Definition of cloud computing,characteristics of cloud computing,Cloud Models:service

Models,deployment Models,cloud services examples:laas: amazon EC2, google compute

engine, Azure VMs ,PaaS: google app engine,SaaS: Salesforce
Cloud-based Services & Applications: cloud computing for Healthcare,cloud computing
for energy systems ,cloud computing for transportation systems ,cloud computing for
manufacturing industry ,cloud computing for government.,cloud computing for
education,cloud computing for mobile communication
1.1 Introduction
Cloud computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves delivering applications and
services over the internet. While many foundational technologies of cloud computing have existed
for a long time, the paradigm itself enables provisioning of computing, networking, and storage
resources on demand. These resources are provided to users as metered services under a "pay-as-
you-go" model.
In this chapter, you will explore the various deployment models, service models, characteristics,
driving factors, and challenges associated with cloud computing.

1.1.1 Definition of Cloud Computing

Definition:
Cloud computing is a technology model that enables on-demand delivery of computing resources—
such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and applications—over the internet.
These resources are delivered as services and can be accessed anytime, anywhere, without requiring
direct active management by the user.
1.2 Characteristics of Cloud Computing
five essential characteristics of cloud computing:
1. On-Demand Self-Service
o Users can provision cloud computing resources on demand without interacting with
the cloud service provider.
o Resource provisioning is fully automated.
2. Broad Network Access
 o Cloud resources can be accessed over a network using standard mechanisms.
o These mechanisms support platform-independent access from heterogeneous
devices like workstations, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
3. Resource Pooling
o Cloud service providers pool computing and storage resources to serve multiple
users through multi-tenancy.
o Users are allocated virtual resources, which run on top of the shared physical
hardware.
o Virtualization approaches include full virtualization, para-virtualization, and
hardware virtualization (explored in Chapter 2).
4. Rapid Elasticity
o Cloud resources can be rapidly provisioned and scaled up or down based on demand.
o Two types of scaling options are:
 Horizontal Scaling (Scaling Out): Adding additional server resources.
 Vertical Scaling (Scaling Up): Increasing the capacity of existing server
resources while keeping the servers resources constant.
5. Measured Service
Cloud computing resources are provided to users on a pay-per-use model. The usage of the
cloud resources is measured, and the user is charged based on some specific metric. Metrics
such as the amount of CPU cycles used, amount of storage space used, number of network
I/O requests, etc., are used to calculate the usage charges for the cloud resources.
o Resource usage is tracked, metered, and billed according to specific metrics, such as
CPU cycles consumed, storage utilized, and network bandwidth used.
6. Performance
Cloud computing provides improved performance for applications since the resources
available to the applications can be scaled up or down based on the dynamic application
workloads.
7. Reduced Costs
Cloud computing provides cost benefits for applications as only as much computing and
storage resources as required can be provisioned dynamically, and upfront investment in the
purchase of computing assets to cover worst-case requirements is avoided. This saves
significant cost for organizations and individuals. Applications can experience large variations
in workloads due to seasonal or other factors. For example, e-commerce applications
typically experience higher workloads in holiday seasons. To ensure market readiness of such
applications, adequate resources need to be provisioned so that the applications can meet
the demands of specified workload levels and ensure that service level agreements are met.
8. Outsourced Management
Cloud computing allows users to delegate IT infrastructure management to external providers.
Benefits include:
 Reduced capital expenditures on hardware and maintenance
 Operational cost savings, paying only for resources consumed
9. Reliability
Professionally managed cloud infrastructures enhance application reliability. Cloud providers
often guarantee high availability through Service Level Agreements (SLAs), such as 99.99%
uptime. This level of reliability may be costly to achieve with in-house infrastructure
10. Multi-Tenancy
Applications deployed in cloud computing environments, such as financial, retail, and social
networking applications, often operate as multi-tenanted systems. Multi-tenancy can take
two distinct forms:
i. Virtual Multi-Tenancy
o Computing and storage resources are shared among multiple users.
o Multiple tenants are served by virtual machines (VMs) that run concurrently on the
same computing and storage resources.

2. Organic Multi-Tenancy
o Every component of the system architecture, including hardware, operating systems,
databases, application servers, and load balancers, is shared among multiple tenants.
o Organic multi-tenancy exists when multi-tenant design patterns are explicitly coded
into the application.

