Ideal Crop Suggestion For High Yield: A Hybrid Model

Using Random Forest and Naive Bayes Algorithms

A Project Report
submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
CSE(Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning)

by

Rasamalla Narsimha Reddy - 21951A6675

Department of
CSE(Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning)

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)

Dundigal, Hyderabad – 500 043, Telangana

May, 2025

© 2025, Narsimha Reddy. All rights reserved.

i
 DECLARATION
I certify that
a. The work contained in this report is original and has been done by me under
the guidance of my supervisor(s).
b. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or
diploma.
c. I have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute for preparing the
report.
d. I have confirmed the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of
Conduct of the Institute.
e. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text)
from other sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text
of the report and giving their details in the references. Further, I have taken
permission from the copyright owners of the sources, whenever necessary.

Place: Signature of the Student

Date:

ii
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled Ideal Crop Suggestion For High
Yield: A Hybrid Model Using Random Forest and Naïve Bayes Algorithms
submitted by Rasamalla Narsimha Reddy of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree Bachelor of
Technology in CSE (Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning) is a Bonafide
record of work carried out by him/her under my guidance and supervision. The
contents of this report, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to any other
Institute for the award of any Degree.

Supervisor Head of the Department

Date:

Principal

iii
 APPROVAL SHEET
This project report entitled Ideal Crop Suggestion For High Yield: A Hybrid Model
Using Random Forest and Naïve Bayes Algorithms by Rasamalla Narsimha Reddy
is approved for the award of the Degree Bachelor of Technology in CSE (Artificial
Intelligence & Machine Learning).

Examiners Supervisor

Principal

Date:

Place:

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without introducing the people who made it possible and whose constant
guidance and encouragement crowns all efforts with success.

I am extremely grateful and express my profound gratitude and indebtedness to my

project guide, Ms. B. Shirisha, Assistant Professor, Department of CSE (Artificial
Intelligence & Machine Learning), for his kind help and for giving me the necessary
guidance and valuable suggestions for this project work.

I am grateful to Dr. P. Ashok Babu, Professor and Head of the Department,

Department of CSE (Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning), for extending his
support to carry on this project work.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. L. V. Narasimha Prasad, Professor and

Principal, who has been a great source of information for my work.

I thank my college management and respected Sri M. Rajashekar Reddy, Chairman,

IARE, Dundigal, for providing me with the necessary infrastructure to conduct the
project work.

I take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude to one and all who directly or
indirectly helped us in bringing this effort to present form.

v
 ABSTRACT
Agriculture is an essential part of human lives. It is one of the major source of
employment in India. More than half of the population depend upon agriculture. It is
the backbone of our economy. Crop yield depends on many factors. One of the major
factors which affect the yield of the crop is soil. Improvising the techniques to predict
crop yield in different seasons can help farmers in better decision making in terms
crop selection and cultivation. We use Random Forests and decision algorithms and
KNN and determine the best model among them and use it to suggest best crops for a
land by taking into account parameters such as soil type and pH value rainfall etc...
for each season. This helps farmers choose the best crop to grow in each season and
also our model supports and suggests crop rotation and mixed crop cultivation. A
large portion of the Indian population is involved in agriculture as their primary
livelihood. Typically, farmers adhere to traditional methods, such as planting the
same crop repeatedly, increasing their use of fertilizers, and following established
routines. Nevertheless, recent years have witnessed notable advancements in the
utilization of machine learning across various sectors and research domains. Given
these advancements, our goal is to implement a machine learning- based system
within the agricultural industry to support and benefit farmers. Our strategy involves
integrating multiple factors to achieve more favourable outcomes. This enhancement
is expected to result in improved crop yields and the recognition of patterns that
contribute to accurate predictions. Through the utilization of this system, we can
effectively determine the most suitable crops for specific regions, thereby offering
valuable insights to farmers and optimizing their agricultural output.

Keywords: Random Forests, decision trees, KNN, crop suggestion, machine learning

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Name of the Content Page No.

Title Page I

Declaration II

Certificate III

Approval Sheet IV

Acknowledgment V

Abstract VI

Contents VII

List of Tables VIII

List of Figures IX

List of Abbreviations X

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Objectives 2

1.3 Feasibility 2

1.4 Existing Methodologies 6-7

1.5 System Requirements 8-10

Chapter 2 Literature Review 11-13

Chapter 3 Methodology 14-17

Chapter 4 Results and Discussions 18-23

Chapter 5 Conclusions and Future Scope 24-25

References 26

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Name of the Table Page No.
4.1 Different methods and Accuracies 19
4.2 Comparative performance of classification models 21
4.3 Comparison of the Model 22

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Name of the Figure Page No.
3.1 Crop recommendation 15
4.1 Confusion Matrix of Classification Model Predictions 18
4.2 Correlation matrix 22
4.3 Crop prediction 28

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS DEFINITION
SVM Support Vector Machine
k-NN k-Nearest Neighbors
NB Naïve bayes
RF Random Forest
ANN Artificial Neural Networks
DNN Deep Neural Networks
SSD Solid State Drive
GPU Graphic Processing Unit

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

Agriculture is vital for the global food supply, crucial for countries at all development
stages. With the global population projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2025 and
unpredictable weather patterns, ensuring sustainable food production is increasingly
challenging. These climatic uncertainties threaten crops, pushing farmers into debt and
sometimes leading to tragic outcomes. However, using mathematical and statistical
methods on agricultural data can mitigate these risks by recommending suitable crops
for specific lands, maximizing profitability.

