Ericsson

microwave transport neTWORK

hALLA hasheesh
28 OCTOBER 2010
INDEX
› INTRODUCTION ABOUT TRANSPORT NETWORKS
› MICROWAVE TRANSPORT DESIGN
› TEMS – MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL
› ERICSSON MICROWAVE MINI-LINK PORTFOLIO
› ERICSSON MINI-LINK TN
› ERICSSON MARCONI LH

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

TRANSPORT NETWORKS

iNTRODUCTION
What is a transport network?
› Transport Network
– The network that carries
communication & information signals
from one place to another
BSC/RNC

MOBILE TRANSPORT
FROM HOP TO NETWORK

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

TRANSport NEtwork TYPES

WHAT TYPE TO USE TO

TRANSMIT TRAFFIC?

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Microwave TRANSPORT
Microwave transport
› WHY MICROWAVE?
› MICROWAVE PATH PLANNING CRITERIA
› MICROWAVE PROPAGATION

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Why Microwave?

MICROWAVE - Capacities for LTE MORE THAN 60% of all mobile

and beyond traffice connected via Microwave

Be First, Profitable & Future Proof – Lowest Capacity Costs with

Use Microwave Microwave

Most competitive choice for

Flexible and speedy network roll out
capacities up to 1 Gbps

Recuced investments & operational 50 % lower opex compared to leased

costs fiber

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Mobile backhaul costs 2010

› Lowest capacity costs with

Microwave

› 50 % lower OPEX with

Microwave compared to
leased Fiber

Mobile backhaul costs 2010

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Microwave Path Planning

Planning Criteria
Microwave Path Planning

Careful path planning is necessary to ensure high performance and availability

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

BEFORE Designing a MICROWAVE Link...

At what data rate must we send? How high must the antenna be?

How big must the antenna be? What power level will we receive?

How big are the losses? What frequency will we use?

How good will the performance be? What should the transmit power be?

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Microwave Path Planning CRITERIA
› Topographical Feasibility › Frequency Planning
– Survey – Frequency Pattern
– Path Profile – Channel Allocation
– K-factor – Interference
– Antenna heights – Antenna Type

› Performance & Availability

– Quality
– Availability
– Radio System Configuration

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Microwave Propagation

oVERVIEW
Topographical Feasibility
MICROWAVE PATH
Fresnel Zone

Fz

Clearance in excess of the

Earth Bulge & Obstacle h
Height

Antenna Height
Obstacle Height

Earth Bulge
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010
Propagation Path Types
› Critical Path
– Hops over this terrain require space diversity to cope with severe multipath propagation
› High reflective flat surfaces
› Water Bodies (like lakes, big rivers, open sea), Salt lakes
› Paddy fields
› Deserts, especially when the desert meets the sea

› Uncritical Path
– Hops over this terrain can reach very long distances
› Rough surfaces with vegetation and/or construction
› Hilly terrain in continental temperate climates
› Very rough and mountainous terrain with dry climates

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

 Path profile
350

340

330

320

310

300
Elevation (m)

290

280

270

260

250

240

230

220
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
P a th l e n g th ( 3 2 .7 1 km )
R U M O D A U D A F r e q u e n c y ( M H z ) = 7 5 0 0 .0 J IB E R U
L a titu d e 0 9 4 6 0 5 .9 9 N K = 1 .3 3 L a ti tu d e 0 9 3 0 0 5 .0 0 N
L o n g i tu d e 0 1 2 4 2 3 2 .0 0 E % F 1 = 1 0 0 .0 0 , 6 0 .0 0 L o n g i tu d e 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 .0 2 E
A z im u th 2 0 5 .5 2 ° A z im u th 2 5 .4 9 °
E l e va ti o n 234 m A S L E le va ti o n 231 m A S L
A n te n n a C L 1 0 0 .0 , 9 0 .0 m A G L A n te n n a C L 1 0 0 .0 , 9 0 .0 m A G L

A pr 08 04

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Earth bulge
› Earth bulge due to spherical earth
– Earth bulge [m] =hop length [km]²/51
– Depends on hop length
› can be neglected for hops < 5-10km only
(typically for high frequencies > 20GHz)
› Modification of real Earth radius by
effective Earth radius factor k
› k = 1.33 for standard atmosphere
› Effective Earth radius = real Earth radius * k

