Principles of Addictions and the Law Applications in
Forensic, Mental Health, and Medical Practice
Visit the link below to download the full version of this book:
https://medipdf.com/product/principles-of-addictions-and-the-law-applications-in
-forensic-mental-health-and-medical-practice/
Click Download Now
Principles of Addictions
and the Law
Applications in Forensic, Mental Health, and
Medical Practice
Edited by
Norman S. Miller
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK
30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA
First edition 2010
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the
prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s
Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (⫹44) (0) 1865 843830; fax
(⫹44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively, visit the Science and
Technology Books website at www.elsevierdirect.com/rights for further information
Notice
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property
as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any meth-
ods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in
the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should
be made
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-12-496736-6
For information on all Academic Press publications
visit our website at www.elsevierdirect.com
Typeset by Macmillan Publishing Solutions
www.macmillansolutions.com
Printed and bound in United States of America
10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Contributors xv
Preface xvii
1. The Basic Legal Structure and Organization 1
Anna Baumgras
Introduction: Sources of Law 1
The Judicial Branch 2
Civil Law Versus Criminal Law 3
Criminal Law 4
Defenses to Crimes 4
Civil Law 6
Offenses Related to Addictions 7
Basic Constitutional Rights 9
The Bill of Rights 9
The Legislative Branch 11
Statutes Regulating Addictions 12
Conclusion 16
References 16
2. Addictions and the Law 17
Norman S. Miller and Sara Spratt
Mens Rea and Capacity 18
Definition and Relevance to Addictions 18
Legal Precedent 19
Addictive Disease 19
Intoxication and Addiction 19
Legal Precedent 20
Criminal Law 20
Insanity Defense 20
Legal Precedent 20
Criminal Competence 21
Civil Competence 21
Alcohol and Drug Use and Addiction as Risk Factors in
Crime and Criminal Intent 21
Civil Law in Selected Populations 22
Child Abuse and Custody 22
Sexual Offenders 23
Malingering 23
v
vi Contents
Corrections and Coerced Treatment 24
Goals of Treatment 24
Diversion 24
Prevalence of Alcohol and Drug Disorders during Incarceration 25
Prevalence of Suicide and Alcohol and Drug Disorders during
Incarceration 25
Legal Precedent 25
The Death Penalty and Addictions 26
Involuntary Hospitalization 26
Malpractice 26
Competence to Sign into an Institution 27
Informed Consent 27
Injury to a Third Party by Alcoholics and Drug Addicts 28
Adolescents and Juvenile Court and Addictions 29
Prevalence of Alcohol and Drug Use and Disorders in
Juvenile Populations 29
Legal Precedents 30
Forensic Pathology and Drug Testing 30
Forensic Pathology 30
Drug Testing 30
Medical Records 30
Rehabilitation Acts 31
Conclusion 31
References 32
3. Physician Practice of Addictions in Medical Practice 37
Norman S. Miller
Introduction 37
Clinical Prevalence 38
Prevalence of Alcohol and Drug Dependence in the General
Population 38
Prevalence of Multiple Drug Use and Dependence in
Treatment 38
Prevalence in the Medical Population 39
Prevalence in Family and Workplace Populations 39
Clinical Diagnosis 39
Risk Assessment by Physicians 40
Physical Examination and Laboratory Testing 40
Clinical Course and Pathophysiology 41
Clinical Comorbidity 41
Treatment of Medical Disorders Associated with Alcohol and
Drug Use and Addiction 41
Physician Intervention 41
Requirements of Physicians for Diagnosing and Treating
Addictive Disease 42
Abstinence-Based Method 43
Improving Treatment for Alcoholism 44
Contents vii
Why Physicians are Unprepared to Treat Drug- and Alcohol-
Related Disorders 45
Recommendations for Improving Education Training 46
Research Studies on Medical Education in the Area of
Addictive Medicine 47
Conclusion 49
References 49
4. Medical Licensure and Credentialing 55
Mark J. Greenwood and Maureen Beasley-Greenwood
Introduction 55
Peer Review 57