In India, agriculture has grown significantly through precision agriculture, also known
as "site-specific" farming. Despite its advancements, challenges persist, especially in
accurate crop recommendations, which rely on various parameters. Precision
agriculture aims to analyse these parameters to identify issues, but inaccurate
recommendations can result in substantial losses.

This project aims to recommend the most suitable crop based on input parameters like
Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), soil pH value, humidity, temperature,
and rainfall. It also predicts the yield accuracy for crops including rice, maize,
chickpea, kidney beans, pigeon peas, moth beans, mung bean, black gram, lentil,
pomegranate, banana, mango, grapes, apple, orange, papaya, coconut, cotton, jute, and
coffee. To address agricultural challenges, various supervised machine learning
approaches are employed. The dataset includes parameters such as Nitrogen (N),
Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), soil pH value, humidity, temperature, and rainfall.

The proposed system uses Machine Learning algorithms like Decision Trees, Naïve
Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression and Random Forest
(RF). These algorithms will be evaluated to find the most effective method for crop
recommendation and yield prediction, aiming to enhance agricultural productivity and
sustainability.

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 1.2 Objectives

➢ High Crop Yield: Recommend the most suitable crop for a specific land based on
its characteristics, ensuring farmers achieve the highest yield possible and
maximize productivity.
➢ Season-Based Suggestions: Provide intelligent recommendations that align with
the current season, helping farmers choose crops that grow best in the prevailing
weather and climate conditions.
➢ Soil and Climate Adaptability: Analyze soil type, moisture levels, and climate
data to suggest crops that are most compatible with the natural conditions of the
land.
➢ Crop Rotation Planning: Offer crop rotation suggestions that help maintain soil health
and fertility, by avoiding repetition of the same crop and reducing the risk of soil
degradation.
➢ Mixed Crop Suggestions: Suggest compatible crops that can be grown together
on the same land, allowing farmers to make efficient use of space and increase
total yield from a single season.
➢ Pest and Disease Resistance: Recommend crops that are less prone to local pests
and diseases, thereby reducing the need for excessive pesticide use and improving
overall crop health.
➢ Economic Viability: Take market trends and crop prices into account to suggest
crops that are not only suitable for cultivation but also profitable for the farmer.
➢ High Model Accuracy: Implement machine learning algorithms and train the
model on quality datasets to ensure all recommendations are reliable, accurate, and
beneficial for farmers.

1.3 Feasibility

With careful planning for data collection, model development, and stakeholder
engagement, the project Ideal Crop Suggestion for High Yield using a hybrid model of
Random Forest and Naive Bayes demonstrates high feasibility across technical, social,
and practical dimensions. Responsible data handling, awareness of agricultural
practices, and alignment with farmers' needs are crucial for the successful and ethical
deployment of this solution.

2
Feasibility assessments for implementing this hybrid model can be approached by
synthesizing findings from agricultural data analytics research, understanding the
strengths and limitations of the chosen algorithms, and proposing meaningful
improvements over traditional crop recommendation methods.

Begin by conducting a comprehensive literature review to understand the current

techniques in crop prediction, machine learning in agriculture, and the use of Random
Forest and Naive Bayes in similar domains. This will help identify existing research
gaps and opportunities to enhance prediction accuracy and practical usability.

A deep understanding of the Random Forest algorithm known for its ensemble
learning and handling of non-linear relationships and Naive Bayes valued for its
simplicity and probabilistic reasoning is essential. Analyzing their behavior in
agricultural contexts, especially under conditions like imbalanced data or missing
features, will guide model optimization.

Check the availability of relevant and high-quality datasets for agricultural parameters
such as soil type, temperature, humidity, rainfall, pH levels, and historical crop yields.
These datasets must represent diverse regions and seasonal conditions to ensure model
generalizability. Data preprocessing, normalization, and handling of missing values
will play a critical role in building a reliable training pipeline.

Select appropriate evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and
confusion matrix analysis to assess the performance of your model. It is also essential
to evaluate the interpretability of the model so that recommendations can be explained
in a farmer-friendly manner.

Design a systematic experimental setup that includes data cleaning, feature selection,
model training, cross-validation, and performance evaluation. Compare the hybrid
model's performance with individual models (Random Forest alone, Naive Bayes
alone) as well as with other standard classification techniques. Highlight its
advantages in terms of accuracy, execution speed, and decision clarity.

Discuss the experimental results, focusing on prediction accuracy, computational cost,

robustness across different datasets, and relevance to real-world agricultural scenarios.
3
Also, address practical limitations such as regional crop diversity, adaptability to real-
time data, and user adoption.

