F. Y. B. Sc.

Mathematics
Practice question set on Calulus
Dr. N. M. Phatangare
Associate Professor
Fergusson College (Autonomous), Pune
April 10, 2025

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1 Sequences of Real numbers

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1. Define on
(a) Sequence of real numbers
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(b) Convergent sequence

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(c) Limit of sequence

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(d) Bounded sequence

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(e) Monotonic increasing sequence

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(f) Monotonic decreasing sequence

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(g) Monotone sequence

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(h) Subsequence of a sequence

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(i) Cauchy sequence.

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2. Show that limit of a sequence is unique, if it exists.

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3. Show that if the sequence (xn ) is convergent then it is bounded.

Is the converse of this statement true?
OR
True/False Justify: If sequence (xn ) is bounded then it is convergent.

4. Give an example of unbounded sequence.

5. Suppose that sequences (xn ) and (yn ) are convergent sequences and lim xn = x, lim yn = y.
Show that

(a) (xn + yn ) is convergent and lim(xn + yn ) = x + y

(b) (xn − yn ) is convergent and lim(xn − yn ) = x − y

1
 (c) for k ∈ R the sequence (kxn ) is convergenr and lim(kxn ) = kx
(d) (xn yn ) is convergent and lim(xn yn ) = xy
(e) If y ̸= 0, then (xn /yn ) is convergent and lim(xn /yn ) = x/y.

6. Show that the sequence ((−1)n ) is divergent.

2
7. Show that lim = 0, etc.
5n + 7
√
8. Suppose that
√ xn ≥ 0, n ∈ N. If lim xn = x then show that sequence ( xn ) convergent and
√
lim xn = x.
OR
Suppose that (x√
n ) is a sequence of nonnegative real numbers. If (xn ) is convergent then show
√

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that lim xn = lim xn .

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9. Let xn ≥ 0, n ∈ N. Show that lim xn ≥ 0, ig exists.

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10. Let (xn ) be a sequence. If lim xn = x then show that (|xn |) is convergent and lim |xn | = |x| =

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| lim xn |. on
OR
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If (xn ) is a convergent sequence then show that lim |xn | = | lim xn |.

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11. Is the converse of above statement true?

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OR
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True or False. Justify: If (|xn |) is convergent then (xn ) is convergent.

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OR
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Give an example of a sequence (xn ) such that (|xn |) is convergent but the sequence (xn ) is
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divergent.
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12. Show that if 0 < a < 1 then lim an = 0.

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13. Show that lim = 0.

2n
14. Show that if a > 1 then lim an = ∞.

15. State and prove the monotone convergence theorem.

16. State the monotone convergence theorem. Give an example of monotone sequence OR Give an
example of a monotone sequence which is not convergent OR Give an example of a sequence
which is monotone and unbounded.

17. Show that every constant sequence is convergent.

OR
If xn = α for every n ∈ N. Show that lim xn = α.

2
  n
1
18. Let xn = 1 + , n ∈ N. Show that (xn ) is monotone increasing and bounded above.
n
OR
 n 
1
Show that the sequence 1+ is convergent.
n
 n
1
19. Let xn = 1 + , n ∈ N. Find limit of the sequences
n
 n  n  n  n
5 1 1 3
5+ , 1− , 1+ , 1+ .
n n n+1 n

1 1
20. Let xn = 1 + + . . . + , n ∈ N. Show that (xn ) is convergent.
2! n!

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21. For more examples on monotone convergence theorem, see the notes.

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22. Let (an ) be a sequence of nonnegative real numbers. Let (xn ) be a sequence of real numbers

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and let C, x ∈ R. If lim an = 0 and |xn − x| ≤ Can for every n ∈ N. Show that (xn ) is
convergent and lim xn = x.
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23. Let 0 < a < 1. Show that lim a1/n = 1

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24. Let a > 1. Show that lim a1/n = 1.

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25. Show that lim n1/n = 1

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26. State the ratio test for sequences.

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27. Show that lim = 0.

n!
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n2
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28. Show that lim = 0.

2n
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29. Show that lim = 0.

2n
n2025
30. Show that lim = 0.
n!
31. Let (xn ) be a convergent sequence of real numbers with lim xn = x. Show that (x2n ) sis
convergent and lim x2n = x2 .