Immunity 57
Confidentiality 59
Physician Profile Databases 60
Medical Licensing Boards 64
Judicial Oversight 65
Federation of State Medical Boards 67
The Model Policy 67
Compulsory Reporting 67
Examination/Evaluation 68
Grounds for Action 68
Disciplinary Action against Licensees 68
Impaired Physicians 68
The Impaired Healthcare Professional 69
Identifying the Problem 69
Ethical Responsibility and Legal Risk 69
Confidentiality versus Disclosure 71
Physician Health Program (PHP) 72
References 72
5. Privacy within the First Decade of the Twenty-First Century 75
Roy G. Beran
Introduction 75
Codes of Conduct for Privacy 76
Patient Access to Medical Records 76
Electronic Health Records 77
Update from the Privacy Commissioner 78
Practice Audits 79
Conclusion 79
References 80
6. Bioethical Decisions, Substance Use and Addiction: The
Clinical Context 81
Sana Loue
Introduction 81
Substance Use, Addiction and Informed Consent 82
viii Contents
Pregnancy, Substance Use and Addiction 83
The Effects of Substance Use on the Fetus 83
Legal Responses to Maternal Substance Use during Pregnancy 85
Ethical Issues for the Healthcare Provider 86
Liver Transplantation 87
Treating Pain 89
Conclusion 92
References 92
7. Domestic Public Health Law 97
Lesley Stone and Susan C. Kim
Introduction 97
Controlled Substances 98
Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 98
Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Henry Anslinger 99
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 102
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 103
Prescription Drug User Fee Act of 1992 (PDUFA) 103
Federal Agency and Policy: Supply and Demand 105
Reducing the Supply of Illegal Drugs in the United States 105
The Other Side of the Coin: Reducing Demand for
Drugs in the United States 107
Conclusion 110
References 110
8. International Law, Public Health and Addiction 113
Peter J. Hammer
What is International Law? 114
International Law in the Field of Addiction 115
Addiction: The Perspective of Drug Control 115
International Organizations and the Infrastructure of Drug Control 119
Addiction: The Perspective of Public Health 121
Why is International Law Relevant to Addiction Practitioners? 124
Physicians and Scientists 125
Lawyers and Judges 126
Social Workers, Community Activists, Policymakers and Sufferers of
Addiction 130
Addiction and Human Rights 130
International Advocacy and the Framework Convention on Tobacco
Control 131
References 132
9. Medical Malpractice 135
Mark Cooney
Overview of Medical Malpractice Law 135
The Essential Elements 135
The Standard of Care: Duty and Breach 135
Contents ix
Application to Addiction Cases 136
Standard of Care and Breach 136
Causation of Damages 143
Experts 146
Informed Consent 146
Defenses 149
Comparative Negligence 149
Assumption of Risk 152
Statute of Limitations 154
References 156
10. Expert Witness in Civil and Criminal Testimony 159
Norman S. Miller
Expert Qualifications 159
Federal Rule of Evidence 702 159
Federal Rule of Evidence 703 160
Role of Experts 161
Duties of Experts 161
Mens Rea and Capacity 162
Expert Role in Criminal Cases 162
Medical Malpractice 163
Expert Role in Medical Malpractice Cases 163
Medical Experts 163
Admissibility of a Medical Expert 165
Damage Experts 165
Conclusion 166
References 166
11. Forensic Considerations in Blood Alcohol Evaluation 167
Werner U. Spitz
Introduction 167
Alcoholism 167
References 174
12. Pharmacological Drug Effects on Brain and Behavior 177
Richard A. Greer and Mark S. Gold
Introduction 177
Influence of Neurobiology and Neurotransmitters 178
Molecular Mechanisms and Neurobiological Consequences
of Drug and Alcohol Use 179
Performance-Enhancing Drugs 184
Conclusion 188
References 188
13. Forensic Toxicology 193
Michele L. Merves, Bruce A. Goldberger
Introduction 193
Postmortem Forensic Toxicology 194
x Contents
Human Performance Forensic Toxicology 195
Forensic Urine Drug Testing 195
Standard Operating Procedural Manual 196
Chain of Custody 196
Dual-Testing Philosophy 196
Sample Preparation 197
Liquid–Liquid Extraction 197
Solid–Phase Extraction 198
Detection Techniques 198
Immunoassay 198
Gas Chromatography 199
Liquid Chromatography 199
Mass Spectrometry 199
Method Validation 200
References 201