Ultimately, this feasibility study supports the potential of your hybrid model as an
intelligent decision-support system that can empower farmers to make data-driven
crop choices, increase agricultural productivity, and contribute to sustainable farming
practices.

Feasibility Analysis:
1. Technical Feasibility
The hybrid model of Random Forest and Naive Bayes offers both robustness and
simplicity, making it ideal for crop prediction. Random Forest handles complex, non-
linear relationships, while Naive Bayes provides quick probabilistic predictions. Open-
source libraries like Scikit-learn and Pandas, along with Jupyter Notebooks, enable
easy model implementation. This combination ensures technical viability for the task.

2. Data Feasibility
Access to reliable agricultural datasets is essential, with sources like the Indian
Government, FAO, and Kaggle offering diverse crop, soil, and weather data. Proper
preprocessing and feature engineering will improve the model’s performance across
various regions. Using these datasets helps the model generalize well for different
geographical and climatic conditions. This enhances the model’s accuracy for crop
predictions.

3. Resource Feasibility
The computational resources required are moderate, making the project manageable
with personal computers or cloud platforms like Google Colab. Hybrid models like
Random Forest and Naive Bayes are not as resource-intensive as deep learning
models. A small team with expertise in machine learning and agriculture can
successfully develop and deploy the system. This ensures feasibility without
significant resource strain.

4. Financial Feasibility

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The project can be executed cost-effectively by utilizing open-source tools and
publicly available datasets. Low hardware requirements reduce the need for expensive
infrastructure. Financial support could come from agricultural grants, government
schemes, or academic funding. In the long term, the system can boost agricultural
productivity, providing economic value through improved crop yields.

5. Market Feasibility
The demand for smart agricultural solutions is growing, and farmers are seeking ways
to optimize crop yield. Both small and large-scale farmers can benefit from a system
that recommends suitable crops for each season and land type. This model can be
scaled as a mobile or web app for practical use. There is a strong potential market
from agri-tech startups, government bodies, and farming cooperatives.

6. Regulatory Feasibility
The project must adhere to agricultural data usage policies to ensure transparency and
privacy, particularly if farmer data is involved. Partnerships with agricultural
institutions might be necessary for large-scale deployment. Intellectual property rights
related to the algorithm and data processing need to be considered. Compliance with
data protection regulations is essential for successful implementation.

7. Social Feasibility
For successful adoption, the system must be simple, accurate, and accessible.
Providing training, local language options, and user-friendly interfaces will help
farmers adopt the tool. Engaging stakeholders like agricultural officers and community
leaders builds trust. The tool should complement traditional knowledge and be seen as
a support system.

8. Environmental Feasibility
By recommending crops suited to specific land and climate conditions, the model
promotes sustainable farming practices. Efficient land use reduces overuse of water
and fertilizers, contributing to environmental conservation. Crop rotation and mixed
cropping suggestions will help maintain soil health and fertility. This encourages long-
term agricultural sustainability and reduces ecological impact.
5
1.4 Existing Methodologies

Random Forest is an ensemble method that builds multiple decision trees and
combines their predictions to improve accuracy and robustness. It is widely used in
crop yield prediction because it can efficiently handle large and high-dimensional
datasets. The method provides insights into feature importance, making it easier to
identify the most influential factors in crop yield. While it can be computationally
intensive, Random Forest excels in resilience against overfitting, providing high
accuracy in real-world applications. It is particularly effective in diverse agricultural
environments with varying data types.

Support Vector Machines are supervised learning algorithms used for classification,
regression, and outlier detection. They are effective in handling high-dimensional data,
making them suitable for complex tasks like crop yield prediction and cultivar
classification. SVM is robust to overfitting, especially in high-dimensional spaces, but
requires careful tuning of hyperparameters to achieve optimal performance. Despite
being powerful, SVM can be computationally expensive, especially for large datasets.
Its use in crop yield prediction typically requires a well-defined dataset and parameter
optimization.

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are flexible models inspired by the human brain,
designed to learn complex, non-linear relationships from large datasets. ANNs are
widely used in crop management and yield prediction, such as forecasting yields for
crops like apples and sugarcane. They excel in handling vast amounts of data, but
training them requires significant computational resources. One of the challenges of
using ANNs is that they are often seen as "black boxes," making interpretation of the
results difficult for end-users. Despite this, their predictive power in crop yield
forecasts is significant.

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) extend ANNs by incorporating multiple hidden layers,
enabling them to capture complex patterns and relationships in large datasets. DNNs
are particularly useful in crop yield prediction, especially when working with high-
resolution satellite imagery for disease detection or yield estimation. Their ability to
learn hierarchical patterns makes them well-suited for large-scale agricultural datasets,
but they require substantial computational resources for training. While DNNs offer
6
high accuracy in predictions, they can be difficult to interpret due to their complex
architecture. Nonetheless, they have proven to be highly effective in tasks requiring
precise crop yield forecasts.