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Fresnel zone
› Fresnel Zone
– When a microwave signal is sent it travels
from the transmit end to the receive end
the signals take the form of an ellipsoid
– The size of the ellipsoid is biggest at the
center of the LOS
› Any obstruction in the Fresnel Zone
will reflect the signal and distort the
main signal
› The height of the LOS should be high
enough to not permit any obstructions
to enter the Fresnel Zone

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

PERformance & AVailability
SIGNAL FADING
› Fading can occur due to › Types of Fading are
– Refractions – Multi-path Fading
– Reflections – Frequency Selective Fading
– Atmospheric Anomalies. – Rain Fading

The phenomenon of the attenuation of a signal due to atmospheric and

propagation conditions is called fading

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Multi-path Fading

Transmitter

Direct Beam
Receiver

Reflected
Beam

Space Diversity Radio Configuration is used to counter Multi-path Fading

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Frequency Selective Fading
› Due to Atmospheric anomalies
different frequencies undergo different
attenuation levels
› The occurrence of frequency selective
fading is sporadic and not a regular
occurrence

Frequency Diversity Radio Configuration is used to counter Frequency Selective Fading

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

RAIN Fading
Rain fading is the attenuation caused to the signals due to water droplets

› Rain fading occurs at frequencies above 10 GHz only

› Horizontal Polarization is more prone to Rain Fades as the wavelength
matches the size of the droplet
› Rain fading is the main limiting factor above frequencies of 38GHz

Space Diversity Radio Configuration is used to counter Rain Fading

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

FREE SPACE LOSS
› FSL=92.4+20 log10(f)+20 log10(d)
– FSL is in dB
– f is frequency in GHz
– d is distance in Km

› The FSL has to be compensated for

by increasing the ERP of the
transmitter so as to have adequate
signal at the receiver

FSL is the attenuation caused to the signal as it travels through free space

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

LINK BUDGET
› Prx = Ptx+ Gtx+ Grx- FSL
– Prx is the power received
– Ptx is the transmitted power
– Gtx is Gain of transmit Antenna
– Grx is Gain of receive Antenna
– FSL is free space loss.
› Fade Margin = Prx - Receiver Sensitivity (@BER 10-6)
› Receiver Sensitivity
– It is the minimum quantity of the received signal that must be available at the
demodulator for it to demodulate the signal in a stable manner

The Link Budget is the sum of all the losses and the gains in a system

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Availability
› Availability is the % quantity of time the system is functioning normally

› Availability is the measure of system reliability

› It takes into account the total time the system is unavailable due to the
atmospheric conditions and due to hardware failures

› An outage > 10 consecutive seconds is defined as Unavailability

› System becomes unavailable for following reasons

– Person made fault
– Unavoidable or non-person made fault like hardware failure
– Due to Atmospheric conditions

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

PERFORMANCE (Quality)
› Error Performance
– We refer to error performance when outage < 10 consecutive seconds
– mainly caused by multipath propagation
– can only be calculated whilst hop availability
– Objectives for Errored seconds ratio ESR, severely errored seconds
ratio (SESR) defined in ITU-R F.1668

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Radio system configuration
› 1+0 Configuration
– No Protection in case of
link failure

Radio Terminal configured as 1+0

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Radio system configuration
› Hot Standby
– One radio channel
– One active transmitter
– Two receivers
– One receiver selected as active
› Working Standby:
– Two radio channels
– Two active transmitters
– Two receivers
– One receiver selected as active
– Frequency diversity

Radio Terminal configured with protection (1+1)

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Radio system configuration
› Hot Standby
– One frequency
– One active transmitter
– Two receivers
– One receiver selected as active
› With two receiver antennas
we have space diversity

Radio Terminal configured as 1+1 Hot Standby with space diversity

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Frequency planning
Antenna characteristics
› We use parabolic antennas › Polarization
– High directivity – Vertical and horizontal polarization
– Good performances › Different polarizations are used to reduce
– Easy installation interference between neighboring paths
– Reliable construction that are using the same or adjacent
frequencies
› Antenna Types: › Both H and V polarizations are used to
– Standard allow frequency channels reuse taking
– High Performance advantage of the polarization
› Reduced side lobes to reduce discrimination of the antennas
the risk of interference between › G=17.5+20 log 10(f)+20 log 10(d)
close by paths – G=antenna gain, d = diameter, f = frequency