32. Is the converges of above statement true?

OR
True or False. Justify: Sequence (x2n ) is convergent then (xn ) is convergent.

3
33. State and prove the sandwich principle for sequences.
OR
Let (xn ), (yn ) and (zn ) be sequences of real numbers such that xn ≤ yn ≤ zn , n ≥ 1. If (xn ) and
(zn ) are convergent with lim xn = lim zn = α then show that (yn ) is convergent and lim yn = α.
sin n
34. Show that lim = 0.
n
 n+1
+ 7n+1

5
35. Show that the sequence is convergent. Also find its limit.
5n + 7n
an+1 + bn+1
36. If 0 < a < b. Show that lim = b.
an + b n
1/n !

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an+1 + bn+1

37. Let 0 < a < b. Discuss the convergence of the sequence

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an + b n

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38. Let 0 < a < b. Discuss the convergence of the sequence ((an + bn )n ).

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39. Let 0 < a < b. Discuss the convergence of the sequence (an + bn )1/n .
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1 1 1
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40. Let xn = + + ... + , n ∈ N. Is (xn ) convergent? Justify.

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n+1 n+2 n+n

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1 1 1
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41. Let xn = √ +√ + ... + √ , n ∈ N. Is (xn ) convergent? Justify.

n+1 n+2 n+n
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1 1 1
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42. Let xn = √ +√ + ... + √ , n ∈ N. Is (xn ) convergent? Justify.

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n2 +1 n2 +2 2
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43. For more examples on squeeze theorem see the notes.

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44. Let (xn ) and (yn ) be a sequences of real numbers such that xn ≤ yn , n ≥ 1. Show that
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lim xn ≤ lim yn .
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45. Let (xn ) be a sequence and let (xnk ) be its subsequence. If limn→∞ xn = x then show that
limk→∞ xnk = x.
OR
Show that if (xn ) convergent and lim xn = x then every subsequence of (xn ) converges to x.

46. Find two convergent subsequences of ((−1)n ).

47. Find two convergent subsequences of (sin(nπ/2)), etc.

48. State the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem for sequences. Further find two convergent subse-
quences of (1/(2n + 1)).

49. Show that if sequence (xn ) is convergent then it is Cauchy sequence.

4
2 Limit and Continuity
2.1 Limit of function
1. Define

(a) Cluster point of a set.

(b) Limit of a function.
(c) Neighbourhood of a point.
(d) Deleted neighbourhood of a point.
(e) Bounded function
(f) Increasing function
(g) Decreasing function

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(h) Monotone function

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2. Let A = (0, 1). Show that x = 0, 1 are cluster points of A. Further show that every element of

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A is also a cluster point of A
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3. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Show that A has no cluster point at all.
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4. Let A = { n1 : n ∈ N}. Show that x = 0 is the only cluster point of A.

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5. Let a ∈ R, δ > 0 and let A = (a − δ, a) ∪ (a, a + δ) (i.e. A is a deleted neighbourhood of a).

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Show that a is a cluster point of A.

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OR
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Let a ∈ R. Show that a is a cluster point of any neighbourhood of a.

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OR
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Show that a is a cluster point of eny deleted neighbourhood of a.

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6. Let c ∈ R. Let f be a function defined on a deleted neighbourhood A of a. Show that limit of

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f at c is unique if it exists.
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1, x>0
7. Let f (x) = SHow that lim f (x) does not exists.
−1, x < 0. x→0

8. Let c ∈ R. Let f be a function defined on a deleted neighbourhood A of a. Show that if limit

of f at c exists then f is bounded in some deleted neighbourhood of c.
OR
If f is unbounded in every neighbourhood of c then show that limit of f at c does not exists.

9. True or False. Justify. Let f : A → R and c be a cluster point of A. If f is bounded on A then

lim f (x) exists.
x→c

1
10. Show that lim does not exists.
x→0 x

5
 1
11. Show that lim does not exists.
x→1 x−1
1 −1 2x 4
12. Show that (i) lim (2x + 5) = 7 (ii) lim = (iii) lim = .
x→1 x→−1 3x − 1 4 x→2 3x + 1 7
13. Show that if lim f (x) = L then lim |f (x)| = |L|.
x→c x→c

Is the converse true? That is, if lim |f (x)| exists then does lim f (x) exists?
x→c x→c
OR
Find a function f such that lim |f (x)| exists but lim f (x) does not exists.
x→c x→c

14. Let lim f (x) = L.

x→c

(i) If L > 0 then show that there is a deleted neighbourhood N of c such that f (x) > 0 for

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every x ∈ N .

