Let p =a
Substute eq (1) we get
a+q = y
q = y–a
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
dz = a dx + (y – a) dy
Integrating

 dz = a  dx +  ( y  a)dy

( y  a) 2
z=ax + +c
2

2. Solve : p + q = y.
Solution :
Given p + q =y .............. (1)
2
Let p=a
Substute eq (1) we get
a+ q = y

q = y–a
q = (y – a)2
48 Tagore college - Laplace - I
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
dz = a dx + (y – a)2 dy
Integrating
2
 dz = a  dx +  ( y  a) dy
( y  a )3
z = ay + +c
3

3. Solve the partial differential equation pq = y.

Solution :
Given pq = y .............. (1)
Let p=a

Substute eq (1) we get

qa = y
y
q =
a
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
y
dz = a dx + dy
a
Integrating
y
 dz = a  dx +  a dy
y2
z = ax + +c
2a

4. Solve the partial differential equation p = (1 + q2) y2.

Solution :
Given p = (1 + q2) y2 .............. (1)
2
Let p=a
Substute eq (1) we get
a2 = (1 + q2) y2
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 49
2 2 2 2
a = y +q y
q2 y2 = a2 – y2
a2  y2
2
q =
y2

a2  y2
q = 
y
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy

a2  y2
dz = a dx +  dy
y
Integrating

a2  y 2
 dz = a  dx +  y
dy

a2  y 2
z = ax +  dy + c
y
Let y = a sin θ  dy = a cos θ d θ

a2  y2 = a 2  a 2 sin 2 θ = a cos θ
a cos θ
z = ax +  a sin θ a cos θdθ +c

cos 2 θ
= ax +a  sin θ
dθ + c

cos 2 θ
= a x + a dθ + c
sin θ
1  sin 2 θ
= a x + a dθ + c
sin θ


= a x + a (cos ecθ  sin θ)dθ + c
z = a x + a log (cosec θ + cot θ ) + acos θ + c
1 cosθ
= a x + a log ( + ) + acos θ + c
sin θ sin θ
50 Tagore college - Laplace - I
a a2  y2
= a x + a log (
y
+ )+ a2  y2 + c
y

 a  a2  y2 
z = a x + a log  + a2  y2 + c
 y 
 
Type - IV :
f (x, p, q) = 0
This equation is called separable equation of p.d.e.
To find Complete Integral :
Given f (x, p, q) = 0 ............. (1)
Let q = ap
Where a is arbitrary constant.
Then find p and q.
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy .

1. Solve the partial differential equation pq = z.

Solution :
Given pq = z .............. (1)
Let q = ap

Substute eq (1) we get

p (ap) = z
z
p2 =
a
z
p = 
a

z
q = ap =  a
a
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
z z
dz = dx + a dy
a a
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 51
a
dz = dx + a dy
z
Integrating
dz
a  z
=  dx + a  dy
a 2 z = x + ay + c
4az = (x + ay + c)2

2. Solve : p2 + q2 = z.
Solution :
Given p2 + q2 = z .............. (1)
Let q = ap
Substute eq (1) we get
p2 + (ap)2 = z
p2 + a2p2 = z
p (1 + a2) = z
2

z
p2 =
1  a2
z
p = 
1  a2

z
q = ap =  a
1  a2
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
z z
dz =  2 dx +  a dy
1 a 1  a2
Integrating
dz
a2  1  z
=  dx + a  dy
a 2  1 2 z = x + ay + c
4 (a2 + 1) z = (x + ay + c)2
52 Tagore college - Laplace - I
3. Solve : p2 – q2 = z..
Solution :
Given p2 – q2 = z .............. (1)
Let q = ap
Substute eq (1) we get
p2 – (ap)2 = z
p2 – a2p2 = z
p (1 – a2) = z
2

z
p2 =
1  a2
z
p = 
1  a2

z
q = ap =  a
1  a2
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
z z
dz =  2 dx +  a dy
1 a 1  a2
Integrating
dz
a2 1  z
=  dx + a  dy
a 2  1 2 z = x + ay + c
4 (a2 – 1) z = (x + ay + c)2

4. Solve : p (1 + q) = qz.
Solution :
Given p (1 + q) = qz .............. (1)
Let q = ap
Substute eq (1) we get
p (1 + ap) = apz
(1 + ap) = az
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 53
ap = az – 1
az  1
p =
a
 az  1 
q = ap = a   = az – 1
 a 
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
az  1
dz = dx + (az – 1) dy
a
Integrating
adz
 az 1 =  dx + a  dy
log (az – 1 ) = x + ay + c

