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logic gates project for class XII

This project report on 'Logic Gates' for Class XII investigates the fundamental types of logic gates, including AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and NOR, and their applications in digital electronics. It outlines the principles of Boolean algebra and the significance of truth tables in understanding the behavior of these gates. The report concludes that logic gates are crucial for processing and transmitting information in various electronic devices.

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alekh.renjith
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6 views15 pages

logic gates project for class XII

This project report on 'Logic Gates' for Class XII investigates the fundamental types of logic gates, including AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and NOR, and their applications in digital electronics. It outlines the principles of Boolean algebra and the significance of truth tables in understanding the behavior of these gates. The report concludes that logic gates are crucial for processing and transmitting information in various electronic devices.

Uploaded by

alekh.renjith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MES CENTRAL SCHOOL CALICUT

PAVANGAD
CBSE AFFILIATION NO. 931262

A PROJECT REPORT ON
“LOGIC GATES”

As prescribed by CBSE for the class XII Investigatory Project, regards


to the Subject

PHYSICS

For the Academic Year

2024-2025

SUBMITTED BY

Reg No-
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that original and genuine investigation work has been carried by
_____________________________ of Class XII SCIENCE to investigate
the subject manner and to collect related data. The investigation has been solely,
sincerely and satisfactorily completed as prescribed by the CENTRAL
BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION in the PHYSICS
LABORATORY OF M E S C E N T R A L S C H O O L C A L I C U T
during the year 2024 – 2025.

Register Number - _____________________

Signature of Teacher in Charge

Signature of Principal

Signature of External Examiner


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude to our


Principal, Ms. Shajeena V., for her immense encouragement that has made
this project successful.

I also register my sense of gratitude to my Physics teacher Ms. Swathi


Padmanabhan for her valuable support, constant help and guidance at every
stage, without which this project would not have come forth.

I acknowledge the lab assistant who helped by providing the experimental facilities.

I am extremely thankful and pay my sincere gratitude to my parents, friends and other
faculty members for their valuable suggestions.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank CBSE for giving us the
opportunity to undertake this project.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

AIM

THEORY

THE NOT GATE

THE AND GATE

THE OR GATE

THE NAND GATE

THE NOR GATE

APPLICATIONS

CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship


between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a
signal to pass through as stop, it is called a gate.

The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in digital
electronics to change on voltage level (input voltage) into another (output
voltage) according to some logical statement relating them.

A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one output. The
relationship between the possible values of input and output voltage is
expressed in the form of a table called truth table or table of combinations.

Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input and output
possibilities for the logic gate.

George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra based on binary nature
at the logic, this algebra of logic called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. A logical
statement can have only two values, such as HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF,
CLOSED/OPEN, YES/NO, RIGHT/WRONG, TRUE/FALSE,
CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING etc. The two values of logic statements
one denoted by the binary number 1 and 0. The binary number 1 is used to denote
the high value. The logical statements that logic gates follow is called Boolean
expressions.
AIM

To study about the various logic gates and their working.


THEORY

Logic gates or logic gate is an entity in electronics and mathematics Boolean


that turns one or more logic inputs to a logic output signal. Logic gate is
mainly implemented electronically using diodes or transistors, but can also be
built using the arrangement of components that utilize the properties of
electromagnetic (relay), fluids, optical or even mechanical. Any Boolean
algebra operation can be associated with inputs and outputs represent the
statements of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be complex, they
may all be constructed from three basic devices. We have three different
types of logic gates. These are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate.
GATES

1. NOT gate

The NOT gate is a logic gate that produces an output that is the opposite of
its input. It is represented by a triangle (Δ) with a single input and output
line. The truth table for a NOT gate is as follows

The NOT gate is often used to invert the state of a signal, such as in circuits
that require a signal to be active only when a certain condition is not met.
2. AND gate

The AND gate is a logic gate that produces an output of 1 only when all of its
inputs are 1. It is represented by a dot (•) between the input lines and a single
output line. The truth table for an AND gate is as follows:

The AND gate has numerous applications, such as in circuits that require
multiple signals to be present before an action is performed, such as in security
systems where multiple sensors need to be triggered before an alarm is activated.
3. OR gate

The OR gate is a logic gate that produces an output of 1 if any of its


inputs is 1. It is represented by a plus (+) sign between the input lines
and a single output line. The truth table for an OR gate is as follows:

The OR gate is commonly used in circuits that require at least one of


the input signals to be present for the output to be activated, such as
in traffic lights where any of the three colored lights can be turned on
independently.
4. NAND gate

The NAND gate is a logic gate that produces an output of 0 only


when all of its inputs are 1. It is represented by an AND gate with a
small circle at its output, indicating that the output is negated. The
truth table for a NAND gate is as follows:

The NAND gate is widely used in digital circuits as it can be used to


perform all the logical operations of the
AND, OR, and NOT gates.
5. NOR gate

The NOR gate is a logic gate that produces an output of 0 if any of its inputs is 1.
It is represented by an OR gate with a small circle at its output, indicating that the
output is negated. The truth table for a NOR gate is as follows:

NOR gates are considered as universal gates because you can obtain gates like
AND, OR, NOT using NOR gates.
APPLICATIONS

Logic gates have a lot of applications, but they are mainly based upon their mode
of operations or their truth table. Basic logic gates are often found in circuits such
as safety thermostats, push- button locks, automatic watering systems, light-
activated burglar alarms and many other electronic devices.

One of the primary benefits is that basic logic gates can be used in various
combinations if the operations are advanced. Besides, there is no limit to the
number of gates that can be used in a single device. However, it can be restricted
due to the given physical space in the device.

Logic gates are utilized in a variety of technologies. These are components


of chips (ICs), which are components of computers, phones, laptops, and
other electronic devices.

Logic gates may be combined in a variety of ways, and a million of these


combinations are necessary to make the newest gadgets, satellites, and even
robots. Simple logic gate combinations can also be found in burglar alarms,
buzzers, switches, and street lights. Because these gates can make a choice to
start or stop based on logic, they are often used in a variety of sectors.

Logic gates are also important in data transport, calculation, and data processing
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, logic gates are essential components in digital circuits that


perform logical operations on input signals to produce a single output. The five
basic types of logic gates are AND, OR, NOT, NAND and NOR each of which
performs a specific logical operation and has a unique truth table. These logic
gates are used in various electronic devices to process and transmit information
in the form of electronic signals.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Wikipedia.org
• cbse.co.in
• Google.com
• NCERT class 12 physics text book

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