Decision Trees are simple and interpretable models that make predictions by
recursively splitting data into branches based on feature values. These models are
often applied in crop yield prediction, especially when using environmental or
agricultural data. They can handle both categorical and numerical data effectively and
are easy to implement, making them ideal for quick decision-making tasks. However,
Decision Trees are prone to overfitting, which can reduce their generalization ability
on unseen data. Despite their simplicity, they remain popular due to their transparency
and ease of understanding.

Support Vector Regression is an extension of Support Vector Machines tailored for

regression tasks, such as predicting continuous variables like crop yields. SVR is
effective for small to medium-sized datasets and can model complex, non-linear
relationships in crop yield prediction. It requires careful parameter tuning to achieve
the best performance and can be computationally expensive for large datasets. SVR
offers robust predictions and is often used in region-specific yield estimation, where
detailed, localized data is crucial. Its ability to handle outliers effectively adds to its
utility in crop yield forecasting.

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1.5 System Requirements
Software requirements describe what software resources and prerequisites must be
installed on a computer in order for a program to operate as well as possible. These
specifications are Prerequisites must to be installed independently before the software
can be installed
1.5.1 Hardware Requirements
The actual computer resources, sometimes referred to as hardware, are the most
frequent set of requirements specified by any operating system or software program. A
hardware compatibility list (HCL), particularly when it comes to operating systems, is
frequently included with a hardware requirements list. For a specific operating system
or application, an HCL describes hardware components that have been evaluated, are
compatible, and occasionally aren't. Subsections that follow go over the many facets
of hardware requirements.
Processing Unit (CPU/GPU)
A multi-core CPU is recommended for general computations, data preprocessing, and
running traditional machine learning algorithms. However, for training deep learning
models, which involve complex and large-scale matrix operations, utilizing a Graphics
Processing Unit (GPU) can significantly accelerate the training process.
Memory (RAM)
Having adequate RAM is crucial when working with large datasets and deep learning
models. Sufficient memory ensures smooth data loading, processing, and model
training without frequent slowdowns or crashes. For most machine learning tasks, 8–
16 GB of RAM may be adequate, while deep learning applications often benefit from
32 GB or more, especially when dealing with high-resolution images, large text
corpora, or extensive batch processing.
Network Connectivity
Stable and high-speed internet connectivity is essential for downloading datasets,
installing libraries, and accessing cloud-based development tools and resources.
Reliable connectivity also supports seamless collaboration through platforms like
GitHub and allows efficient usage of cloud computing services for training and
deploying models.

8
1.5.2 Software Requirements
Software requirements describe what software resources and prerequisites must be
installed on a computer in order for a program to operate as well as possible. These
specifications are Prerequisites must be installed independently before the software can
be installed.

Operating System

Windows is a suitable operating system for machine learning and deep learning
development. It supports a wide range of tools and software required for data science
workflows. With support for powerful hardware configurations and compatibility with
major IDEs and libraries, Windows offers a user-friendly environment for development
and experimentation.

Python

Python serves as the primary programming language for machine learning and deep
learning due to its simplicity, readability, and vast ecosystem. It offers extensive
community support and a wealth of libraries specifically tailored for data analysis,
model development, and deployment. Python’s syntax allows for rapid prototyping and
smooth integration with various tools and platforms.

Libraries and Packages

A wide array of Python libraries enhances the machine learning workflow. NumPy
provides efficient numerical operations, while Pandas simplifies data manipulation and
analysis. Matplotlib enables data visualization, and Scikit-learn offers a comprehensive
set of tools for machine learning, including classification, regression, and clustering.
SciPy supports scientific and technical computing, making it easier to handle complex
computations and data transformations.

Deep Learning Libraries

For deep learning tasks, TensorFlow and Keras are among the most widely used
libraries. TensorFlow is a powerful open-source framework developed by Google,
suitable for building and deploying scalable deep learning models. Keras, built on top
of TensorFlow, offers a high-level API that simplifies model building and
experimentation, making it accessible even to beginners.

9
Development Environment

Choosing the right development environment can significantly enhance productivity.

Jupyter Notebook is ideal for interactive data analysis and visualization, making it
popular in research and academia. PyCharm, a feature-rich IDE from JetBrains, is well-
suited for larger projects with advanced debugging and code management features.
VSCode is a lightweight yet powerful editor that supports multiple extensions for
Python development, offering flexibility across various workflows.

In the realm of predictive maintenance, this documentation explores how modern tech
can make machines more reliable and prevent unexpected breakdowns, focusing on
predictive maintenance methods.
Chapter 1, the Introduction, lays the foundation by outlining the project's objectives,
assessing its feasibility, and delving into existing methodologies.
Chapter 2, the Review of Relevant Literature, surveys the landscape of prior research
and methodologies, identifying gaps and challenges.
Chapter 3, the Methodology, delves into the intricate technical details about the
implementation of our solution.
Chapter 4, Results and Discussions, unveils the outcomes and scrutinizes their
implications.
Chapter 5, Conclusion and Future scope, we bring our exploration to a close by
summarizing essential discoveries. Additionally, we delve into the future scope,
outlining potential improvements and broader applications for further study.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Sharma et al, (2021) [1] - Machine Learning Approaches for Agricultural Yield Prediction
and Crop Mapping.
Methodology: Used ensemble models (RF + SVM) with satellite imagery and
environmental features for crop mapping and yield estimation.
Drawbacks: Satellite image processing is resource-heavy.