1.3 Cloud Models

1.3.1 Service Models
Cloud computing services are categorized into three primary service models
1.Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
Definition: Provides users with the ability to provision computing and storage resources as
virtual machine instances and virtual storage.
Capabilities: Users can start, stop, configure, and manage these resources while deploying
operating systems and applications of their choice.
Management: The cloud service provider manages the underlying infrastructure.
Billing: Resources are billed based on usage, such as the number of virtual machine hours
and the amount of storage provisioned.
2 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
Definition: Offers tools, APIs, software libraries, and services for users to develop and deploy
applications in the cloud.
Capabilities: Users are responsible for developing, deploying, configuring, and managing
their applications.
Management: The provider manages the infrastructure, including servers, networks,
operating systems, and storage.
3 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
 Definition: Delivers complete software applications or user interfaces directly to the users.
Capabilities: Users interact with the application through a thin client interface (e.g., a
browser). SaaS applications are platform-independent, accessible from a variety of devices
such as workstations, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
Management: The provider manages the infrastructure, application software, and user data.
Users are abstracted from the complexities of the underlying architecture.
Key Benefits: Accessibility from anywhere, seamless integration across devices, and
simplified user interaction.

Figure 1.1: Illustrates the cloud computing service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS).

Figure 1.2: Lists the benefits, characteristics, and adoption details of IaaS, PaaS, and Saa
Difference between IAAS, PAAS and SAAS

Basis Of IAAS PAAS SAAS

Infrastructure as a
Platform as a service. Software as a service.
Stands for service.

Uses IAAS is used by PAAS is used by SAAS is used by the end

Basis Of IAAS PAAS SAAS

network architects. developers. user.

PAAS gives access to run

IAAS gives access to
time environment to
the resources like SAAS gives access to the
deployment and
virtual machines and end user.
development tools for
virtual storage.
Access application.

It is a service model It is a cloud computing

It is a service model in
that provides model that delivers
cloud computing that
virtualized computing tools that are used for
hosts software to make
resources over the the development of
it available to clients.
Model internet. applications.

There is no requirement
Some knowledge is
It requires technical about technicalities
required for the basic
Technical knowledge. company handles
setup.
understanding. everything.

It is popular among
It is popular among
It is popular among consumers and
developers who focus
developers and companies, such as file
on the development of
researchers. sharing, email, and
apps and scripts.
Popularity networking.

Used by the skilled Used by mid-level

Used among the users of
developer to develop developers to build
entertainment.
Usage unique applications. applications.

MS Office web,
Amazon Web Services, Facebook, and Google
Facebook and Google
sun, vCloud Express. search engine.
Cloud services. Apps.

Outsourced
Salesforce Force.com, Gigaspaces. AWS, Terremark
cloud services.

1.3.2 cloud deployment modules

1. Public Cloud

 Characteristics:
o Services are available to the general public or multiple organizations.
o Resources are shared among various users (e.g., individuals, enterprises,
governments).
o Operated by a third-party provider.
 Use Case: Ideal for development, testing, and hosting applications with large workloads
without upfront IT investments.

2. Private Cloud

 Characteristics:
o Exclusive to a single organization.
o Can be located on-premises or off-premises.
o Managed internally or by a third party.
 Use Case: Suitable for organizations requiring tight security and control over their data.

3. Hybrid Cloud

 Characteristics:
o Combines public and private clouds, retaining unique identities.
o Facilitates data and application portability using standardized or proprietary
technologies.
 Use Case: Best for organizations that need secure private hosting for critical applications
while leveraging public clouds for cost efficiency.

4. Community Cloud

 Characteristics:
o Shared by several organizations with similar policies, compliance, and operational
requirements.
 Use Case: Fits industries or organizations with shared goals, such as government agencies or
research institutions.
 best suited for organizations that want access to the same applications and data, and want
the cloud costs to be shared with the larger group.
 Figures 1.3 cloud deployment models.

1.4 Cloud Services Examples

1.4.1 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):

1. Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2):

 2. Google Compute Engine (GCE):
3. Azure Virtual Machines:

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provides fundamental cloud-based resources such as virtual

machines, storage, and networking. It allows users to manage computing resources without
the need to purchase physical hardware. Examples of popular IaaS services include Amazon
EC2, Google Compute Engine, and Azure Virtual Machines (VMs).

1.Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2):

Amazon EC2 is a widely used IaaS solution offered by Amazon Web Services (AWS). It
provides scalable computing capacity in the form of virtual machines known as instances,
which are launched in Amazon's cloud environment.

Scalability and Flexibility:

Amazon EC2 enables users to launch and terminate instances on demand. Instances can be
scaled up or down dynamically to meet workload requirements. Pre-configured templates,
known as Amazon Machine Images (AMIs), simplify the setup process and allow
customization based on specific needs.