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OR

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If L > 0 then show that there is a δ > 0 such that f (x) > 0 for every x ∈ (c − δ, c) ∪ (c, c + δ).

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(ii) If L < 0 then show that there is a deleted neighbourhood N of c such that f (x) < 0 for
on
every x ∈ N .
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OR
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If L < 0 then show that there is a δ > 0 such that f (x) < 0 for every x ∈ (c − δ, c) ∪ (c, c + δ).
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(iii) If L ̸= 0 then show that there is a deleted neighbourhood N of c such that f (x) has the
at

same sign as of L for every x ∈ N .

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OR
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If L ̸= 0 then show that there is a δ > 0 such that f (x) has the same as of L for every
x ∈ (c − δ, c) ∪ (c, c + δ).
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OR
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If L ̸= 0 then show that there is a δ > 0 such that f (x) · L > 0 for every x ∈ (c − δ, c) ∪ (c, c+ δ).
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15. Let f, g be functions defined on a deleted neighbourhood of c. Assume that lim f (x) =
x→c
L1 , lim g(x) = L2 exist.
x→c

Show that (i) lim(f (x) + g(x)) exists and lim(f (x) + g(x)) = L1 + L2 .
x→c x→c

(ii) lim(f (x) − g(x)) exists and lim(f (x) − g(x)) = L1 − L2 .

x→c x→c

(iii) lim(f (x)g(x)) exists and lim(f (x)g(x)) = L1 L2 .

x→c x→c

f (x) L1
(iv) If L2 ̸= 0, then lim exists and it is .
x→c g(x) L2
(v) If k ∈ R is any number, then lim kf (x) = kL1 .
x→c

16. If lim f (x) = L, show that lim[f (x)]2 = L2 .

x→c x→c

6
17. True or False. Justify. If lim[f (x)]2 exists then lim f (x) exists.
x→c x→c

18. Let A be a deleted neighbourhood of c (OR c is a cluster point of A). Let f, g : A → R be

functions such that lim f (x) = 0 and g is bounded in some deleted neighbourhood of c. Show
x→c
that lim f (x)g(x) = 0.
x→c

19. Show that lim x sin(1/x) = 0.

x→0

20. Show that lim x2 sin(1/x) = 0.

x→0

x
21. Show that lim = 0.
x→0 1 + x2
22. State the sequential criteria for limit of function.

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23. Let c be a cluster point of A and let f : A → R be a function. Show that lim f (x) = L if and
x→c

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only if for every sequence (xn ) in A that converges to c, the sequence (f (xn )) converges to L.

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24. Show that lim sin(1/x) does not exists.
x→0 on
25. Show that lim cos(1/x) does not exists.
ss
x→0
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26. Let c be a cluster point of A. Suppose that f (x) ≥ 0 for every x ∈ A. Show that lim f (x) ≥ 0.
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x→c
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OR
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Let c be a cluster point of A. Suppose that f (x) ≥ 0 for every x ∈ A. If lim f (x) = L, show
m

x→c
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that L ≥ 0.
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27. Let lim f (x) = L. If L > 0 then show that lim f (x) exists and lim f (x) = L.
x→c x→c x→c
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OR
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√
m

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If f (x) ≥ 0 for every x ∈ A, and lim f (x) = L then show that lim f (x) = L.
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x→c x→c
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28. State and prove the squeeze theorem/sandwich principle for limit of function.
OR
Let c be a cluster point of c and f, g, h : A → R be functions such that f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) for
every x ∈ A. If lim f (x) = lim h(x) = L exists then show that lim g(x) exists and lim g(x) = L.
x→c x→c x→c x→c

29. Define lim f (x) = L.

x→∞

30. Define lim f (x) = ∞.

x→c

31. Define lim f (x) = ∞.

x→∞

32. State the gluing lemma/pasting lemma for limit of function.

7
2.2 Continuity
1. Define

(a) Continuous function

(b) Bounded function
(c) Removable discontinuity
(d) Absolute maximum
(e) Absolute minima
(f) Relative/local maxima
(g) Relative/local minima
(h) Absolute extreme point

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(i) Relative extreme value

Pu
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2. State whether the following statements are True OR False. Justify.