The antenna is a device which converts the electrical signal into

the electromagnetic waves that propagate through free space
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010
Channel Spacing and Bandwidth

2x2 Mbit/s – QPSK (3.5 MHz)

8X2 Mbit/s – 16 QAM (7 MHz)

17X2 Mbit/s – 16 QAM (14 MHz)

32X2 Mbit/s 16 QAM (28 MHz)

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Modulation techniques
› Each symbol is represented by a
combination of carrier phase and
amplitude

› Low modulation order:

– long hops, good resistance to disturbances
– fairly uncomplicated technique

› High modulation order:

– high traffic capacity per bandwidth/channel
spacing

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Interference
› Far Interference in Microwave Networks
– An interfering signal originates from a transmitter
other than the one generating the carrier
– The presence of interfering signal(s) will degrade
the threshold level of the receiver and thereby
degrade the fading margin
– An interfering signal can be the same or an
adjacent frequency to the wanted signal, the
carrier

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

SUBBAND allocation
› TX frequency of one end must be same
of RX frequency of the other end to
maintain the duplex distance

› Frequency range between TX and RX

frequency is called duplex distance

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

High/low violation

High/Low violation must be avoided during frequency planning

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

FAR INTERFERENCE EXAMPLES

ANTENNA POLARIZATION

CO-POLARIZATION
INTERFERENCE

CROSS-POLARIZATION
INTERFERENCE

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

TEMS Link Planner

path planning Tool

TEMS Link Planner
› TEMS Link Planner is an advanced
design tool dedicated for microwave
transmission link planning, for both
Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint
networks
› By using this TEMS Link Planner,
transmission engineers can plan a
cost effective network that meets the
desired quality and availability
targets

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Planning a link with TEMS

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Ericsson mini-link portfolio

overview
Product PORTFOLIO - MINI Link
Mini-link TN Mini-link CN
A modular solution Compact solutions
for evolving networks for microwave & fiber
transport

All-outdoor Mini-link LH
Common outdoor units
solutions THE ethernet trunk radio
Radio and antenna

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Ericsson mini-link TN

Product overview
Ericsson Mini-link TN
› OUTDOOR UNITS
› INDOOR UNITS AND PLUG-IN UNITS
› ACCESSORIES
› FUNCTIONALITIES

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Ericsson mini-link TN

Outdoor units
High Power RadioS
Enhanced performance on
transmission powers

Increased hop length

All modulation schemes

Increased capacity due to higher

modulation

Compact Radio Case

Easier and quicker installation

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

MINI-LINK Radio Frequencies

FREQUENCIES FROM
6 GHZ UP TO 70/80 GHZ
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010
MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

Integrated installation - Reduced cost

No flexible waveguide losses

Reduced output power

Robust
Reduced maintenance costs

Single or Dual polarized antennas

Perfect in combination with XPIC

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

MINI-LINK TN Radio Frequencies

DISH SIZES FROM FREQUENCIES FROM

0.2M UP 4.6M 6 GHZ UP TO 70/80 GHZ

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Ericsson mini-link TN

Indoor units and plug-in units

Mini-link TN Indoor units
Access module magazines

PDH bus, with traffic cross connect

capabilities

Separate High speed buses for SDH

& Ethernet

Separate control bus

Separate power capable of

redundancy

Separated PDH, SDH, Ethernet and

ATM traffic

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

MINI-LINK TN plug-in units
Node Processor Unit (NPU)

› Mandatory plug-in card

NPU1 B

› Centralized node processor:

– OSPF router for DCN network NPU1 C
– SNMP Master Agent
– Configuration data stored in RMM
– USB port for LCT connection
– DCN Connection NPU3

NPU3 B

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

 Mini-link TN PLUG-IN units
MODEM Units (MMU’s)
C-QPSK 16 QAM C-QPSK 4 QAM 16 QAM 64 QAM 128 QAM 256 QAM 512 QAM 16/64/128 QAM

2x2 - 17x2 8x2 - 32x2 Mbps 8-33 10 – 93 20 – 180 30 - 285 Mbps 35 – 326 75 - 369 95 - 405 155 Mbps
Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps

PDH modems Native

Ethernet andEthernet and Native PDH modems
PDH modems SDH modems

MMU2 B MMU2 D MMU2 E

MMU2 H MMU2 F
MMU2 C
with XPIC and Adaptive Modulation With XPIC

› Capacity and modulation agile modems

optimized for Ethernet, PDH & SDH transport

› MINI-LINK TN handles Ethernet over any of these modems

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Ericsson mini-link TN

accessories
Accessories
Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP’s)
Ethernet SFP’s
› Electrical SFP
– 10/100/1000BASE-T
› Optical GE SFP
– 1000BASE-LX Singlemode 1310 nm
– 1000BASE-ZX Singlemode 1550 nm
– 1000BASE-X CWDM Singlemode 1471-1611 nm
– 1000BASE-SX Multimode 850 nm
– 1000BASE-BX U & D Single fiber

SDH SFP’s
› Electrical
– STM-1 S.1E
› Optical
– STM-1 S.1.1 1310 nm

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Accessories
› Interface panels
– 120 Ohm/DSUB
– 75 Ohm/SMZ
– 75 Ohm/BNC
› 4xE1-16xE1
› Suitable for all indoor units
› Can be combined with Site LAN Hub for DCN

› Pre-fabricated cables
– Wide range of pre-fabricated cables
– Cables with one open end, for easy way to
connect to existing patch panels on site
› 120 Ohm Sofix
› RJ-45
– Cables for direct connection to RBS 6000

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Ericsson mini-link TN

functionalities
High performance Radio Link
› Ethernet:
– Up to 1 Gbps*
› Over one antenna and one frequency channel using XPIC
– Up to 500 Mbps*
› Over one radio

› PDH:
– Up to 2 x 80 E1s
› Over one antenna and one frequency channel using XPIC
› SDH:
– Up to 2 STM1s
› Over one antenna and one frequency channel using XPIC

* the stated Ethernet capacity figure is based on maximum line interface capacity

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Advanced Integrated Traffic Handling
› ATM › PDH
– Capacities: – Traffic cross connect on E1 level
› 96 E1’s
› 16 ATM interfaces
› SDH
– Traffic aggregation:
– Cross connect on VC4, VC3 and VC12 level
› Policing
– SDH ring with ADM of 21xE1
› VP/VC cross connect
› Shaping

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Advanced Integrated Traffic Handling

› Ethernet:
– Integrated non blocking Ethernet L2 switch:
› VLAN switching (Q bridge)
› Provider bridge
– L1 Radio link bonding

› QoS with Priority Queuing

– 8 priority levels
– QoS for Ethernet, IP and MPLS
– Carrier Grade QoS, with Policing, SP, WFQ &
WRED

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Extensive protection for carrier class
equipment

› Highly reliable system architecture › Microwave propagation protection

– Separate traffic and control system – Hitless Hot/Working standby
(1+1 protection)
– Hot swap
– Minimized need for cabling and
interfaces

› Equipment and line protection › Network protection

– Redundant plug-in boards – SNCP
– Redundant power – RSTP
– MSTP
– Redundant buses
– Microwave 1+1 protection
– SDH protection

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

WHY Ericsson & MINI-LINK?

Ericsson - The market leader Handling the IP network evolution

Reliable Partner with Technology Network cost saver

edge Easy capacity upgrades

Market leading on High Capacity

Integrated Ethernet switching
Microwave

Speed to Revenue Cost-effective Capacity

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

MArconi LH

Product OVerview
MARCONI LH

MARCONI LH Equipment

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

Marconi LH Radio Frequencies

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

WHY ERICSSON & MARCONI LH?

Long hop lengths due to high Market leading reliability

system gain & Diversity No single point of failure

Highest transmission capacity End to end service portfolio –

Best in class spectrum efficiency from planning to operation

No restriction in the channel

Minimized spare-part handling
arrangement

Less investment and operating costs Best in class low power

small footprint consumption

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

MArconi LH - Typical Applications
Backhaul and high capacity networks
› Mobile and fixed backhaul
– Used for the Metro network
– Connecting the access transport network to the Core network
› TV Broadcasting
– Used for broadcasting backhaul
– Complete Digital Terrestrial TV distribution solution available from Ericsson
› Communication networks
– Internal communications, video surveillance and control data
– For utility, defense, transportation industries
› Fiber Complement and Backup

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

WinFF – Marconi LH Planning Tool

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010

© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson External | Date 18-10-2010