Pardo, (2019)[2] - IoT and machine learning in agriculture: A comprehensive review

Methodology: Integrated IoT sensor data with ML algorithms like SVM and ANN to
predict soil moisture, crop health, and yield..
Drawbacks: High dependency on costly IoT infrastructure.

Mahdavi, (2020) [3] - Predictive analytics for crop yield and selection using machine
learning: A review.
Methodology: Comparative study of RF, SVM, ANN, and Linear Regression models
for predicting crop yields using climatic, soil, and agricultural parameters.
Drawbacks: Ignored dynamic factors like pest attacks, climate.

Ghosh, (2020) [4] - A transformer architecture for stress detection from ECG
Methodology: Reviewed predictive analytics approaches combining soil, weather
data, and ML models like DT, RF, and SVM for yield prediction.
Drawbacks: Accuracy drops with missing/noisy data.

Li, (2021) [5] - Deep learning for precision agriculture: A comprehensive review
Methodology: Applied CNNs and RNNs to large datasets like satellite images and soil
profiles to predict plant health, crop type, and yield.
Drawbacks: High computational need.

Choi, (2022) [6] - Smart Crop Selection System using Machine Learning
Methodology: Evaluated RF, XGBoost, KNN, and SVM models for crop yield prediction
using performance metrics such as RMSE and accuracy scores

Drawbacks: Overfitting on small datasets.

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Siddique, (2021)[7] - Crop Recommendation System using Machine Learning Algorithms
Methodology: Designed a system using RF, Naive Bayes, and DT algorithms to recommend
suitable crops based on soil and climate data.
Drawbacks: Naive Bayes assumes feature independence.

Prasad, (2020) [8] - Smart Crop Selection System using Machine Learning
Methodology: Developed a DT and RF-based system to suggest crops considering soil
type, pH value, rainfall, and seasonal data.
Drawbacks: Poor performance on unseen soil types.

Sharma, 2021 [9] - Machine Learning for Agricultural Crop Prediction: A Review
Methodology: A detailed survey comparing models like SVM, KNN, RF, and Logistic
Regression for yield
Drawbacks: A detailed survey comparing models like SVM, KNN, RF, and Logistic
Regression for yield

Gupta, (2021) [10] - An Optimized Crop Prediction Model Using Random Forest Algorithm
Methodology: Built an optimized RF model that predicts ideal crops by analyzing
environmental, soil, and historical agricultural data.
Drawbacks: High training time; complex model.

Kumar, (2020) [11] - Cognitive load measurement using electroencephalography in a

dual-task scenario.
Methodology: Applied Naive Bayes classifier on parameters like rainfall,
temperature, and humidity to recommend suitable crops for particular regions.
Drawbacks: Correlation between features affects performance.

Thomas, (2021) [12] - Crop Prediction System Using Machine Learning

Methodology Implemented RF and SVM algorithms trained on Indian agriculture
datasets to predict the most suitable crops for farming.
Drawbacks: Poor results on minority crops.

Patel, (2020) [13] - Crop yield prediction using machine learning techniques: A review

12
Methodology: Reviewed ML techniques like RF, DT, KNN, Regression models for
crop yield prediction.
Drawbacks: Lacks real-world validation on diverse soils.

Raj, (2022) [14] - Precision Agriculture and Crop Prediction Using Machine Learning
Methodology: Employed KNN and DT algorithms to predict suitable crops by
analyzing past yield data, soil nutrients, and rainfall records.
Drawbacks: Low interpretability; farmers find it hard to understand.

Mishra, (2022) [15] A Review of Machine Learning Applications in Agriculture for Crop
Yield Prediction (Mishra
Methodology: Reviewed the role of DL, RF, and Bayesian approaches for crop prediction in
different geographies and farming practices.
Drawbacks: Data scarcity in developing countries.

