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Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Concurrence 81 Procedural Safeguards 91
Causation 81 The Bill of Rights 91
Attendant Circumstances 81 Due Process 92
Harm 83 Victims’ Rights in the Criminal Justice System 93
Defenses under Criminal Law 84
Excuse Defenses 84
Justification Criminal Defenses 88

PA R T T WO : T H E P OL I C E A N D L AW E N FO R C E M E N T

4 Law Enforcement
Clearance Rates and Cold Cases 136
Forensic Investigations and DNA 136
Today 99 Police Strategies: What Works 139
The Responsibilities of the Police 101 Calls for Service 140
Enforcing Laws 101 Patrol Strategies 141
Providing Services 102 Predictive Policing and Crime Mapping 142
Preventing Crime 102 Arrest Strategies 144
Preserving the Peace 103 Community Policing and Problem Solving 145
A Short History of the American Police 104 Problem-Oriented Policing 146
The Evolution of American Law Enforcement 104 “Us versus Them”: Issues in Modern Policing 147
Policing Today: Intelligence, Terrorism, Police Subculture 147
and Technology 107 The Physical and Mental Dangers of Police Work 148
Recruitment and Training: Police Use of Force 149
Becoming a Police Officer 110
Police Misconduct and Ethics 152
Basic Requirements 110
Police Corruption 153
Training 111
Police Accountability 153
Women and Minorities in Policing Today 112
Issues of Race and Ethnicity 156
Antidiscrimination Law and Affirmative Action 112
Ethics in Law Enforcement 158
Working Women: Gender and Law Enforcement 114
Minority Report: Race and Ethnicity
in Law Enforcement 114
6 Police and the
Public and Private Law Enforcement 116
Constitution: The
Municipal Law Enforcement Agencies 116
Rules of Law
Sheriffs and County Law Enforcement 117
State Police and Highway Patrols 118
Enforcement 165
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies 118 The Fourth Amendment 167
Private Security 123 Reasonableness 167
Probable Cause 167

5 Problems and
The Exclusionary Rule 169
Lawful Searches and Seizures 170
Solutions in Modern The Role of Privacy in Searches 171
Policing 129 Search and Seizure Warrants 172

Police Organization and Field Operations 131 Searches and Seizures without a Warrant 173

The Structure of the Police Department 131 Searches of Automobiles 175

Police on Patrol: The Backbone of the Department 132 The Plain View Doctrine 177

Police Investigations 134 Electronic Surveillance 178

Aggressive Investigation Strategies 135 Stops and Frisks 180

Defining Reasonable Suspicion 180

vi Contents

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 A Stop 181 Arrests without a Warrant 185
A Frisk 181 The Interrogation Process and Miranda 186
Race and Reasonable Suspicion 181 The Legal Basis for Miranda 186
Arrests 182 When a Miranda Warning Is Required 186
Elements of an Arrest 183 When a Miranda Warning Is Not Required 188
Arrests with a Warrant 184 False Confessions 189

PA R T T H R E E : C R I M I N A L C O U R T S

7 Courts and the

The Grand Jury 232
The Prosecutorial Screening Process 232
Quest for Justice 195
Case Attrition 232
Functions of the Courts 197 Screening Factors 233
Due Process and Crime Control in the Courts 197 Pleading Guilty 235
The Rehabilitation Function 198 Plea Bargaining in the Criminal Justice System 235
The Bureaucratic Function 198 Motivations for Plea Bargaining 235
The Basic Principles of Victims and Plea Bargaining 238
the American Judicial System 198 Pleading Not Guilty 238
Jurisdiction 199 Special Features of Criminal Trials 238
Trial and Appellate Courts 200 A “Speedy” Trial 239
The Dual Court System 201 The Role of the Jury 240
State Court Systems 202 The Privilege against Self-Incrimination 240
Trial Courts of Limited Jurisdiction 203 The Presumption of a Defendant’s Innocence 241
Trial Courts of General Jurisdiction 203 A Strict Standard of Proof 241
State Courts of Appeals 204 Jury Selection 242
The Federal Court System 204 Voir Dire 242
U.S. District Courts 204 Race and Gender Issues in Jury Selection 243
U.S. Courts of Appeals 204 Alternate Jurors 245
The United States Supreme Court 205 The Trial 245
Judges in the Court System 208 Opening Statements 246
The Roles and Responsibilities of Trial Judges 208 The Role of Evidence 246
Selection of Judges 209 The Prosecution’s Case 248
Diversity on the Bench 210 Cross-Examination 249
The Courtroom Work Group 211 The Defendant’s Case 250
Members of the Courtroom Work Group 212 Rebuttal and Surrebuttal 252
The Judge in the Courtroom Work Group 212 Closing Arguments 252
The Prosecution 213 The Final Steps of the Trial 252
The Defense Attorney 216 Appeals 253
Wrongful Convictions 255