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(i) If f is continuous at a point a then lim f (x) exists.
x→a on
(ii) If lim f (x) exists the f is continuous at a.
ss
x→a
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(iii) Any function f : {1, 2, 3, 4} → R is continuous.

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(iv) Any function f : N → R is continuous.

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(v) Sequence of real numbers is a continuous function.

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3. Show that a constant function defined on R is continuous.

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4. Show that every polynomial function is continuous.

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5. Show that for any x, y ∈ R we have

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| sin x − sin y| ≤ |x − y| and | cos x − cos y| ≤ |x − y|.

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6. Show that f (x) = sin x is continuous on R.

7. Show that f (x) = cos x is continuous on R.

(
sin(1/x), x ̸= 0
8. Show that f (x) = is not continuous on at 0.
1, x=0
(
cos(1/x), x ̸= 0
9. Show that f (x) = is not continuous on at 0.
1, x=0

10. Why the function f : (0, 1) → R defined by f (x) = sin x is not continuous at x = 0?

11. Why the function f : (0, 1) → R defined by f (x) = x is not continuous at x = 1?

8
 (
x sin(1/x), x ̸= 0
12. Show that f (x) = is continuous on at 0.
0, x=0
(
x sin(1/x), x ̸= 0
13. Show that f (x) = is not continuous on at 0.
1, x=0

14. Why the function f (x) = x sin(1/x), x ̸= 0, is not continuous on at 0.

15. Let f : A → R and let c ∈ A. Show that if f is continuous at c then f is bounded in some
neighbourhood of c.
OR
Show that if f is continuous at c then there is a δ > 0 and there is M > 0 such that |f (x)| ≤ M
for every x ∈ (c − δ, c + δ).

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OR

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If f is not bounded in any neighbourhood of c then show that f is not continuous at c.

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16. True or False. Justify.
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If f is bounded in a neighbourhood of c then f is continuous at c.
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1, x≥0
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17. Let f (x) = Show that f is not continuous at x = 0.

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−1, x ≤ 0.
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18. Let f : A → R and c ∈ A. Show that f is continuous at c if and only if for any sequence (xn )
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in A that converges to c, the sequence (f (xn )) converges to f (c).

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1, x∈Q
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19. Let f (x) = Show that f is discontinuous at each x ∈ R.

−1, x ∈ / Q.
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OR
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Show that f is discontinuous everywhere in R.

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x, x ∈ Q
20. Let f (x) = Show that f is continuous only at x0.
0, x ∈ / Q.
OR
Show that f is discontinuous everywhere in R except at 0.
(
1, x∈Q
21. Let f (x) = Show that f is continuous only at x = 2
x − 1, x ∈ / Q.
(
x2 , x ∈ Q
22. Let f (x) = Determine the points at which f is continuous.
1, x ∈ / Q.

9
23. Let A ⊂ R and let c ∈ A. If f is continuous at c then show that |f | is continuous at c.
Is the converse true?
OR
(
1, x≥0
If f (x) = Show that |f | is continuous at x = 0 but f is not continuous at 0.
−1, x < 0.
√
24. Let A ⊂ R and let c ∈ A. If f is continuous at c and f (c) > 0 then show that f is continuous
at c.
1
25. Let A ⊂ R and let c ∈ A. If f is continuous at c and f (c) ̸= 0 then show that is continuous
f
at c.
26. Let A√⊂ R and let c ∈ A. If f (x) ≥ 0 for every x ∈ A and f is continuous on A then show

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that f is continuous on A.

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27. Let A ⊂ R and c ∈ A. Assume that the functions f, g : A → R are continuous at c. Show that

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(a) f + g, f − g, f g are continuous at c.

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(b) for any real numbers α, the function αf is continuous at c.
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(c) if g(c) ̸= 0, then is continuous at c.

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28. Let I be an interval and let c ∈ I. Let f : I → R be a function and let J = f (I). If f is
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continuous at c and the function g : J → R is continuous at d = f (c) then show that the
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composite function g ◦ f : I → R is continuous at c.

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OR
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Show that the composition of two continuous functions is a continuous function.

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29. Define
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(a) Closed set/Closed interval

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(b) Bounded set

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(c) Segment in R
(d) Interval in R.
(e) Fixed point of a function.