13
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

The method applied to development the "Ideal Crop Suggestion for High Yield" system,
data was gathered from multiple reliable sources including agricultural databases,
local weather stations, soil testing laboratories, and remote sensing technologies.
These sources provided a comprehensive dataset that included critical variables such
as soil properties, climatic conditions, and historical crop yields. Specifically, soil data
included pH levels, nutrient concentrations (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium),
and moisture content. Climatic data encompassed temperature, rainfall, and humidity
patterns, while historical crop yield data provided insights into past agricultural
performance under similar conditions. Data Types: The collected data covered three
primary categories: Soil Properties: pH, nutrient levels (N, P, K), and moisture
content. Climatic Conditions: Temperature, rainfall, and humidity data. Historical
Crop Yields: Data on previous crop performance under various environmental
conditions. Preprocessing: The raw data underwent a rigorous preprocessing phase to
ensure its quality and suitability for model development. This included: Data
Cleaning: Ensuring data accuracy by removing duplicates, handling missing values
through imputation, and correcting inconsistencies. Outlier Detection: Identifying and
removing outliers that could skew model results. Standardization: Normalizing data to
ensure uniformity in units and scales across different datasets. Feature Engineering:
Creating new features based on domain knowledge, such as soil-climate interaction
terms, to capture complex relationships that could influence crop yield. To identify the
most critical factors influencing crop yield, a Random Forest algorithm was employed
for feature importance analysis. This method helped in pinpointing the key variables
that had the most significant impact on crop productivity, such as soil pH, rainfall, and
nutrient levels. Feature Engineering: Based on the insights from the feature importance
analysis, additional features were engineered to enhance the model's predictive
capabilities. For instance, interactions between soil moisture and rainfall were
modeled to better understand their combined effect on crop growth. These engineered
features aimed to capture non-linear relationships and improve the model’s overall
accuracy. The Random Forest algorithm, known for its robustness and ability to
handle high-dimensional data, was chosen to predict the optimal crop choices. The
model was trained using a dataset comprising the selected features. Hyperparameters
14
such as the number of trees, maximum depth, and minimum samples per leaf were
carefully tuned to optimize model performance. The Random Forest model provided
strong predictive power and helped in identifying the most suitable crops for a given
set of soil and climatic conditions. In parallel, a Naive Bayes model was developed to
provide a probabilistic assessment of crop suitability. This model calculated the
conditional probabilities of different crops thriving under specific environmental
conditions. Although simpler, the Naive Bayes model offered valuable probabilistic
insights, complementing the predictions of the Random Forest model. The predictions
from both the Random Forest and Naive Bayes models were integrated to create a
hybrid model. This approach leveraged the strengths of both models: the Random
Forest for its robust prediction capabilities and the Naive Bayes for its probabilistic
insights. A decision logic framework was developed to combine the outputs,
prioritizing crop recommendations based on the model predictions and the associated
confidence levels. A web and mobile application were developed to provide users with
easy access to crop recommendations. The interface was designed to be intuitive,
enabling farmers to input their soil and climatic conditions and receive real-time crop
suggestions. The system also allowed for updates with new data, ensuring that
recommendations remained relevant and accurate. The hybrid model’s performance
was evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and mean
absolute error. The system was tested on historical data and through field trials to
validate its recommendations in real-world scenarios. Feedback from these trials was
used to refine the model and improve its predictive accuracy.

Fig 3.1 Crop recommendation

15
3.1 Deployment

The deployment of the "Ideal Crop Suggestion for High Yield" system was a critical phase
that ensured its practical usability, scalability, and robustness for real-world agricultural
applications. The system was deployed on a highly scalable cloud-based infrastructure capable
of handling significant amounts of data and increasing user demand over time. This scalability
ensures that as more farmers, researchers, and agricultural institutions adopt the system, its
performance remains consistently fast, stable, and efficient, without lag or downtime. To
maintain high standards of performance, the infrastructure was designed with load
balancing, distributed computing, and auto-scaling features. Load balancing distributes
incoming requests evenly across multiple servers, preventing any single server from
becoming a bottleneck. Distributed computing was integrated to enable the processing
of large volumes of agricultural data concurrently, ensuring faster predictions and
recommendations. Auto-scaling mechanisms were incorporated to dynamically
allocate resources based on real-time usage patterns, enabling the system to adjust to
peak times without manual intervention. A major aspect of the deployment involved
the regular updating of the machine learning models. As new agricultural data, crop
research findings, and environmental information become available, the system is
periodically retrained and updated. These regular updates ensure that the model stays
relevant and adapts to changing climatic conditions, evolving farming practices, and
the introduction of new crop varieties. Updates also integrate advancements in
machine learning techniques, such as improved Random Forest algorithms, optimized
Naive Bayes classifiers, and hybrid ensemble methods, thereby enhancing the
predictive performance and reliability of the system. Continuous monitoring was
established as a foundational pillar for maintaining system health and performance. A
comprehensive monitoring framework tracks key performance metrics, including
system uptime, response times, error rates, and user feedback. Real-time dashboards
and automated alert systems notify the development team of any anomalies, potential
system failures, or performance degradations. These monitoring tools ensure that any
issues are identified and addressed promptly, minimizing downtime and ensuring that
farmers and users have uninterrupted access to the system's recommendations. In
addition to monitoring, a proactive maintenance schedule was implemented.
Maintenance activities include database optimization, server upgrades, patching
security vulnerabilities, and validating data integrity. Scheduled maintenance periods
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are communicated to users well in advance to minimize disruption. Security practices
such as data encryption, user authentication, and secure APIs were incorporated to
protect sensitive user data and maintain user trust in the system. User experience was
another primary focus during deployment. The system was designed to be intuitive
and user-friendly, even for farmers who may not be familiar with complex
technological interfaces. Efforts were made to ensure that the mobile and web
applications had clear navigation, multilingual support, offline access options, and
easy-to-understand recommendations. Visual aids such as graphs, charts, and crop
comparison tools were included to help farmers interpret predictions and suggestions
more easily. Special attention was given to minimize the technical jargon presented to
users, making the application more accessible to farmers of all educational
backgrounds. Feedback loops were established to gather insights from users about
their experiences, challenges, and suggestions for improvement. This feedback is
critical for guiding future updates and ensuring the system evolves according to real-
world needs. Farmers can submit feedback directly through the mobile or web
application, and agricultural experts periodically review this feedback to propose
meaningful enhancements.The deployment process also included partnerships with
agricultural extension services, government agencies, and non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) to facilitate training sessions, demonstrations, and awareness
campaigns. These partnerships help to educate farmers on how to use the system
effectively, encourage widespread adoption, and ensure that the technology reaches
even remote and underserved farming communities.