8 Pretrial Procedures
and the Criminal 9 Punishment
Trial 225 and Sentencing 261

Pretrial Detention 227 The Purpose of Sentencing 263

The Initial Appearance 227 Retribution 263
Bail 227 Deterrence 263
Establishing Probable Cause 231 Incapacitation 264
The Preliminary Hearing 231 Rehabilitation 264

Contents vii

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 Restorative Justice 265 Sentencing Reform 276
The Structure of Sentencing 267 Sentencing Guidelines 277
Legislative Sentencing Authority 267 Mandatory Sentencing Guidelines 278
Judicial Sentencing Authority 268 Victim Impact Evidence 280
The Sentencing Process 270 Capital Punishment 281
Factors of Sentencing 271 Methods of Execution 282
Inconsistencies in Sentencing 274 The Death Penalty and the Supreme Court 283
Sentencing Disparity 274 Death Penalty Sentencing 284
Sentencing Discrimination 274 Debating the Sentence of Death 285
The Future of the Death Penalty 288

PA R T F O U R : C O R R EC T IO N S

10 Probation, Parole,
The Great Penitentiary Rivalry: Pennsylvania
versus New York 326
and Intermediate The Reformers and the Progressives 327
Sanctions 295 The Reassertion of Punishment 327
Prison Organization and Management 328
The Justifications for Community
Corrections 297 Prison Administration 329

Reintegration 297 Types of Prisons 331

Diversion 297 Inmate Population Trends 335

The “Low-Cost Alternative” 298 Factors in Prison Population Growth 335

Probation: Doing Time in the Community 299 Decarceration 336

Sentencing and Probation 299 The Emergence of Private Prisons 338

Conditions of Probation 301 Why Privatize? 338

The Supervisory Role of the Probation Officer 302 The Argument against Private Prisons 339

Revocation of Probation 304 The Future of Private Prisons 340

Does Probation Work? 305 Jails 341

The Parole Picture 306 The Jail Population 342

Comparing Probation and Parole 306 Jail Administration 343

Discretionary Release 308 New-Generation Jails 344

Parole Guidelines 310

Victims’ Rights and Parole 311
Intermediate Sanctions 311
12 The Prison
Experience and
Judicially Administered Sanctions 311
Day Reporting Centers 313
Prisoner Reentry 351

Intensive Supervision Probation 314 Prison Culture 353

Shock Incarceration 315 Adapting to Prison Society 354
Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring 316 Who Is in Prison? 354
Widening the Net 317 Rehabilitation and Prison Programs 355
Prison Violence 357

11 Prisons and Jails 323

Violence in Prison Culture 357
Prison Gangs and Security Threat Groups (STGs) 358
Correctional Officers and Discipline 360
A Short History of American Prisons 325 Prison Employment 361
English Roots 325 Discipline 362
Walnut Street Prison: The First Penitentiary 325 Female Correctional Officers 364

viii Contents

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 Protecting Prisoners’ Rights 365 Return to Society 369
Inside a Women’s Prison 367 Types of Prison Release 369
Characteristics of Female Inmates 367 The Challenges of Reentry 370
The Motherhood Problem 368 The Special Case of Sex Offenders 373
The Culture of Women’s Prisons 368