5. Solve : p (1 + q2) = q (z – 1).

Solution :
Given p (1 + q2) = q (z – 1) .............. (1)
Let q = ap
Substute eq (1) we get
p (1 + (ap)2) = ap (z – 1)
1 + a2p2 = a (z – 1)
a2 p2 = az – a – 1
az  a  1
p2 =
a2
az  a  1
p = 
a
az  a  1
q = ap =  a =  az  a  1
a
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
az  a  1
dz =  dx  az  a  1 dy
a
54 Tagore college - Laplace - I
Integrating
adz
 az  a  1
=  dx + a  dy
2 az  a  1 = x + ay + c
4 (az – a – 1 ) = ( x + ay + c)2

6. Solve : q2 = z2 p2 (1 – p2).
Solution :
Given q2 = z2 p2 (1 – p2) .............. (1)
Let q = ap
Substute eq (1) we get
(ap)2 = z2 p2 (1 – p2)
a2 p2 = z2 p2 (1 – p2)
a2 = z2 (1 – p2)
a2
1 – p2 =
z2
a2 z 2  a2
p2 = 1 – 2 =
z z2

z 2  a2
p = 
z

z 2  a2
q = ap =  a
z
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy

z 2  a2 z 2  a2
dz =  dx  a dy
z z
Integrating
zdz
 z2  a2
=  dx + a  dy
z 2  a 2 = x + ay + c
z2 – a2 = ( x + ay + c)2
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 55
7. Solve : z2 (p2 + q2 + 1) = 1.
Solution :
Given z2 (p2 + q2 + 1) = 1 .............. (1)
Let q = ap
Substute eq (1) we get
z2 (p2 + (ap)2 + 1) = 1
z2 (p2 + a2 p2 + 1) = 1
z2 p2(1 + a2) = 1 – z2
1 z2
2
p =
z 2 (1  a 2 )

1 z2
p = 
z 1 a2

1 z2
q = ap =  a
z 1 a2
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
1 z2 1 z2
dz =  dx  a dy
z 1 a2 z 1  a2
Integrating

z 1  a 2 dz
 1 z2 
=  dx  a dy 
– ( 1  a 2 1  z 2 ) =  (x + ay + c)
(1 + a2) (1 – z2) = ( x + ay + c)2

8. Solve : z4 q2 – z2 p = 1.
Solution :
Given z4 q2 – z2 p = 1 .............. (1)
Let q = ap
Substute eq (1) we get
z4 (ap)2 – z2 p = 1
z a p – z2 p – 1 = 0
4 2 2
56 Tagore college - Laplace - I
2 2 2 2
a (z p) – z p – 1 = 0
A = a2, B = – 1 , c = – 1

 B  B 2  4AC
z2 p =
2A

1  1  4a 2
z2 p =
2a 2

1  1  4a 2
p =
2a 2 z 2

1  1  4a 2 1  1  4a 2
q = ap = a =
2a 2 z 2 2az 2
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy

1  1  4a 2 1  1  4a 2
dz = dx + dy
2a 2 z 2 2az 2
Integrating
2 2

 z 2 dz = 1  1 2 4a  dx + 1  1 24a  dy
2a 2az

z3 1  1  4a 2 1  1  4a 2
= x + y+c
3 2a 2 2az 2

9. Solve : pz = 1 + q2.
Solution :
Given pz = 1 + q2 .............. (1)
Let q = ap
Substute eq (1) we get
pz = 1 + (ap)2
2 2
a p – pz + 1 = 0
A = a2, B = – z , c = 1
 B  B 2  4AC
p =
2A
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 57

z  z 2  4a 2
p =
2a 2

z  z 2  4a 2 z  z 2  4a 2
q = ap = a =
2a 2 2a
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy

z  z 2  4a 2 z  z 2  4a 2
dz = dx + dy
2a 2 2a
Integrating
2a 2
z z 2  4a 2
dz =  dx + a  dy
z  z 2  4a 2
2a2  z z 2  4a 2  z  z 2  4a 2
dz = x + ay + c

z  z 2  4a 2
2a2  dz = x + ay + c
z 2  z 2  4a 2
1 
  z  z 2  4a 2 dz = x + ay + c
2  

1  z 2 z 2 2 2 1 z 

 2  2 z  4a  2a cosh 2a  = x + ay + c
2 
Type - V :
f (x, P) = f (y, q)
This equation is called separable equation of p.d.e.
To find Complete Integral :
Given f (x, P) = f (y, q) ............. (1)
Let f (x, P) = a and f (y, q) = a,
Where a and b are arbitrary constant.
Then find p and q.
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy .
58 Tagore college - Laplace - I
1. Solve : p + q = x + y.
Solution :
Given p + q = x + y
p–x = y–q
Let p – x = a and y–q = a
p = x+a and q = y–a
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
dz = (x + a) dx + (y – a) dy
Integrating

 dz =  ( x  a)dx +  ( y  a)dy
( x  a) 2 ( y  a) 2
z = + +c
2 2

2. Solve : p2 + q2 = x + y.
Solution :
Given p2 + q2 = x + y
p2 – x = y – q2
2
Let p – x = a and y – q2 = a
2
p = x+a and q2 = y – a
p = xa and q = ya