30. State the boundedness theorem. Also give an example of a function which is continuous but
not bounded.
Give an example of a function which is bounded but not continuous.
Give an example function defined on an interval which is continuous but not bounded.
Give an example function defined on an interval which is bounded but not continuous.
OR
State the boundedness theorem and explain it geometrically.

10
31. State and prove the Maximum-Minimum theorem.
OR
If f : [a, b] → R is a continuous function then show that there are x1 , x2 ∈ [a, b] such that
f (x1 ) = sup f (x) = M and f (x2 ) = inf f (x) = m.
x∈[a,b] x∈[a,b]

32. Give an example of a function f defined on an interval which is continuous but does not attains
bounds on its domain.
Give an example of a function defined on an interval which attains its bounds but not contin-
uous.
Give an example of a function which is bounded but does not attains its bounds on its domain.

33. State the location of root theorem and explain it geometrically.

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34. Show that the function f (x) = sin x has a root in (− π2 , π2 ).

Pu
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35. Show that sin x = 1 − x for some x ∈ (0, π2 ).

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36. Show that f (x) = x3 + 2x − 7 has a root in (1, 2). on
37. State and prove the intermediate value theorem.
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OR
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Let f : [a, b] → R be a continuous function. If k is real number such that f (x) < k < f (b)
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then show that there is c ∈ (a, b) such that f (c) = k.

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38. Suppose that f : [a, b] → R is a continuous function. Let M = supx∈[a,b] f (x), m = sinx∈[a,b] f (x).
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If k is a real numbers such that m ≤ k ≤ M then show that there is c ∈ [a, b] such that f (c) = k.
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39. State and prove the fixed point theorem. Also explain it geometrically.
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OR
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If f : [0, 1] → [0, 1] is a continuous function then show that there is c ∈ [0, 1] such that f (c) = c.
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OR
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If f : [0, 1] → [0, 1] is a continuous function then show that f has a fixed point in [0, 1].
OR
If f : [a, b] → [a, b] is a continuous function then show that there is c ∈ [a, b] such that f (c) = c.
OR
If f : [a, b] → R is a continuous function with f ([a, b]) ⊆ [a, b] then show that there is c ∈ [a, b]
such that f (c) = c.
OR
If f : [a, b] → R is a continuous function with a ≤ f (x) ≤ b for every x ∈ [a, b] then show that
there is c ∈ [a, b] such that f (c) = c.

11
40. Suppose f : [a, b] → R is a continuous function. Show that f ([a, b]) is a closed and bounded
interval.
OR
Suppose f : [a, b] → R is a continuous function. Show that the range of f is a closed and
bounded interval.
OR
Suppose f : [a, b] → R is a continuous function. Show that f ([a, b]) = [m, M ] where m =
inf f ([a, b]) and M = sup f ([a, b]).

41. State and prove the preservation of interval theorem.

OR
If I is an interval and f : I → R is a continuous function then show that f (I) is an interval.

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OR

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If I is an interval and f : I → R is a continuous function then show that the range of f is an

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interval.

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42. For examples and problems, see the notes.
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43. State the nested interval theorem.

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44. Give an examples of sequence of open intervals In , n ∈ N such that In+1 ⊆ In , n ≥ 1 and
∩∞
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n=1 In = ∅.
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3 Differentiation
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1. Define
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(a) Differentiable function

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(b) Derivative of a function

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(c) Right hand derivative

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(d) Left hand derivative

(e) Increasing function
(f) Decreasing function
(g) Critical point of function
(h) Point of local maxima
(i) point of local minima
(j) Extreme point
(k) Saddle point
(l) Point of inflection
(m) Lipschitz continuity

12
 2. Suppose that f is defined in neighbourhood of c. Show that if f is differentiable at c then it
is continuous at c.
Is the converse true? OR
True or False? Justify.: If f is continuous at c then f is differentiable at c.

3. Let f : R → R, f (x) = |x|. Show that f is continuous at 0 but not differentiable at 0.

(
x sin(1/x), x ̸= 0
4. Let f (x) = Show that f is continuous at 0 but not differentiable at 0.
0, x = 0.
(
x2 sin(1/x), x ̸= 0
5. Let f (x) = Show that f is differentiable at 0 but f ′ is not continuous
0, x = 0.
at 0.