PA R T F IV E : S P E C I A L I S S U E S

13 The Juvenile 14 Crucial Issues in

Justice System 381 Criminal Justice 413

The Evolution of American Juvenile Security vs. Liberty 415

Justice 383 National Security and Privacy 415
The Child-Saving Movement 383 Mass Surveillance 417
The Illinois Juvenile Court 383 National Security and Speech 420
Status Offending 384 Cyber Crime 422
Juvenile Delinquency 384 Computer Crime and the Internet 423
Constitutional Protections and the Juvenile Court 385 Cyber Crimes against Persons and Property 424
Determining Delinquency Today 386 Cyber Crimes in the Business World 427
The Age Question 387 Fighting Cyber Crime 429
The Culpability Question 387 Gun Control Policy 431
Trends in Juvenile Delinquency 389 Firearms in the United States 431
Delinquency by the Numbers 389 Regulating Gun Ownership 432
School Violence and Bullying 390 White-Collar Crime 434
Factors in Juvenile Delinquency 393 What Is White-Collar Crime? 434
The Age-Crime Relationship 394 Regulating and Policing White-Collar Crime 436
Substance Abuse 395 White-Collar Crime in the 2000s 438
Child Abuse and Neglect 395
Gangs 396
APPENDIX A: The Constitution of the United States A-1
First Contact: The Police and Pretrial
Procedures 398 APPENDIX B: Discretion in Action Case Studies B-1
APPENDIX C: Table of Cases C-1
Police Discretion and Juvenile Crime 398
GLOSSARY G-1
Intake 399
NAME INDEX NI-1
Pretrial Diversion 399
SUBJECT INDEX I-1
Transfer to Adult Court 400
Detention 401
Trying and Punishing Juveniles 402
Adjudication 402
Disposition 402
Juvenile Corrections 404

Contents ix

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Special Features

Chapter Opening Stories Careers in CJ

Ch 1 Domestic terrorism strikes TTexas F. W. Gill, Gang Investigator Ch 1, p. 8
The Echo Chamber 4
Anne Seymour, National Victim Advocate Ch 2, p. 55
Ch 2 How widespread is campus rape?
Diana Tabor, Crime Scene Photographer Ch 3, p. 88
By the Numbers 34
Arnold E. Bell, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Agent Ch 4, p. 121
Ch 3 The death of an “American Sniper”
No Good Deed . . . 68 Martha Blake, Forensic Scientist Ch 5, p. 137
Ch 4 Heroism in blue William Howe, Police Detective Ch 6, p. 168
First Response 100 Annika Carlsten, Public Defender Ch 7, p. 219
Ch 5 Cell phone videos of the police Collins E. Ijoma, Trial Court Administrator Ch 8, p. 244
First Impressions 130 Ellen Kalama Clark, Superior Court Judge Ch 9, p. 272
Ch 6 Sniff searches and the Supreme Court Peggy McCarthy, Lead Probation Officer Ch 10, p. 303
Eight Long Minutes 166
Berry Larson, Prison Warden Ch 11, p. 330
Ch 7 Violent words on the Internet
Julie Howe, Halfway House Program Manager Ch 12, p. 373
Minor Threat? 196
Carl McCullough, Sr., Resident Youth Worker Ch 13, p. 405
Ch 8 The murder trial of a Utah doctor
Family Law 226 Paul Morris, Customs and Border Protection Agent Ch 14, p. 437
Ch 9 Harsh punishments for drug crimes
A Long Time Gone 262 Landmark Cases
Ch 10 Probation or prison?
Family Ties 296 Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (EMA) Ch 2, p. 51
Ch 11 Taking on mass incarceration Miranda v. Arizona Ch 6, p. 187
A Trend Indeed? 324 Roper v. Simmons Ch 9, p. 286
Ch 12 Bloodshed returns to Attica Brown v. Plata Ch 12, p. 356
A History of Violence 352 In re Gault Ch 13, p. 386
Ch 13 Does a juvenile murderer deserve leniency?
A Second Chance 382
Ch 14 A “cluster” of trouble in Minnesota
MasteringConcepts
Two Paths Diverged 414
Crime Control Model versus Due Process Model Ch 1, p. 17
The Causes of Crime Ch 2, p. 53
Comparative Criminal Justice
Civil Law versus Criminal Law Ch 3, p. 75
No Hate Allowed (Sweden) Ch 1, p. 6 The Difference between a Stop and an Arrest Ch 6, p. 184
Back to School (France) Ch 7, p. 210 Sentencing Philosophies Ch 9, p. 266
Double Trouble (Italy) Ch 8, p. 254 The Bifurcated Death Penalty Process Ch 9, p. 285
Whole-Life Tariffs (European Union) Ch 9, p. 265 Probation versus Parole Ch 10, p. 307
Swedish Day-Fines (Sweden) Ch 10, p. 312 The Main Differences between Public Prisons and Jails Ch 11, p. 341
Prison Lite (Norway) Ch 11, p. 334 The Juvenile Justice System vs. the Criminal Justice System Ch 13,
The Great Firewall of China Ch 14, p. 430 p. 403