Instance Types:
A wide range of instance types is available, tailored for different use cases. Examples include:

1. Standard instances for general workloads.

2. High-memory and high-CPU instances for performance-intensive applications.
3. Specialized instances such as GPU-based or high I/O for advanced tasks

Pricing Models:

1. On-Demand Instances: Pay only for the compute capacity used, ideal for short-term
needs.
2. Reserved Instances: Lower cost with an upfront payment, suitable for predictable
workloads.
3. Spot Instances: Provides access to unused EC2 capacity at a discounted price by
bidding, suitable for flexible, non-critical applications.

Management and Monitoring:

Users can manage instances through a simple web interface, enabling network configuration,
monitoring, and resource adjustments as needed. This ensures ease of use and efficient
resource utilization.

Applications:

 Hosting web applications and services.

 Development and testing environments.
 High-performance computing (HPC) tasks, such as scientific simulations and big data analysis.

2. Google Compute Engine (GCE):

   Description: An IaaS offering from Google Cloud that allows users to deploy and manage
virtual machines globally.
 Features:
o A range of machine types from small instances (1 virtual core, 1.38 GCE units, 1.7GB
memory) to high-memory setups (8 virtual cores, 22 GCE units, 52GB memory).
o Seamless integration with other Google Cloud services.
 Use Cases: High-performance computing, data analysis, and running scalable web
applications.

3.Azure Virtual Machines:

  Description: A customizable virtual machine service by Microsoft Azure, supporting

Windows and Linux environments.
 Features:
o Configurations range from basic (1 virtual core, 1.75GB memory) to memory-
intensive (8 virtual cores, 56GB memory).
o Enterprise-grade security and hybrid cloud integrations.
 Use Cases: Enterprise applications, database hosting, and hybrid cloud solutions.

Fig:Amazon EC2 dashboard

PaaS: google app engine

A Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) offering by Google for hosting and scaling web applications on
Google's infrastructure.

Key Features:

1. Automatic Scaling: Dynamically adjusts computing instances based on application

load.
 2. Multi-Language Support: Supports Python, Java (with Java Servlets), Go, and more.
3. Secure Sandbox: Applications run in isolated sandboxes for security and scalability.
4. Built-in Load Balancing: Distributes web requests across multiple servers seamlessly.

Pricing Model:

1. Free tier with limits on resources like bandwidth and storage.

2. Pay-as-you-go for additional resource usage (e.g., instance hours, storage, bandwidth)

Benefits:

1. Provides a Software Development Kit (SDK) for local development and testing.
2. Applications can be deployed to GAE with a simple upload process
3. Scalable, reliable, and cost-efficient.
4. Eliminates the need to manage infrastructure, enabling focus on development.

Use Cases

 Hosting and scaling web applications, including APIs and websites.

 Developing mobile and IoT backends with real-time data processing.
 Building machine learning applications and deploying AI models.

features, developers can choose from a variety of supported programming languages,

including Python, Java, PHP, and Go, among others. This flexibility allows developers to
work in the language they are most comfortable with.
3 Saas: Salesforce

Overview:Salesforce is a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) platform offering cloud-

based solutions for customer relationship management (CRM), service management,
and marketing.

Key Products:

1. Sales Cloud: CRM software for managing customer profiles, tracking opportunities,
optimizing campaigns, and monitoring sales performance.
2. Service Cloud: Customer service platform offering case management, call-center
integration, and self-service tools, including social media support.
3. Marketing Cloud: Social marketing tool for identifying leads, creating social content,
managing advertisements, and tracking campaign performance.

Accessibility:Accessible on any internet-enabled device such as workstations, laptops,

tablets, and smartphones.

Unique Features:

Social Integration: Marketing Cloud supports social listening, engagement, and

campaign management.

Call-Center Integration: Service Cloud integrates with telephony and back-office apps for
seamless customer service.

Benefits:

1. Enables proactive customer engagement.

2. Improves campaign optimization and tracking.
3. Enhances customer service efficiency and scalability.

Some of the tools included in the Salesforce Sales, Service and Marketing Clouds include:

• Accounts and contacts • Leads • Opportunities

 Campaigns • Chatter • Analytics and Forecasts

1. Cloud Computing in Healthcare:

illustrating how it can improve data sharing, streamline processes, and enhance the overall
ecosystem. Here's a breakdown of the key points:

Secure Data Access and Sharing

1. Hospitals and providers can securely access and share patient data via the cloud.
2. Enhanced collaboration between hospitals and physicians.

Patient Empowerment:

1. Patients can access their health records and consolidate data into a Personal Health
Record (PHR).
2. PHRs offer an integrated view, potentially extending to a family health record.