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(

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x, x ∈ Q
6. Let f (x) = Show that f is continuous at 0 but not differentiable at 0.
0, x ∈

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/ Q.

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(
x2 , x ∈ Q
7. Let f (x) = Show that f is differentiable at 0 but f ′ is not continuous at 0.
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0, x ∈ / Q.
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8. Let I be an interval and c ∈ I. Suppose that the functions f, g : I → R are differentiable at c.

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Then show that

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(a) f + g is differentiable at c and (f + g)′ (c) = f ′ (c) + g ′ (c)

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(b) f − g is differentiable at c and (f − g)′ (c) = f ′ (c) − g ′ (c)

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(c) f g is differentiable at c and (f g)′ (c) = f ′ (c)g(c) + f (c)g ′ (c)

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(d) for any k ∈ R, the function kf is differentiable at c and (kg)′ (c) = kf ′ (c)
to

 ′
f f g(c)f ′ (c) − f (c)g ′ (c)
en

(e) If g(c) ̸= 0 then is differentiable at c and (c) = .

(g(c))2
m

g g
rt
pa

9. Let n be a positive integer. Show that f (x) = xn is differentiable everywhere on R and

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f ′ (x) = nxn−1 for every c ∈ R.

10. What are the functions that are diferentiable everywhere on R?

11. State and prove the Caratheodory’s theorem.

12. State and prove the chain rule for derivative.

13. State the inverse function theorem for derivative.

If f (x) = x3 + 7x2 = 9x + 1 then show that f −1 is differentiable at 1 and find the derivative of
f −1 at y = 1.
1
14. If g(y) = sin−1 y, y ∈ [−1, 1]. Show that g is differentiable on (−1, 1) and g ′ (y) = p for
1 − y2
every y ∈ (−1, 1).

13
 −1
15. If g(y) = cos−1 y, y ∈ [−1, 1]. Show that g is differentiable on (−1, 1) and g ′ (y) = p for
1 − y2
every y ∈ (−1, 1).
1
16. If g(y) = tan−1 y, y ∈ R. Show that g is differentiable on R and g ′ (y) = for every y ∈ R.
1 + y2
17. For more examples and problems, please go through the notes.

18. State and prove the Rolle’s mean value theorem. Also explain it geometrically.

19. State and prove the Lagrange’s Mean value theorem. Also explain it geometrically.

20. State and prove the Cauchy’s mean value theorem.

21. Let I be an interval and c be an interior point of I. If f has local extreme value at c and if

ne
f ′ (c) exists then show that f ′ (c) = 0.

Pu
22. Let I = [a, b]. Suppose that f is continuous on I and differentiable on (a, b). If f ′ (x) = 0 for

ge
lle
every x ∈ (a, b) then show that f is constant on I, i.e show that f (x) = k for every x ∈ I.

23. True OR False? Justify.

Co
on
ss
Let A ⊂ R and f : A → R be a differentiable function. If f ′ (x) = 0 for every x ∈ A then f is
gu

constant.
er
,F

(
1, x ∈ [0, 1]
ics

24. Let f (x) = Show that

2, x ∈ (3, 4).
at
m

(i) f is continuous on A = [0, 1] ∪ (3, 4)

he
at

(ii) f is differentiable on A
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(iii) f ′ (x) = 0 for every x ∈ A

to
en

(iv) f is not constsnt on A.

m
rt

25. Let I = [a, b]. Suppose that f, g are continuous functions on I and differentiable on (a, b). If
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f ′ (x) = g ′ (x) for every x ∈ (a, b) then show that f (x) = g(x) for every x ∈ I.
De

26. Let I = [a, b]. Suppose that f is continuous on I and differentiable on (a, b). If f ′ (x) > 0 for
every x ∈ (a, b) then show that f is increasing on I.

27. Let I = [a, b]. Suppose that f is continuous on I and differentiable on (a, b). If f ′ (x) < 0 for
every x ∈ (a, b) then show that f is decreasing on I.

28. Let I be an interval and let c be an interor point of I with f ′ (c) = 0.

(i) If at c, f ′ (x) changes the sign from positive to negative then show that f has local maximum
at c.
(ii) If at c, f ′ (x) changes the sign from negative to positive then show that f has local minimum
value at c.

14