x Special Features

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
CJ & Technology Mythvs Reality
Facial-Recognition Software Ch 1, p. 18 “Black on Black” Violence Ch 2, p. 42
Repeat Offender Tracking Ch 2, p. 47 Are Too Many Criminals Found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity? Ch 3,
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Ch 3, p. 72 p. 87

High-Tech Cops Ch 4, p. 106 Women Make Bad Cops Ch 4, p. 115

Conducted Energy Devices (CEDs) Ch 5, p. 152 Consent to Search Automobiles Ch 6, p. 175

Electronic Search Warrants Ch 6, p. 173 Does Putting Criminals in Prison Reduce Crime? Ch 11, p. 337

Untested Rape Kits Ch 7, p. 216

Wireless Devices in the Courtroom Ch 8, p. 253 CJ Controversy
Global Positioning System (GPS) Ch 10, p. 317
Encryption and Terrorism Ch 1, p. 24
Video Visits Ch 11, p. 340
Prosecuting Domestic Violence Ch 2, p. 57
Contraband Cell Phones Ch 12, p. 360
Hate Crime Laws Ch 3, p. 83
Cyberbullying Ch 13, p. 393
Affirmative Action in Law Enforcement Ch 4, p. 113
Hacking the “Internet of Things” Ch 14, p. 428
DNA Fingerprinting of Arrestees Ch 5, p. 140
Ethnic Profiling and Airport Security Ch 6, p. 183
Discretion inACTION Under Review Ch 7, p. 207

The “Sexting” Scandal Ch 1, p. 15 Rape Shield Laws Ch 8, p. 251

Murder or Manslaughter? Ch 3, p. 80 The Morality of the Death Penalty Ch 9, p. 289

Handle with Care Ch 4, p. 103 Civil Forfeiture Ch 10, p. 314

Deadly Force Ch 5, p. 155 Senseless Suffering? Ch 11, p. 333

A Valid Pretext? Ch 6, p. 177 Residency Restrictions Ch 12, p. 374

The Repugnant Client Ch 7, p. 218 Police in Schools Ch 13, p. 392

A Battered Woman Ch 8, p. 234 The Debate over Gun Control Ch 14, p. 434

Cheating the System Ch 9, p. 270

Cause for Compassion? Ch 10, p. 310
Downing a Duck Ch 12, p. 363
Juvenile Drunk Driving Ch 13, p. 401
Bragging about Bombing Ch 14, p. 421