The complete integral solution is

dz = p dx + q dy
dz = x  a dx + y  a dy
Integrating

 dz =  x  a dx +  y  a dy

3 3
( x  a) 2 ( y  a) 2
z = 3
+ 3 +c
2 2
3 3

z = 2( x  a ) 2 2
+ 2( y  a ) + c
3 3
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 59
3. Solve p2 – q2 = x – y.
Solution :
Given p2 – q2 = x + y
p2 – x = y + q2
2
Let p – x = a and y + q2 = a
p2 = x + a and q2 = a – y
p = xa and q = a y
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
dz = x  a dx + a  y dy
Integrating

 dz =  x  a dx +  a  y dy

3 3
( x  a) 2 (a  y ) 2
z = 3
– 3 +c
2 2

3 3
2 2
z = 2( x  a ) – 2(a  y ) + c
3 3

4. Solve p + q = x2 + y2.
Solution :
Given p + q = x2 + y2
p – x2 = y2 – q
2
Let p – x = a and y2 – q = a
p = x2 + a and q = a – y2
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
dz = (x2 + a) dx + (a – y2) dy
Integrating
2
 dz =  (x  a)dx + (a  y 2 )dy

x3 y3
z = + a x + ay – +c
3 3
60 Tagore college - Laplace - I
5. Solve : px + qy = p + q.
Solution :
Given px + qy = p + q
px – p = q – qy
Let px – p = a and q – qy = a
p (x – 1) = a q(1 – y) = a
a a
p = q = – y 1
x 1
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
 a   a 
dz =   dx –   dy
 x 1   y 1 
Integrating

 a   a 
 dz =   x 1 dx –   y 1 dy
z = a log (x – 1) – a log (y – 1) + log c
 x 1 
z = a log  + log c
 y 1 

6. Solve : p q = x y.
Solution :
Given p q = x y
p y
= q
x

p y
Let = a and = a
x q
y
p = ax q =
a
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
y
dz = ax dx + dy
a
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 61
Integrating
 y
 dz =  axdx +   a dy
ax 2 y2
z = + +c
2 2a

7. Solve : yq = px.
Solution :
Given qy = px
px = qy
Let px = a and qy = a
a a
p = q =
x y
The complete integral solution is
dz = p dx + q dy
a a
dz = dx + dy
x y
Integrating
a a
 dz =  x dx +  y dy
z = log (ax) + log (ay) + log c
z = log (a 2 c x y)

8. Solve : yp = xq.
Solution :
Given yp = xq
p q
=
x y

p q
Let = a and = a
x y
p = ax q = ay
The complete integral solution is
62 Tagore college - Laplace - I
dz = p dx + q dy
dz = ax dx + a y dy
Integrating

 dz =  axdx +  aydy
ax 2 ay2
z = + +c
2 2

9. Solve p2 + q2 = x2 + y2.
Solution :
Given p2 + q2 = x2 + y2
p2 – x2 = y2 – q2
Let p2 – x2 = a2 and y2 – q2 = a2
2 2 2
p = a +x q2 = y2 – a2
p =  x2  a2 q =  y2  a2

The complete integral solution is

dz = p dx + q dy
dz =  x 2  a 2 dx  y 2  a 2 dy
Integrating

 dz =   x 2  a 2 dx   y 2  b 2 dy

x
2 2 a2
1   x 
2 2 y 1  a2 y 
z =   2 x  a  2 sinh  a    2 y  a  2 cosh  a  +c
      
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 63
LAGRANGE’S LINEAR EQUATION
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
dx dy dz
= Q
=
P R
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
Lagrange’s Linear Equations by Method of Grouping :

1. Solve xp + yq = z.
Solution :
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = x, Q = y , R = z
dx dy dz
= y
=
x z

dx dy dx dz
= =
x y x z
Integrate
dx dy dx dz
 x
=  y  x
=  z
log x = log y + log c1 log x = log z + log c2
log x = log yc1 log x = log z c2
x = yc1 x = z c2
x = c1 x = c2
y z
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.

f(x, x) = 0
y z

2. Solve x2 p + y2 q = z2.
Solution :
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = x2, Q = y2 , R = z2
dx dy dz
2 = y2 =
x z2
64 Tagore college - Laplace - I
dx dy dx dz
2 = 2 2 = 2
x y x z
Integrate
dx dy dx dz
x 2 = y 2 x 2 = z 2