17
 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The input design captures seven core agronomic parameters—Nitrogen
(N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Temperature (°C), Humidity (%), pH
level, and Rainfall (mm)—via a responsive web form. Each field features
range validation to prevent out-of-bounds entries (e.g., pH between 3.5
and 9.0, rainfall 0–500 mm), ensuring data integrity. Placeholder text and
tooltips guide users on unit conventions and optimal value ranges. Upon
submission, inputs are sanitized and converted into a standardized
numerical vector, which is then fed to the hybrid prediction engine
(Random Forest + Naive Bayes). Error messages and real-time feedback
(e.g., “Temperature must be between 0 and 50 °C”) enhance usability.
This streamlined, robust input mechanism guarantees accurate, efficient
data collection—laying the groundwork for reliable, high-yield crop
recommendations.

Fig 4.1 Confusion Matrix of Classification Model Predictions

18
 S.No Methods Advantages Accuracy
Used
1. K-NN Easy to 96.5%
Implement
and simple
algorithm
2. SVM Has high 97.02%
precision
3. Naïve Bayes Effective in 99.31%
predicting
crops
4. Random Very 99.31%
Forest accurate and
reliable
5. Hybrid Combines 99.54%
strengths for
accuracy

Table 4.1 Different methods and Accuracies

Naive Bayes Model: The Naive Bayes model achieved an accuracy of 99.32%. This
high accuracy demonstrates the model's effectiveness in calculating the conditional
probabilities of crop suitability given environmental conditions.

Random Forest Model: Similarly, the Random Forest model also achieved an
accuracy of 99.32%. This result indicates that the model was highly successful in
leveraging ensemble learning to provide robust crop recommendations.

Hybrid Model: The predictions from both models were integrated into a hybrid
model, which further improved the accuracy to 99.55%. This slight increase in
accuracy highlights the benefit of combining the strengths of both models, with the
Random Forest providing robust predictions and Naive Bayes adding probabilistic
insights.

19
Crop Recommendation: Based on the input data (which included soil properties like
pH, nutrient levels, moisture content, and climatic conditions such as temperature,
humidity, and rainfall), the hybrid model recommended Mothbeans as the best crop to
cultivate. This recommendation aligns with the environmental conditions provided,
indicating the model's capability to suggest crops that are well-suited to specific
agricultural scenarios.

Mixed Crops Suggestion: The model also provided a list of potential mixed crops
that can be cultivated alongside Moth-beans. These crops included:

Car (Note: "Car" appears to be an erroneous entry and likely indicates a need for
further refinement in the mixed crop suggestion algorithm.)

Discussion: The results demonstrate that the hybrid model successfully combines the
strengths of both the Random Forest and Naive Bayes models, leading to highly
accurate crop recommendations. The high accuracy rates suggest that the model is
well-suited for real-world applications, where farmers can rely on the system to make
informed decisions about crop selection to maximize yield.

The hybrid crop recommendation system serves multiple stakeholders in agriculture.

Farmers can use it to identify the best crop for their specific soil composition and local
climate, reducing trial-and-error and optimizing yield. Agronomists and extension
officers can integrate the tool into advisory services, offering data-driven guidance to
rural communities. Agricultural cooperatives and supply chain managers benefit by
forecasting demand for seeds and fertilizers, aligning procurement with predicted crop
choices. Researchers can leverage the model as a baseline for developing enhanced
decision-support tools, adding features such as pest and disease risk assessment.
Finally, policymakers and NGOs can employ aggregated insights to plan regional
cropping patterns, promote sustainable land use, and improve food security initiatives.