Special Features xi

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Preface
Continuing a tradition established by its eight predecessors, justice professional or other CJ participant and make
the Ninth Edition of Criminal Justice in Action, The Core a difficult decision. Nine new Discretion in Action fea-
provides students with all the facts, analyses, and real-life tures drive home the pivotal role that discretion plays
examples they will need to be successful in this course. in the criminal justice system, a subject that we have
Relying on the help and advice of the many criminal justice expanded upon over the past several editions of Crimi-
professors who have adopted this best-selling textbook nal Justice in Action, The Core.
over the years, we are confident that we have established an
This expanded coverage of ethics, policy, and discretion
invaluable introduction to the field.
allows us to present a panoramic view of important criminal
Pushed by the constantly changing, constantly chal-
justice issues. Chapter 5, for example, opens with an account
lenging world of crime and justice, however, we feel that we
of a disputed police shooting in Bexar County, Texas, that
have upped the ante for ourselves and for those who study
spurred local authorities to purchase body-worn cameras
and teach this book. In this edition, we offer the criminal
for local law enforcement officers. Throughout the chapter,
justice system not simply as a subject to be learned and
the issue is revisited as we discuss policies that limit a police
taught, but as a crucial American institution to be critiqued
officer’s discretion regarding the operation of body-worn
and held to the highest moral and ethical standards.
cameras, how such cameras may influence a police officer’s
ethical decision making, the role of the cameras in ensuring
Ethics, Discretion, police accountability, and the legal ramifications of use-of-
and Public Policy force evidence gathered by this new technology.
Criminal Justice in Action, The Core provides students not
only with the tools to understand how the criminal justice Careers in Criminal Justice
system does work, but also the opportunity to express their We are well aware that many students using this text are
opinions on how the criminal justice system should work. interested in a criminal justice career. Consequently, as in
This opportunity presents itself primarily in the following previous editions, each chapter of Criminal Justice in Action,
three components, the first two of which are new to the The Core, Ninth Edition includes a Careers in CJ feature in
Ninth Edition: which a criminal justice practitioner presents a personal
• Ethics Challenges. Each chapter contains three of account of his or her occupation. These features also
these short challenges, placed at the end of a section. include a Social Media Career Tip, designed to help stu-
As well as reinforcing an important concept from that dents succeed in today’s difficult labor market by success-
section, the challenges allow students to explore their fully navigating the opportunities and pitfalls of searching
own values in the context of the criminal justice system. for employment online.
Subjects covered include the use of deception during To this same end, each chapter of the Ninth Edition
police interrogations (Chapter 6), for-profit bail (Chap- also includes a new feature entitled Getting LinkedIn.
ter 8), and the ability of juvenile suspects to understand These items focus on a profession such as computer foren-
their Miranda rights (Chapter 13). sics, victim advocacy, or homeland security, providing
students with information on how to best research the pro-
• CJ Policy—Your Take. This chapter-specific margin
fession while visiting the popular business-oriented social
feature engages students by asking them to critique
networking website.
a hot-button criminal justice policy issue. Examples
include Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act (Chapter 1),
state “stand-your-ground” self-defense laws (Chapter 3), Further Changes
and the disenfranchisement of ex-convicts (Chapter 11). to the Ninth Edition
• Discretion in Action. As in previous editions, this fea- Each chapter in the Ninth Edition begins with a new “ripped
ture asks students to step into the shoes of a criminal from the headlines” vignette that introduces the themes to