1 1 1 1
– = – + c1 – = – + c2
x y x z
1 1 1 1
– = c1 – = c2
y x z x
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
1 1 1 1
f   ,   = 0
 y x z x

3. Solve p tanx + q tany = tanz.

Solution :
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = tanx, Q = tany , R = tanz
dx dy dz
= tan y
=
tan x tan z

dx dy dx dz
= =
tan x tan y tan x tan z
cos x cos y cos x cos z
 sin x dx =  sin y dy  sin x dx =  sin z dz
log sin x = log sin y + log c1 log sin x = log sin z + log c2
log sin x = log sin yc1 log sin x = log sin z c2
sin x = sin yc1 sin x = sin zc2

sin x sin x = c
= c1 2
sin y sin z
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
 sin x sin x 
f  ,  = 0
 sin y sin z 
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 65
4. Solve p cotx + q coty = cotz.
Solution :
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = cotx, Q = coty , R = cotz
dx dy dz
= cot y
=
cot x cot z

dx dy dx dz
= =
cot x cot y cot x cot z
Integrate
sin x sin y sin x sin z
 cos x dx =  cos y dy  cos x dx =  cos z dz
– log cos x = –log cos y + logc1 –log cos x = –log cos z + log c2
1 c1 1 c2
log = log log = log
cos x cos y cos x cos z
1 c1 1 c2
= =
cos x cos y cos x cos z
cos y cos z
= c1 = c2
cos x cos x
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
 cos y cos z 
f ,  = 0
 cos x cos x 

5. Solve yzp + xzq = xy.

Solution :
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = yz, Q = xz , R = xy
dx dy dz
yz
= = xy
xz
dx dy dx dz
= =
yz xz yz xy
66 Tagore college - Laplace - I
dx dy dx dz
= =
y x z x
x dx = y dy x dx = z dz
Integrate

 xdx =  ydy  xdx =  zdz

x2 y2 c1 x2 z2 c2
= + = +
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
x = y + c1 x = z + c2
x 2 – y 2 = c1 x 2 – z 2 = c2
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
f (x 2 – y 2 , x 2 – z 2) = 0
Lagrange’s Linear Equations by Method of Multipliers :

1. Solve : (y – z) p + (z – x) q = x – y.
Solution :
(y – z) p + (z – x) q = x – y
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = y – z, Q = z – x , R = x – y
dx dy dz
yz
= = x y
zx
Multiple 1, 1, 1 and adding
dx  dy  dz
yzzxx y

dx  dy  dz
0
 dx + dy + dz = 0
Integrate

 dx +  dy +  dz = 0
x + y + z = c1
Multiple x, y, z and adding
xdx  ydy  zdz
x ( y  z )  y ( z  x)  z ( x  y )
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 67
xdx  ydy  zdz
xy  xz  yz  xy  xz  yz

xdx  ydy  zdz

0
 x dx + y dy + z dz = 0
Integrate

 xdx +  ydy +  zdz = 0

x2 y2 z2
+ + = c2
2 2 2
x2 + y2 + z2 = c2
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
f (x + y + z, x2 + y2 + z2) = 0

2. Solve : x (y – z) p + y (z – x) q = z (x – y).
Solution :
x (y – z) p + y (z – x) q = z (x – y)
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = x (y – z), Q = y (z – x) , R = z (x – y)
dx dy dz
x( y  z )
= y( z  x)
= z( x  y)
Multiple by 1, 1, 1 and adding
dx  dy  dz
x( y  z )  y ( z  x)  z ( x  y )

dx  dy  dz
xy  xz  yz  xy  xz  yz

dx  dy  dz
0
 dx + dy + dz = 0
Integrate

 dx +  dy +  dz = 0
68 Tagore college - Laplace - I
x + y + z = c1
Divide by x, y, z and adding
dx dy dz
 
x y z
yzzxx y

dx dy dz
 
x y z
0

dx dy dz
 + + = 0
x y z
Integrate
dx dy dz
x
+
y
+ z
= 0 
log x + log y + log z = log c2
log x y z = log c2
x y z = c2
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
f (x + y + z, x y z) = 0

3. Solve : x (y2 – z2) p + y (z2 – x2) q = z (x2 – y2).

Solution :
x (y2 – z2) p + y (z2 – x2) q = z (x2 – y2)
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = x (y2 – z2), Q = y (z2 – x2), R = z (x2 – y2)
dx dy dz
2 =
2 2 2 =
x( y  z ) y( z  x ) z( x  y 2 )
2