20
 Model Precision Recall F1 Accur
Score acy
Random 99.375 99.3181 99.31 99.31
forest 8 94 818
Naïve 99.4155 99.3181 99.32 99.31
bayes 8 062 818
Support 97.68250 97.0454 97.01 97.04
Vetor 17 545
Machine
K- 97.2890 96.5909 96.54 96.59
Nearest 08 09
Neighbo
urs
Decision 98.9627 98.8636 98.87 98.86
tree 14 36
Hybrid 98.9627 98.8636 98.87 99.54
model 147 54

Table 4.2 Comparative Performance of Classification Models

The crop recommendation system is deployed as a responsive web application, hosted

on a cloud server with 24/7 uptime and auto-scaling to handle peak traffic. Users can
access it from any modern browser on desktop and mobile devices without additional
installations. The source code and API documentation are publicly available on
GitHub under an open-source license, enabling developers to self-host or extend
functionality. For low-connectivity regions, a lightweight progressive web app (PWA)
mode caches recent recommendations for offline use. The interface adheres to WCAG
2.1 guidelines—featuring high-contrast themes, keyboard navigation, and screen-
reader compatibility—and offers multilingual support (e.g., English, Hindi). Tooltips,
contextual help, and an SMS-based query option ensure inclusivity for users with
limited internet or technology access, maximizing reach among diverse farming
communities.

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 Fig 4.2 Correlation matrix

Upon receiving the processed input, the system presents a clear, multi-faceted
recommendation dashboard. At the top, the Recommended Crop is displayed in
large, bold text alongside an illustrative image. Directly beneath, a Confidence Score
(0–100%) quantifies prediction reliability. A concise Rationale paragraph highlights
key influencing factors (e.g., “High nitrogen and moderate rainfall favor maize”),
fostering transparency. Interactive Feature Importance bar charts allow users to
explore how each parameter contributed to the decision. For offline review or
integration, users can download a PDF report—including input data,
recommendation, confidence score, and visualizations—or retrieve a JSON payload
via API. The output layout is responsive, ensuring readability on desktop and mobile.
Error-handling messages guide users if the model cannot generate a suggestion (e.g.,
out-of-range inputs), maintaining robustness.

However, the presence of an incorrect entry like "Car" in the mixed crop suggestions
indicates that further refinement is necessary in some areas of the model. This issue
may arise from data inconsistencies or errors during feature engineering. Addressing
this will enhance the reliability of the mixed crop suggestions, making the system
more robust and user-friendly.

22
Overall, the system shows significant promise in aiding farmers with crop selection,
contributing to improved agricultural productivity and efficiency. Further validation
through field trials and continuous updates with new data will ensure that the system
remains accurate and relevant in various agricultural contexts.

Fig 4.3 Crop prediction

23
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
Conclusions

In conclusion, the project "Ideal Crop Suggestion For High Yield: A Hybrid Model
Using Random Forest and Naive Bayes Algorithms" stands as a pivotal advancement
in utilizing machine learning to enhance agricultural decision-making. By harnessing
data-driven insights, this initiative aims to empower farmers globally with actionable
information, promoting sustainable agricultural practices and bolstering food security
efforts. This endeavor showcases the effectiveness of combining Random Forest and
Naive Bayes algorithms to predict optimal crops based on diverse agricultural
parameters. Through rigorous data collection, preprocessing, and model training, the
project has demonstrated high accuracy in recommending crops suited to specific soil
conditions, climate variations, and geographical nuances.

Beyond its technical achievements, this project highlights technology's potential to

tackle pressing global issues in food production and resource management. By
providing farmers with precise recommendations, it encourages efficient use of
resources and mitigation of environmental impacts associated with agriculture.
Looking forward, ongoing research and collaboration are essential to refine the model
further and integrate it seamlessly into agricultural practices worldwide. Continued
innovation in machine learning and data analytics promises to enhance predictive
capabilities and expand the scope of applications, ultimately fostering sustainable
agricultural development on a broader scale.

In essence, "Ideal Crop Suggestion For High Yield" exemplifies how advanced
technologies can drive positive change in agriculture, offering scalable solutions to
meet the challenges of feeding a growing global population while promoting
environmental stewardship and economic viability for farmers.

24
Future Scope

The future scope for "Ideal Crop Suggestion For High Yield: A Hybrid Model Using Random
Forest and Naive Bayes Algorithms" presents several promising opportunities for
advancement. One major direction is enhancing model accuracy by continuously refining the
hybrid system with more comprehensive datasets and advanced machine learning techniques.
Incorporating ensemble methods, deep learning models, and real-time data streams could lead
to even more dynamic and accurate recommendations. Another significant area involves the
integration of IoT devices and sensor networks, which can provide real-time agricultural data
such as soil moisture levels and crop health indicators. This integration would enrich the
model’s input features and deliver more timely and precise insights for farmers, enabling them
to make proactive decisions. Expanding the model’s applicability to different geographic
regions and a broader range of crops is also crucial for global relevance. Tailoring the
model to account for local soil types, climatic conditions, and agricultural practices
will make it more versatile and effective. Additionally, the development of user-
friendly mobile and web applications can enhance accessibility, allowing farmers to
receive on-the-go recommendations, localized weather forecasts, and personalized
agricultural advice. Collaboration with agricultural research institutions, extension services,
and governmental agencies can further strengthen the model’s impact by facilitating its
integration into existing advisory systems and promoting adoption among farmers. Finally,
extending the model’s capabilities into predictive analytics can support proactive risk
management by forecasting crop disease outbreaks, market trends, and the effects of climate
change. This proactive approach would empower farmers to mitigate potential risks and
optimize their crop yields under a variety of conditions.

25
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