xiii

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
be covered in the pages that follow. Furthermore, the text of each chapter. Chapter-opening vignettes are followed by
continues to reflect the ever-changing nature of our topic, three critical analysis questions, which relate back to the
with hundreds of new references to research involving vignette and introduce themes important to the upcoming
crime and criminal behavior and real-life examples chapter. Other critical-thinking tools in Criminal Justice in
describing actual crimes. The Ninth Edition also includes Action, The Core, Ninth Edition, include:
dozens of new features and figures, as well as discussions
• Learning Objectives. At the beginning of each chapter,
of every relevant United States Supreme Court decision
students are introduced to up to ten learning objec-
that has been handed down since the previous edition.
tives (LOs) for that chapter. For example, in Chapter
Three other extensive changes to the Ninth Edition
10, “The Criminal Trial,” Learning Objective 2 (LO2)
involve topics crucial to the American criminal justice
asks students to “Explain what ‘taking the Fifth’ really
system:
means.” The area of text that furnishes the information
• Mental Illness. We have significantly increased our is marked with a square LO2 graphic, and, finally, the
coverage of the challenges facing the criminal jus- correct answer is found in the chapter-ending materi-
tice system involving the mentally ill. Six chapters of als. This continuous active learning will greatly expand
Criminal Justice in Action, The Core now include in-depth students’ understanding of dozens of crucial criminal
discussions of this subject, covering a variety of issues justice topics.
such as the link between mental illness and offending • CJ Controversy. Each chapter of the textbook includes
and victimization, law enforcement strategies for man- one of these features, which start with a short summary
aging mentally ill criminal suspects, and the impact of of a controversial criminal justice topic, followed by gen-
mentally ill inmates on American prisons and jails. eral “for” and “against” arguments concerning that topic.
• Public Trust in Law Enforcement. A series of high- Then, students are asked to go online and research a
profile incidents in which law enforcement agents have specific issue, event, or policy related to the controversy
either injured or killed unarmed civilians has led to surrounding the topic. Finally, students have the oppor-
increased public scrutiny of police use of force. We tunity to analyze the results of their research in a short
examine this controversial topic from the point of view writing assignment of at least two paragraphs. These
of community members who feel they are unfairly tar- features not only help students improve writing and
geted by police violence, and from the point of view of critical thinking skills, but they also act as a review of
police officers who feel they are placed in a “no win” sit- important material in the chapter.
uation when it comes to use-of-force law and practice.
• Privacy versus Security. Chapter 14 of the Ninth Edi-
tion includes a new section that covers the controver-
Chapter-by-Chapter
sies surrounding the federal government’s efforts Organization of the Text
to balance civil liberties and homeland security. This edition’s fourteen chapters blend the principles of
The section focuses on complex issues of mass sur- criminal justice with current research and high-interest
veillance and privacy in the age of terrorism, and examples of what is happening in the world of crime and
discusses how far we, the people, should allow the crime prevention right now. What follows is a summary of
government to stretch the Fourth Amendment when it each chapter, along with a description of some of the revi-
comes to collecting our personal data. sions to the Ninth Edition.

Concentrated Part 1: The Criminal

Critical Thinking Justice System
As with previous editions, the Ninth Edition of Criminal Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the criminal justice
Justice in Action, The Core focuses on developing critical system’s three major institutions: law enforcement, the
thinking. Almost every feature and photo caption in the courts, and corrections. The chapter also answers concep-
textbook includes a critical thinking question, and students tual questions such as “what is crime?” and “what are the
are provided with five additional such questions at the end values of the American criminal justice system?”