Multiple by x, y, z and adding

xdx  ydy  zdz
x ( y  z )  y 2 (z 2  x2 )  z2 (x2  y2 )
2 2 2

xdx  ydy  zdz

x y  x z  y 2 z2  x2 y2  x2 z 2  y2 z 2
2 2 2 2
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 69
xdx  ydy  zdz
0
 x dx + y dy + z dz = 0
Integrate

 xdx +  ydy +  zdz = 0

x2 y2 z2
+ + = c1
2 2 2
x2 + y2 + z2 = c1
Divide by x, y, z and adding
dx dy dz
 
x y z
y  z  z  x  x2  y 2
2 2 2 2

dx dy dz
 
x y z
0

dx dy dz
 + + = 0
x y z
Integrate
dx dy dz
x
+  y
+  z
= 0

log x + log y + log z = log c2

log x y z = log c2
x y z = c2
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
f (x2 + y2 + z2, x y z) = 0

4. Solve : x2 (y – z) p + y2 (z – x) q = z2 (x – y).
Solution :
x2 (y – z) p + y2 (z – x) q = z2 (x – y)
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = x2 (y – z), Q = y2 (z – x), R = z2 (x – y)
70 Tagore college - Laplace - I
dx dy dz
2
x ( y  z) = 2
y ( z  x) = 2
z ( x  y)
Divide by x, y, z and adding
dx dy dz
 
x y z
x( y  z )  y ( z  x)  z ( x  y )

dx dy dz
 
x y z
xy  xz  yz  xy  xz  yz

dx dy dz
 
x y z
0

dx dy dz
 + + = 0
x y z
Integrate
dx dy dz
x
+
y +
z  = 0

log x + log y + log z = log c1

log x y z = log c1
x yz = c1
Divide by x2, y2, z2 and adding
dx dy dz
 
x2 y2 z 2
yzzxx y

dx dy dz
 
x2 y2 z 2
0

dx dy dz
 2 + 2 + = 0
x y z2
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 71
Integrate
dx dy dz
 x2
+ y 2 + z 2 = 0

1 1 1
– – y – = c2
x z
1 1 1
+ y + = c2
x z
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
1 1 1
f (x y z, + y + ) = 0
x z

5. Solve : (mz – ny) p + (nx – lz) q = ly – mx.

Solution :
(mz – ny) p + (nx – lz) q = ly – mx
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = mz – ny, Q = nx – lz, R = ly – mx
dx dy dz
mz  ny
= = ly  mx
nx  lz
Multiple by x, y, z and adding
xdx  ydy  zdz
x(mz  ny )  y (nx  lz )  z (ly  mx )

xdx  ydy  zdz

mxz  nxy  nxy  lyz  lyz  mxz

xdx  ydy  zdz

0
 x dx + y dy + z dz = 0
Integrate

 xdx +  ydy +  zdz = 0

x2 y2 z2
+ + = c1
2 2 2
x2 + y2 + z2 = c1
72 Tagore college - Laplace - I
Multiple by l, m, n and adding
ldx  mdy  ndz
l ( mz  ny )  m(nx  lz )  n(ly  mx)

ldx  mdy  ndz

lmz  nly  mnx  lmz  nly  mnx
ldx  mdy  ndz
0
 l dx + m dy + n dz = 0
Integrate

 ldx +  mdy +  ndz = 0

l x + m y + n z = c2
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
f (x2 + y2 + z2, l x + m y + n z) = 0

6. Solve : (mz – ny) p – (nx – lz) q = ly – mx.

Solution :
(mz – ny) p – (nx – lz) q = ly – mx
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = mz – ny, Q = – (nx – lz), R = ly – mx
dx dy dz
mz  ny
= = ly  mx
nx  lz
Multiple by x, –y, z and adding
xdx  ydy  zdz
x(mz  ny )  y (nx  lz )  z (ly  mx )

xdx  ydy  zdz

mxz  nxy  nxy  lyz  lyz  mxz

xdx  ydy  zdz

0
 x dx – y dy + z dz = 0
Integrate

 xdx –  ydy +  zdz = 0

Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 73
x2 y2 z2
– + = c1
2 2 2
x2 – y2 + z2 = c1
Multiple by l, m, n and adding
ldx  mdy  ndz
l ( mz  ny )  m(nx  lz )  n(ly  mx )

ldx  mdy  ndz

lmz  nly  mnx  lmz  nly  mnx

ldx  mdy  ndz

0
 l dx – m dy + n dz = 0
Integrate

 ldx –  mdy +  ndz = 0

l x – m y + n z = c2
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
f (x2 – y2 + z2, l x – m y + n z) = 0