E-Prescribing Benefits:

1. PHRs enable e-prescribing, reducing medication errors and supporting medication

reconciliation.

Process Efficiency:

1. Cloud-based data and SaaS applications streamline admission, care, and discharge
processes.
2. Reduces redundant data entry and collection.

Cost-Effective Care Management:

1. Health payers can enhance care management programs.

2. Members gain access to valuable health information and additional services.
2. Cloud Computing for the Manufacturing Industry

The manufacturing industry has increasingly embraced cloud computing to enhance the
efficiency and safety of its operations. Industrial Control Systems (ICS), such as Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, Distributed Control Systems (DCS), and
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), play a vital role in automating and monitoring
manufacturing processes. These systems generate vast amounts of data that, when managed
and analyzed in the cloud, provide significant advantages.

Key Features and Benefits of Cloud Computing in Manufacturing

Real-Time Data Collection and Analysis

1. ICS systems continuously generate monitoring and control data.

2. The cloud enables real-time collection and analysis of this data to:
1. Estimate system states accurately.
2. Enhance decision-making capabilities for operational adjustments.

Improved Safety and Efficiency

1. Cloud-based insights can help in identifying potential hazards, improving both plant
and personnel safety.
2. Optimized production processes reduce downtime and inefficiencies.

Cost and Resource Optimization

1. Reduces the need for expensive on-premise storage and processing infrastructure.
2. Streamlined production operations lead to cost savings and resource efficiency.

Predictive Maintenanc

1. Cloud computing enables predictive maintenance by analyzing historical and real-

time data to:

1. Detect signs of wear and tear.

2. Schedule maintenance before failures occur, reducing downtime.

Collaboration Across Locations

1. Cloud platforms facilitate seamless sharing of production data across multiple

facilities or teams.
2. Enables centralized control and monitoring of distributed manufacturing units.

Scalability and Flexibility

1. The cloud provides scalable solutions to handle varying data loads.

2. Manufacturers can adapt quickly to changing production demands.
Use Cases in Manufacturing

 Energy Optimization: Using cloud-based analytics to optimize energy consumption in

factories.
 Quality Control: Real-time monitoring ensures consistent product quality.
 Supply Chain Integration: Connecting suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors through a
unified cloud platform.
 Automation and Robotics: Enabling advanced robotics and automation through cloud-
connected systems.

3 .Cloud Computing for the energy systems

The use of cloud computing for energy systems focuses on leveraging the cloud to collect,
store, process, and analyze real-time data from sensors embedded in energy infrastructure,
enabling efficient monitoring, maintenance, and failure prediction. Here's a breakdown of the
key points:

Real-Time Data Collection:

1. Thousands of sensors across energy systems (e.g., smart grids, power plants, wind
farms) collect continuous data for condition monitoring.
2. Specific examples include Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) in power grids, which
gather electrical information from substations in real-time.

Monitoring Critical Components:

1. Critical components such as bearings and gears in wind turbines are monitored for
wear and tear or sudden operating condition changes.
2. Failures in these components can lead to operational disruptions and significant
financial losses.
 Importance of Predictive Maintenance:

1. Real-time monitoring helps predict failures, reducing costly downtime and

preventing supply outages for consumers.
2. Maintenance is costly and time-intensive, so early detection through data analysis is
crucial

CloudView Framework:

1. Proposed by Bahga & Madisetti, this framework enables storage, processing, and
analysis of vast amounts of machine maintenance data in a cloud environment.
2. Key features:

1. Utilizes cloud architecture for parallel processing to efficiently handle data

from numerous sensors.
2. Makes local decisions using global information while minimizing data
transfer bottlenecks.

3. CloudView represents the first application of cloud computing for machine

maintenance data management.

4 .Cloud Computing for the Transportation Systems

The application of cloud computing in transportation systems, particularly in Intelligent

Transportation Systems (ITS), is focused on leveraging real-time data collection and
advanced analytics to optimize operations and improve safety. Here’s a breakdown of the key
points:

1. Role of ITS and Data-Driven Services

 Modern ITS utilize data from multiple sources to deliver services like:
o Advanced route guidance and dynamic vehicle routing.
o Customer demand anticipation for pickups and deliveries.
 Challenges include managing vast amounts of unorganized data stored in geographically
distributed locations.
2. Cloud-Based Solutions

 Recent advancements in large-scale data processing systems enable:

o Real-time storage and analysis of ITS data in the cloud.
o Effective management of terabytes of data to drive business operations.