xiv Preface

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
• Students are introduced to a number of social jus- officers to trick suspects into raiding non-existent “stash
tice issues that will be revisited throughout the text- houses” full of nonexistent weapons and illegal drugs.
book, including law enforcement’s relationship with
minority communities in the United States, efforts
to help ex-inmates reintegrate into society, and the Part 2: The Police
problem of wrongful convictions. and Law Enforcement
• A new CJ Controversy feature (“Encryption and Terror- Chapter 4 acts as an introduction to law enforcement in the
ism”) that addresses the balancing act between protect- United States today. This chapter offers a detailed descrip-
ing personal information on the Internet and on devices tion of the country’s numerous local, state, and federal law
such as smartphones, and the government’s need to enforcement agencies and examines the responsibilities
access such information to prevent and investigate ter- and duties that come with a career in law enforcement.
rorist attacks. • A new Discretion in Action feature (“Handle with Care”)
Chapter 2 furnishes students with an understanding of asks students to put themselves in the shoes of two
t areas fundamental to criminal justice: (1) the various
two police officers who must decide what level of force to
methods of measuring crime, including the FBI’s Uni- use against a mentally ill suspect who may or may not
form Crime Report and the U.S. Department of Justice’s pose a threat to herself, themselves, and others.
National Crime Victimization Survey, and (2) criminology, • A new discussion of “hard”- and “soft”-power strate-
providing students with insight into why crime occurs. gies being implemented by local police departments
Then, in later chapters, they shift their attention toward to combat domestic terrorism—the “hard” strategies
combating it. focusing on “hostile surveillance” and militaristic
weaponry, and the “soft” strategies relying on commu-
• A new M Myth
yth vs. Reality feature (“‘Black on Black’
nity outreach.
Violence”) explores several misconceptions concerning
the intersections between race, offending, and victim- Chapter 5 puts students on the streets and gives them a
ization in the United States. gritty look at the many challenges of being a law enforce-
• A new discussion on the rapidly evolving drug land- ment officer. It starts with a discussion of the importance of
scape in this country, including a description of wide- discretion in law enforcement and then moves on to polic-
spread destruction caused by prescription drug and ing strategies and issues in modern policing, such as the
heroin abuse and a new CJ Policy—Your Take feature “thin blue line,” corruption, and the use of force.
asks students to consider a federal law legalizing mari- • Throughout the chapter, the emergent issue of police
juana throughout the United States. accountability is given panoramic coverage, including
a new chapter-opening vignette (“First Impressions”)
Chapter 3 lays the foundation of criminal law. It addresses
about the impact of two citizen cell phone videos on
constitutional law, statutory law, and other sources of
media coverage of a fatal police shooting in Texas, a new
American criminal law before shifting its focus to the legal
Discretion in Action feature (“Deadly Force”) based on the
framework that allows the criminal justice system to deter-
real-life killing of twelve-year-old Tamir Rice by a police
mine and punish criminal guilt.
officer in Cleveland, and a new section entitled “Issues
• A new chapter-opening vignette (“No Good Deed . . .”) uses of Race and Ethnicity,” which covers topics such as how
the example of Eddie Ray Routh, who was convicted of police use of force has impacted relations with minority
murdering “American Sniper” Chris Kyle, to highlight the communities in the United States and how the federal
difficulties of successfully offering a not-guilty-by-reason- government uses civil rights investigations to combat
of-insanity defense under American criminal law. misbehavior by local law enforcement agencies.
• The three new Ethics Challenges in this chapter con- • A new discussion of crisis intervention teams, or
front the morality of criminal laws that promote the partnerships with mental health professionals, used
good of the community over the wishes of the individ- by a growing number of local police departments to
ual, punish parents who negligently allow their children improve local law enforcement’s response to the chal-
access to firearms, and allow federal law enforcement lenges posed by mentally ill suspects.

Preface xv

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Chapter 6 examines the sometimes uneasy relationship certain Colorado jurisdictions to determine whether a
between law enforcement and the U.S. Constitution by explain- defendant will “jump bail” before trial, along with a new
ing the rules of being a police officer. Particular emphasis is Ethics Challenge that focuses on the ethical implica-
placed on the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments, giving tions of America’s “for-profit bail industry.”
students an understanding of crucial concepts such as prob- • Three new ffigures
igures use excerpts from actual court
able cause, reasonableness, and custodial interrogation. records to give students a first-hand understand-
• A new section on cell phones and the Fourth Amend- ing of three crucial aspects of the criminal trial: jury
ment features discussions of the legality of law enforce- selection, the opening statement, and the art of the
ment efforts to track these devices and the Supreme cross-examination.
Court’s recent decision that police officers need a war- Chapter 9 links the many different punishment options for
rant to search the content of a suspect’s cell phone. those who have been convicted of a crime with the theoreti-
• A new section discusses the role that police interroga- cal justifications for those punishments. The chapter also
tion tactics may play in the troubling phenomenon of examines punishment in the policy context, weighing the
false confessions. public’s desire for ever-harsher criminal sanctions against
the consequences of such governmental strategies.
Part 3: Criminal Courts • The subject of mandatory minimum sentencing arises
Chapter 7 takes a big-picture approach in describing the
several times in this chapter. First, a new chapter-
American court system, giving students an overview of the opening vignette (“A Long Time Gone”) introduces the
basic principles of our judicial system, the state and federal growing national concern caused by such sentences
court systems, and the role of judges, prosecutors, and for nonviolent offenders. Then, a new discussion of
defense attorneys in the criminal justice system. efforts to repeal state mandatory minimum sentenc-
• The court system’s ability to live up to societal expecta
ex - ing laws shows how these laws have fallen into some
tions of truth and justice, a running theme of the third disrepute.
part of this textbook, is explored in the chapter’s new • An updated overview of the declining use of the death
chapter-opening vignette (“Minor Threat?”) on the fate penalty in the United States includes new discussions
of Anthony Elonis, whose challenge of his conviction of problems surrounding lethal injection drugs and the
for posting violent rap lyrics on the Internet eventually Supreme Court’s recent decision concerning capital
reached the United States Supreme Court. punishment of the mentally ill.
• A new discussion of the community pressures faced
by public prosecutors, including an examination of Part 4: Corrections
State’s Attorney Marilyn Mosby’s decision to charge six Chapter 10 makes an important point, and one that is
Baltimore police officers following the death of Freddie often overlooked in the larger discussion of the American
Gray while in custody and a new CJ & Technology fea- corrections system: not all of those who are punished need
ture explaining the ramifications of American’s glut of to be placed behind bars. This chapter explores the com-
untested rape kits. munity corrections options, from probation to parole to
Chapter 8 provides students with a rundown of pretrial intermediate sanctions such as intensive supervision and
procedures and highlights the role that these procedures home confinement.
play in America’s adversary system. Chapter materials also • A new chapter-opening vignette (“Family Ties”) com-
place the student in the courtroom and give her or him a pares two possible sentencing options—prison or
comprehensive understanding of the steps in the criminal probation—for a young woman who killed her cousin
trial. while driving drunk.
• To help students understand recent attempts to • Recognizing trends of innovative thinking among
improve the effectiveness of pretrial detention strate- corrections officials, we include a new discussion
gies, a new figure lists the risk factors used by courts in of risk assessment tools and “swift and certain”