7. Solve : (3z – 4y) p + (4x – 2z)q = 2y – 3x.

Solution :
(3z – 4y) p + (4x – 2z)q = 2y – 3x
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = 3z – 4y, Q = 4x – 2z, R = 2y – 3x
l = 2, m = 3, n = 4
dx dy dz
3z  4 y
= = 2 y  3x
4x  2z
Multiple by x, y, z and adding
xdx  ydy  zdz
x(3 z  4 y )  y (4 x  2 z )  z (2 y  3x)

xdx  ydy  zdz

3 xz  4 xy  4 xy  2 yz  2 yz  3 xz
74 Tagore college - Laplace - I
xdx  ydy  zdz
0
 x dx + y dy + z dz = 0
Integrate

 xdx +  ydy +  zdz = 0

x2 y2 z2
+ + = c1
2 2 2
x2 + y2 + z2 = c1
Multiple by 2, 3, 4 and adding
2dx  3dy  4dz
2(3 z  4 y )  3( 4 x  2 z )  4(2 y  3 x)

2dx  3dy  4dz

6 z  8 y  12 x  6 z  8 y  12 x

2dx  3dy  4dz

0
 2 dx + 3 dy + 4 dz = 0
Integrate

 2dx +  3dy +  4dz = 0

2 x + 3 y + 4 z = c2
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
f (x2 + y2 + z2, 2 x + 3 y + 4 z) = 0

8. Solve : (x – 2z) p + (2z – y) q = y – x.

Solution :
(x – 2z) p + (2z – y) q = y – x
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = x – 2z, Q = 2z – y, R = y – x
dx dy dz
= 2z  y = y  x
x  2z
Multiple by y, x, 2z and adding
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 75
xdx  ydy  2 zdz
y ( x  2 z )  x(2 z  y )  2 z ( y  x)

xdx  ydy  2 zdz

xy  2 yz  2 xz  xy  2 yz  2 xz

xdx  ydy  2zdz

0
 x dx + y dy + 2z dz = 0
Integrate

 xdx +  ydy + 2  zdz = 0

x2 y2 2z2
+ + = c1
2 2 2
x2 + y2 + 2 z2 = c1
Multiple by 1, 1, 1 and adding
dx  dy  dz
x  2z  2z  y  y  x
dx  dy  dz
0
 dx + dy + dz = 0
Integrate

 dx +  dy +  dz = 0
x + y + z = c2
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
f (x2 + y2 + 2z2, x + y + z) = 0

9. Solve : (y + z) p + (z + x) q = x + y.
Solution :
(y + z) p + (z + x) q = x + y
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = y + z, Q = z + x, R = x + y
dx dy dz
yz
= = x y
zx
76 Tagore college - Laplace - I
Multiple by 1, 1, 1 and adding
dx  dy  dz
y z z x x y

dx  dy  dz
........... (1)
2( x  y  z )
Multiple by 1, – 1, 0 and adding
dx  dy
yzzx

dx  dy
yx

dx  dy
– x y ........... (2)

Multiple by 1, 0, – 1 and adding

dx  dz
yzx y

dx  dz
zx
dx  dz
– ........... (3)
xz
From (1) and (2)
dx  dy  dz dx  dy
2( x  y  z )
= –
x y
Integrate
dx  dy  dz dx  dy
 2( x  y  z ) = –  x y
dx  dy  dz dx  dy
 = – 2 x y
( x  y  z)
log (x + y + z) = – 2 log (x – y) + log c1
log (x + y + z) + 2 log (x – y) = log c1
log (x + y + z) + log (x – y)2 = log c1
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 77
2
log (x + y + z) (x – y) = log c1
(x + y + z) (x – y)2 = c1
From (2) and (3)
dx  dy dx  dz
– = –
x y xz
Integrate
dx  dy dx  dz
 x y
=  xz
log (x – y) = log (x – z) + log c2
log (x – y) = log (x – z) + log c2
log (x – y) = log (x – z) c2
x–y = (x – z) c2

x y = c
2
xz
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
 x y
f  ( x  y  z )( x  y ) 2 ,  = 0
 xz 

10. Solve : bc (b – c) yz p + ca (c – a) xz q = ab (a – b) xy.

Solution :
bc (b – c) yz p + ca (c – a) xz q = ab (a – b) xy
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = bc (b – c) yz, Q = ca (c – a) xz , R = ab (a – b) xy
dx dy dz
bc(b  c) yz
= ca(c  a) xz
= ab (a  b) xy
Multiple by ax, by, cz and adding
axdx  bydy  czdz
abc(b  c) xyz  abc(c  a) xyz  abc(a  b) xyz

axdx  bydy  czdz

abcxyz[b  c  c  a  a  b]

axdx  bydy  czdz

0
78 Tagore college - Laplace - I
 ax dx + by dy + cz dz = 0
Integrate

 
a xdx + b ydy + c zdz  = 0

x2 y2 z2
a +b +c = c1
2 2 2
a x2 + b y2 + c z2 = c1
Multiple by a2x, b2y, c2z and adding
a 2 xdx  b 2 ydy  c 2 zdz
a 2bc (b  c) xyz  ab 2c(c  a ) xyz  abc 2 (a  b) xyz