3. Fresh Food Supply Tracking Example

 A cloud-based framework is proposed for tracking and monitoring fresh food supplies,
addressing problems such as:
o Spoilage due to unrefrigerated conditions and environmental changes (e.g.,
temperature, humidity).
o Losses caused by microbial infections, biochemical reactions, or mechanical damage.
 Medium and large container trucks, equipped with tracking and sensing devices, monitor
transit conditions in real time.

4. Real-Time Analysis and Decision-Making

 Cloud-based analysis enables:

o Routing adjustments to deliver perishable items to closer destinations when time is
critical.
o Alerts to drivers and distributors about unfavorable conditions (e.g., temperature or
humidity breaches).
o Preventive measures to minimize spoilage and ensure food safety.

5. Use Case Visualization

illustrates a generic use case where vehicles with tracking and sensing devices communicate with
a central cloud. The cloud processes the data for routing, monitoring, and issuing alerts.

5 . Cloud Computing for Government

 Cloud computing can play significant role for improving the efficiency and transparency of
government operations.
 Cloud-based e-Governance systems can improve delivery of services to citizens, business,
government employees and agencies, etc. and also improve the participation of all responsible
parties in various government schemes and policy formation processes.
 Public services such as public transport reservations, vehicle registrations, issuing of driving
licenses, income tax filing, electricity and water bill payments, birth or marriage registration, etc.
can be facilitated through cloud-based applications.
 The benefit of using cloud for such public service applications is that the applications can be
scaled up to serve a very large number of citizens.
 Cloud-based applications can share common data related to citizens. Data on utilization of
government schemes can be collected from the citizens and used in the policy formation
process and improvement of schemes.

6 .Cloud Computing for Education

 Cloud computing can help in improving the reach of quality online education to students.
 Cloud-based collaboration applications such as online forums, can help student discuss
common problems and seek guidance from experts.
 Universities, colleges and schools can use cloud-based information management systems to
admissions, improve administrative efficiency, offer online and distance education programs,
online exams, track progress of students, collect feedback from students, for instance. can
provide access to high quality educational material to students.
 Cloud-based systems can help universities, colleges and schools in cutting down the IT
infrastructure costs and yet provide access to educational services to a large number of students.
7. Cloud Computing for Mobile Communication

Challenges with Current Mobile Communication Infrastructure:

 Heterogeneity: Network devices for RAN and CN involve various proprietary hardware
systems, increasing cost and reducing flexibility.
 Frequent Upgrades: Short hardware lifecycles require frequent investments in upgrades and
expansions.
 Rigid Architecture: Fixed infrastructure provisioned in advance leads to inefficiencies,
especially under dynamic workload conditions.

Role of Network Function Virtualization (NFV):

 Concept: NFV separates network functions (implemented in software) from hardware by

virtualizing network components.
 Architecture Standardization: The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
defines NFV architecture comprising:

o NFV Infrastructure (NFVI): The underlying hardware resources.

o Virtual Network Functions (VNFs): Software-implemented network functions.
o Management and Orchestration (MANO): Coordination of virtualized resources and
services.

Key Advantages of NFV with Cloud Computing:

1. Cost Optimization:
 o Reduces CapEx by replacing proprietary hardware with general-purpose cloud
infrastructure.
o Lowers OpEx through centralized management and efficient resource utilization.

2. Flexibility and Scalability:

o Virtual BBUs (Baseband Units) can scale dynamically to match real-time demand.
o New network functions can be tested and deployed faster, reducing time-to-market.

3. Centralized Management:

o Cloud-based virtual BBU clusters replace distributed installations, simplifying

operations.
o Enables efficient resource pooling and dynamic provisioning.

4. Energy Efficiency:

o Dynamically adjusting resources to workload levels minimizes power consumption.

Example Use Case: Cloud-Based Radio Access Networks (C-RANs):

 Traditional BBUs: Co-located with cell towers, designed for peak loads, leading to
underutilization.
 Virtualized BBUs: Centralized in the cloud, provisioned on-demand, resulting in cost and
power savings.

Combined Impact and Future Outlook

 NFV with Dynamic Scaling:

o Combines the flexibility of virtualization with the efficiency of on-demand resource
provisioning.
o Addresses the limitations of traditional scaling approaches by responding to real-
time traffic fluctuations.
 Potential Benefits:

o Reduction in CapEx and OpEx for network providers.

o Improved energy efficiency and resource utilization.
o Accelerated adoption of innovative technologies, particularly for 5G and beyond.

 Emerging Technologies:

o Integration with edge computing, AI, and machine learning will further enhance the
responsiveness, efficiency, and intelligence of cloud-based mobile communication
networks.