14. Forensic Psychiatry, Substance Use and Mental Illness 203
Joel M. Silberberg and Adair Crosley
Introduction 203
Epidemiology 203
Basic Legal Concepts and Statutes 205
Affirmative Defense Statutes 211
Inherent Conflict Between Free Will, Public Safety and the Disease
Concept and Substance Addiction 213
Free Will 213
Disease Concept 214
The Conflict between Free Will, Public Safety and the
Disease Model 214
Criminal and Civil Competence for the Addicted 216
Competence to Stand Trial 217
Civil Competencies 218
Treatment Issues for this Population in Different Clinical Settings 219
Clinical Assessment in Forensic Settings 219
Treatment in Forensic Settings 219
Civil Commitment 220
Correctional Settings, Diversion and Coerced Treatment,
Community Re-entry and Reintegration 221
Conclusion 223
References 223
15. Legal Rights of Fetuses and Young Children 229
Frank E. Vandervort
Introduction 229
Impact of Prenatal Drug Exposure on the Developing Fetus 230
Impact of Substance Abuse on Children 231
Need for and Access to Treatment 231
Rights of Fetuses Generally 232
Contents xi
Rights of Fetuses: Civil Child Protective Proceedings 234
Response to Report 235
Courts’ Responses to Child Protection Actions on
Behalf of Fetuses 236
Courts’ Responses to Substance Exposed Neonates 237
Other Civil Remedies 238
Public Health Approaches 239
Criminal Charges 240
Search and Seizure and Consent 241
Charges that Can be Sustained 242
Charges that Cannot be Sustained 244
Access to Substance Abuse Treatment Records 245
Access to Records and HIPAA 247
Conclusion 248
References 249
16. Criminal Populations and Substance Abuse 253
Roger H. Peters, John M. Ray and Janine Kremling
Introduction 253
Interventions for Substance Abuse in Correctional Facilities 254
Correctional Treatment Programs 254
Legal Standards for Substance Abuse Treatment in Correctional
Facilities 255
Judicial and Statutory Approaches to Substance Abuse 256
Civil Commitment for Substance Use Disorders 256
Drug Courts 257
State and Federal Drug Laws 259
Laws Regulating Drinking and Driving 261
Information Sharing Between the Justice and Treatment Systems 262
International Approaches to Criminal Populations and
Substance Abuse 264
Legal Foundations for Treatment Provided in Justice Settings 265
Points of Intervention for Offender Drug Treatment 266
Conclusion 269
References 270
17. Legal Authority, Medical Basis and Public Policy for
Controlling and Scheduling Controlled Substances 277
Norman S. Miller
Overview of Controlling and Scheduling Drugs and
Other Substances 277
Legal Authority to Control Substances: Standards and Schedules 278
Federal Rules and Regulations for Controlled Substances 278
State Statutes and Regulations for Controlled Substances 279
Drug Enforcement Administration and Food and Drug
Administration 280
xii Contents
Immediate Precursors 280
Temporary Scheduling to Avoid Imminent Hazards to Public Safety 280
Abuse Potential 281
Evaluation of Drugs and Other Substances 281
Factors Determinative of Control or Removal from Schedules 282
Legislative Intent for Potential for Abuse 283
Levels of Drug Control and Scheduling 284
Medical Basis for Potential of Abuse 287
FDA Role 287
Public Policy for Controlling and Scheduling Substances 288
References 290
18. Use of Addictive Medications and Drugs in Athletics 293
Woodburne O. Levy and Kavita Kalidas
Introduction 293
Historical Perspective 296
Overview 299
Factors Influencing Athletes Use of Substances 299
Performance-Enhancing Drugs 300
Anabolic Steroids 300
Central Nervous System Stimulants 305
Erythropoietin and Blood Doping 313
Alcohol 314
References 315
19. Class Action to Protect Against Discrimination
of Individuals with Alcohol and Drug Addictions 323
Norman S. Miller
Introduction 323
Class Action as a Thesis to Promote Change for Discriminated
Members 323
History of Mixed Success in Class Action Litigation for Addictions 324
Unfair and Lethal Discrimination against Classes of Addicted
Individuals Evident in Government Policy 325
Discriminatory Policies and Laws against Cigarette Smokers 325
Addiction 326
Addiction is a Disease Defined as a Medical Disorder and by
Legal Status 326
Addiction as a Medical Disease 327
Class Actions 327
Class Action Litigation is an Effective Strategy to Protect against