a 2 xdx  b 2 ydy  c 2 zdz

abc(ab  ac) xyz  abc(bc  ab) xyz  abc(ac  bc) xyz

a 2 xdx  b 2 ydy  c 2 zdz

abcxyz[ab  ac  bc  ab  ac  bc]

a 2 xdx  b 2 ydy  c 2 zdz

0
2 2 2
 a x dx + b y dy + c z dz = 0
Integrate

 
a2 xdx + b2 ydy + c2 zdz  = 0

x2 y2 z2
a2 + b2 + c2 = c2
2 2 2
a2 x2 + b2 y2 + c2 z2 = c2
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
f (ax2 + by2 + cz2, a2 x2 + b2 y2 + c2 z2) = 0

11. Solve : (x2 – y2 – z2) p + 2xy q = 2xz.

Solution :
(x2 – y2 – z2) p + 2xy q = 2xz
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = x2 – y2 – z2, Q = 2xy, R = 2xz
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 79
dx dy dz
2
2 2 = =
x y z 2 xy 2 xz
Multiple by x, y, z and adding
xdx  ydy  zdz
x( x  y  z 2 )  y (2 xy)  z (2 xz )
2 2

xdx  ydy  zdz

x( x  y 2  z 2  2 y 2  2 z 2 )
2

xdx  ydy  zdz

x( x 2  y 2  z 2 )

dy xdx  ydy  zdz dy dz

= =
2 xy x( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2 xy 2 xz
dy 2 xdx  2 ydy  2 zdz dy dz
= =
y x2  y 2  z 2 y z
Integrate
dy 2 xdx  2 ydy  2 zdz dy dz
 y
=
x2  y 2  z 2  y
=
z
log y = log (x + y + z) + log c1 log y = log z + log c2
log y = log (x + y + z)c1 log y = log z c2
y = (x + y + z) c1 y = z c2

y y = c
= c1 2
x y z z
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
 y y
f  ,  = 0
 x y z z 

12. Solve : (z2 – 2yz – y2) p + (xy + zx) q = xy – zx.

Solution :
(z2 – 2yz – y2) p + (xy + zx) q = xy – zx
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
80 Tagore college - Laplace - I
2 2
P = z – 2yz – y , Q = xy + zx, R = xy – zx
dx dy dz
z  2 yz  y 2 = xy  zx = xy  zx
2

Multiple by x, y, z and adding

xdx  ydy  zdz
x( z  2 yz  y 2 )  y ( xy  zx)  z ( xy  zx)
2

xdx  ydy  zdz

xz  2 xyz  xy 2  xy 2  xyz  xyz  xz 2
2

xdx  ydy  zdz

0
x dx + y dy + z dz = 0
Integrate

 xdx +  ydy +  zdz = 0

x2 y2 z2
+ + = + c1
2 2 2
x2 + y2 + z2 = c1
Multiple by 0, 1, 1 and adding
dy  dz
xy  zx  xy  zx
dy  dz
2 xy

dy
Equating with
xy  zx

dy  dz dy
=
2 xy xy  zx
dy  dz dy
=
2y yz
(y + z ) (dy + dz) = 2 y dy
(y + z ) d (y + z ) = 2 y dy
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 81
Integrate

 ( y  z )d ( y  z ) = 2 ydy 
( y  z)2 2 y2 c2
= +
2 2 2
(y + z)2= 2
2 y + c2
y2 + 2yz + z2 – 2 y2= c2
2yz + z2 – y2= c2
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
f (x2 + y2 + z2, 2yz + z2 – y2) = 0

13. Solve : (x2 – yz) p + (y2 – zx) q = z2 – xy.

Solution :
(x2 – yz) p + (y2 – zx) q = z2 – xy
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = x2 – yz, Q = y2 – zx, R = z2 – xy
dx dy dz
2
x  yz = 2
y  zx = 2
z  xy
Multiple by x, y, z and adding
xdx  ydy  zdz
x( x  yz )  y ( y 2  zx)  z ( z 2  xy)
2

xdx  ydy  zdz

x  xyz  y 3  xyz  z 3  xyz
3

xdx  ydy  zdz

x  y 3  z 3  3xyz
3

xdx  ydy  zdz

( x  y  z )( x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  xz ) ........... (1)

Multiple by 1, 1, 1 and adding

dx  dy  dz
x  yz  y 2  zx  z 2  xy
2
82 Tagore college - Laplace - I
dx  dy  dz
x  y  z 2  xy  yz  zx
2 2 ........... (2)

