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FR Notes

The document provides an overview of the frequency response of Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) discrete-time systems, explaining how such systems respond to sinusoidal inputs at various frequencies. It defines the frequency response using the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform and discusses key concepts such as sinusoidal steady-state response, periodicity, symmetry, and the relationship to system functions. Additionally, it suggests resources for finding detailed notes on frequency response in PDF format, including textbooks and university course materials.

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13 views2 pages

FR Notes

The document provides an overview of the frequency response of Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) discrete-time systems, explaining how such systems respond to sinusoidal inputs at various frequencies. It defines the frequency response using the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform and discusses key concepts such as sinusoidal steady-state response, periodicity, symmetry, and the relationship to system functions. Additionally, it suggests resources for finding detailed notes on frequency response in PDF format, including textbooks and university course materials.

Uploaded by

vishalsachdeva2809
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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You're likely asking for notes on Frequency Response (FR) in the context of signals and

systems, particularly discrete-time systems.

As I can't directly provide a PDF, I can give you a summary of the key concepts related to
frequency response and guide you on where to find more detailed notes in PDF format.

Frequency Response of Discrete-Time Systems

The frequency response of a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) discrete-time system describes how
the system responds to different sinusoidal input signals at various frequencies. It's a crucial
concept for understanding how a system modifies the frequency content of a signal passing
through it.

If an LTI system has an impulse response h[n], its frequency response H(ejω) is defined as
the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) of the impulse response:

H(ejω)=n=−∞∑∞h[n]e−jωn

The frequency response H(ejω) is generally a complex-valued function of the frequency ω


and can be expressed in polar form as:

H(ejω)=∣H(ejω)∣ej∠H(ejω)

where:

• ∣H(ejω)∣ is the magnitude response, which indicates the gain of the system at
different frequencies. It tells us how much the amplitude of an input sinusoid at
frequency ω is scaled by the system.

• ∠H(ejω) is the phase response, which indicates the phase shift introduced by the
system at different frequencies. It tells us how much the phase of an input sinusoid
at frequency ω is shifted by the system.

Key Concepts Related to Frequency Response:

• Sinusoidal Steady-State Response: When a stable LTI system is excited by a


sinusoidal input x[n]=Acos(ω0n+ϕ), the steady-state output yss[n] will also be a
sinusoid at the same frequency ω0, but with a modified amplitude and phase:

yss[n]=A∣H(ejω0)∣cos(ω0n+ϕ+∠H(ejω0))

• Periodicity: The frequency response H(ejω) is periodic with a period of 2π, i.e.,
H(ejω)=H(ej(ω+2πk)) for any integer k. This is due to the periodicity of the complex
exponential e−jωn.

• Symmetry: If the impulse response h[n] is real, then the magnitude response
∣H(ejω)∣ is an even function of ω, and the phase response ∠H(ejω) is an odd function
of ω.
• Relationship to System Function (Z-Transform): For a system with a rational system
function H(z), the frequency response can be obtained by evaluating H(z) on the unit
circle in the z-plane, i.e., H(ejω)=H(z)∣z=ejω. This provides a powerful tool for
analyzing the frequency response from the system's poles and zeros.

• Graphical Interpretation from Pole-Zero Plots: The magnitude and phase response
can be qualitatively understood by examining the locations of the poles and zeros of
H(z) in the z-plane relative to the unit circle.

Where to Find Detailed Notes on Frequency Response (in PDF form):

You can find comprehensive notes on frequency response in the following types of
resources:

1. Discrete-Time Signal Processing Textbooks: Look for chapters specifically covering


the frequency response of LTI systems. The textbooks by Oppenheim, Schafer, and
Buck, Proakis and Manolakis, and others will have detailed explanations and
examples. Search online for these books with keywords like "frequency response
chapter pdf."

2. University Course Notes and Lecture Slides: Search for phrases like "discrete-time
systems frequency response lecture notes pdf" or "[University Name] digital signal
processing frequency response pdf." University websites and online learning
platforms may host such materials.

3. Open Educational Resources (OER): Explore resources like MIT OpenCourseware,


Coursera (audit option), and edX for courses on signals and systems or digital signal
processing. They often provide lecture notes, transcripts, or supplementary
materials.

Search Tips:

• Use specific keywords like "frequency response of LTI systems notes PDF,"
"magnitude and phase response PDF," or "system function to frequency response
PDF."

• If you are studying a particular type of system (e.g., FIR or IIR filters), you can include
those terms in your search.

By using these search strategies, you should be able to locate detailed notes on the
frequency response of discrete-time systems in PDF format. Let me know if you have any
more questions about this topi

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