Discriminatory Policy and Laws 327
History of Tobacco Cases Demonstrate Powerful and Unethical
Forces against Traditional Litigation 328
Form a Discriminated Class of Harmed Individuals with Small
Claims to Make Class Tight and Class Action Superior 329
Public Support for a Class Consisting of Alcoholics and
Drug Addicts Suffering from a Disease 329
Contents xiii
Class Defined 330
Numerosity and Commonality: Prevalent Disorders 331
Define Damages and Fraud Where Individual Issues do
not Predominate and Class Action is Superior to Traditional
Litigation for a Discriminated Class 332
Core Legal Theories and Causality 332
Specific Areas of Class Action Litigation in Medically-
Related Cases 333
Liability for Fraudulent Marketing of Controlled Substances:
Litigation against Purdue Pharma 334
Class Certification Upheld 334
Class Certification Denied 335
Medical Monitoring of a Class 335
Class Action is Superior to Other Methods 335
Superiority of Class Action Frequently Determines
Success of Litigation 336
Superiority can be a Single Forum 337
Predominance Requirement Depends on Individual Issues
for Causes in Addiction 338
Individual Interests in Controlling Individual Suits in Mass
Tort Litigation 339
Common Knowledge Theory 339
Conclusions from Class Actions in Addiction 340
Legacies from Tobacco, Opiate Medications and Alcohol 340
The Road Less Traveled 341
References 341
Index 345
This page intentionally left blank
Contributors
Anna Baumgras (1), Midland, MI, USA
Maureen Beasley-Greenwood (4), Cherry Street Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
Roy G. Beran (5), South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales:
School of Medicine, Griffith University; and Strategic Health Evaluators, Chatswood,
NSW, Australia
Mark Cooney (9), Thomas M. Cooley Law School, Lansing, MI, USA
Adair Crosley (14), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Mark S. Gold (12), School of Law Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida
College of Medicine & McKnight Brain Institute, Depts of Psychiatry, Neuroscience,
Anesthesiology, Community Health & Family Medicine, Gainsville, FL, USA
Bruce A. Goldberger (13), Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory
Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
Mark J. Greenwood (4), Aero Med Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
Richard A. Greer (12), Division of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Florida, College
of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Gainsville, FL, USA
Peter J. Hammer (8), Wayne State University Law School, Detroit, MI, USA
Kavita Kalidas (18), Headache Fellow, Department of Neurology, University of South
Florida College of Medicine, FL, USA
Susan C. Kim (7), O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown
University, Washington, DC, USA
Janine Kremling (16), Department of Criminal Justice, California State University at
San Bernardino, CA, USA
Woodburne O. Levy (18), Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences,
University of South Florida College of Medicine, James A Haley Veteran Affairs
Medical Center, Tampa, FL, USA
Sana Loue (6), Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of
Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cleveland, OH, USA
Michele L. Merves (13), Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory
Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
Norman S. Miller (2, 3, 10, 17, 19), Department of Medicine, College of Human
Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
Roger H. Peters (16), Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, Louis de la Parte,
Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida, FL, USA
John M. Ray (16), Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, FL, USA
Joel M. Silberberg (14), Division of Psychiatry and Law, Feinberg School of Medicine,
Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Werner U. Spitz (11), Wayne State University School of Medicine, University of
Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Sara Spratt (2), Private Practice, Chicago, IL, USA
Lesley Stone (7), Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, Washington, DC,
USA
Frank E. Vandervort (15), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
xv