Multiple by 1, – 1, 0 and adding

dx  dy
x  yz  y 2  zx
2

dx  dy
x  y 2  zx  yz
2

dx  dy
( x  y )( x  y )  z ( x  y )

dx  dy
........... (3)
( x  y )( x  y  z )
Multiple by 0, 1, – 1 and adding
dy  dz
y  zx  z 2  xy
2

dy  dz
y  z 2  xy  zx
2

dy  dz
( y  z )( y  z )  x ( y  z )

dy  dz
( y  z )( x  y  z )
........... (4)
From (1) and (2)
xdx  ydy  zdz dx  dy  dz
( x  y  z )( x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  xz ) = x  y  z 2  xy  yz  zx
2 2

xdx  ydy  zdz

= dx + dy + dz
( x  y  z)
x dx + y dy + z dz = (x + y + z) (dx + dy + dz)
x dx + y dy + z dz = (x + y + z) d (x + y + z)

Integrate
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 83

 xdx +  ydy +  zdz =  ( x  y  z )d ( x  y  z )

x2 y2 z2 ( x  y  z)2
+ + = + c1
2 2 2 2
x2 + y2 + z2 = (x + y + z)2 + c1
x2 + y2 + z2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + xy + y z + xz + c1
c1 = xy + y z + xz
From (3) and (4)
dx  dy dy  dz
=
( x  y )( x  y  z ) ( y  z )( x  y  z )

dx  dy dy  dz
=
x y yz
Integrate
dx  dy dy  dz
 x y
=  yz
log (x – y) = log (y – z) + log c2
log (x – y) = log (y – z) + log c2
log (x – y) = log (y – z) c2
x–y = (y – z) c2

x y
= c2
yz
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
 x y
f  xy  yz  zx,  = 0
 y  z 

14. Solve : y2 p – xy q = x (z – 2y).

Solution :
y2 p – xy q = x (z – 2y)
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = y2, Q = – xy, R = x (z – 2y)
dx dy dz
2 = =
y  xy x( z  2 y )
84 Tagore college - Laplace - I
Equating
dx dy
2 = –
y xy

dx dy
= –
y x
x dx = – y dy
Integrate

 xdx = –  ydy
x2 y2
= – + c2
2 2
x2 + y2 = c1
Multiple by x, y, z and adding
xdx  ydy  zdz
xy  xy 2  xz ( z  2 y )
2

xdx  ydy  zdz

xy  xy 2  xz 2  2 xzy
2

xdx  ydy  zdz

xz 2  2 xzy

xdx  ydy  zdz

xz ( z  2 y )
Equating
xdx  ydy  zdz dz
=
xz ( z  2 y ) x( z  2 y )

xdx  ydy  zdz

= dz
z
x dx + y dy + z dz = z dz
x dx + y dy = 0
Integrate
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 85

 xdx +  ydy = 0

x2 y2
+ = c2
2 2
x2 + y2 = c2
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
f (x2 + y2, x2 + y2) = 0

15. Solve: (x2 + y2 + yz) p + (x2 + y2 – xz) q = z (x + y).

Solution :
(x2 + y2 + yz) p + (x2 + y2 – xz) q = z (x + y)
The equation of the form is Pp + Qq = R.
P = x2 + y2 + yz, Q = x2 + y2 – xz, R = z (x + y))
dx dy dz
2 2
x  y  yz = x  y 2  xz = z ( x  y )
2

Multiple by 1, 1, 1 and adding

dx  dy  dz
x  y  yz  x 2  y 2  xz  xz  yz
2 2

 dx – dy – dz = 0
Integrate

 dx –  dy –  dz = 0
x – y – z = c1
Multiple by x, y, 0 and adding
xdx  ydy
x( x  y  yz )  y ( x 2  y 2  xz )
2 2

xdx  ydy
x( x  y )  xyz  y ( x 2  y 2 )  xyz
2 2

xdx  ydy
x( x  y 2 )  y ( x 2  y 2 )
2
86 Tagore college - Laplace - I
xdx  ydy
( x  y )( x 2  y 2 )

dz
Equating with z ( x  y )

xdx  ydy dz
=
( x  y )( x 2  y 2 ) z( x  y)

xdx  ydy dz
=
x2  y 2 z
2( xdx  ydy ) dz
= 2
x2  y2 z
Integrate
2( xdx  ydy ) dz
 x2  y2 = 2  z
log (x2 + y2) = 2log z + logc2
log (x2 + y2) = log z2 + logc2
log (x2 + y2) = log z2 c2
x2 + y2 = z2 c2
x2  y 2
= c2
z2
The solution of the given Lagrange’s equation is f (c1, c2) = 0.
 x2  y2 
f  x  y  z , 2

 = 0
 z 