xvi Preface

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 punishments designed to keep probationers from punishment. The chapter contains a strong criminologi-
recidivating. cal component as well, scrutinizing the various theories of
why certain juveniles turn to delinquency and what steps
Chapter 11 focuses on prisons and jails. Record-high
society can take to stop them from doing so before it is
rates of incarceration have pushed these institutions to the
“too late.”
forefront of the criminal justice system, and this chapter
explores the various issues—such as overcrowding and the • A new C CJJ Policy—Your Take margin feature addresses
emergence of private prisons—that have resulted from the whether juvenile sex offenders should be treated the
prison population boom. same as adult sex offenders when it comes to lifelong
legal constraints such as residency restrictions and
• Continuing our focus on mentally ill offenders
of and the
inclusion on sex-offender registries.
criminal justice system, we have updated our section on
the challenges facing jail administrators because of • A new Discretion in Action feature (“Juvenile Drunk
high rates of mental illness among inmates to include Driving”) asks students to decide whether a seventeen-
a new figure describing Miami-Dade County’s Criminal year-old who commits vehicular homicide should be
Mental Health Project. charged as a juvenile or as an adult.

• Three new Ethics Challenges ask students to comment Chapter 14 concludes the text by taking an expanded look
on ethical issues surrounding low wages for inmate at four crucial criminal justice topics: (1) privacy in the age
employment, health care in private prisons, and the of terrorism, (2) cyber crime, (3) gun conrol, and (4) white-
practice of charging pretrial detainees for their meals collar crime.
behind bars.
• Starting with a discussion of four decades’ worth of
Chapter 12 is another example of our efforts to get stu- crucial antiterrorism legislation, a new section entitled
dents “into the action” of the criminal justice system, put- “Security vs. Liberty” gives students a comprehensive
ting them in the uncomfortable position of being behind look at the current state of civil liberties in the context
bars. This chapter also answers the crucial question, “What of homeland security. The section includes discussions
happens when the inmate is released back into society?” of the constitutionality of governmental mass surveil-
lance techniques and the use of Internet speech to
• As part of our panoramic examination of the roles of
ensnare potential “known wolf ” domestic terrorists.
correctional officers in prisons and jails: a new Getting
LinkedIn feature that highlights the profession, a new • A new C CJJ & Technology feature (“Hacking the ‘Internet
Discretion in Action feature (“Downing a Duck”) that of Things’”) examines the cyber crime–related risks that
focuses on how inmates are sometimes able to manipu- emerge when hundreds of everyday objects such as auto-
late correctional officers, and a new discussion of the mobiles, refrigerators, and televisions are connected to
recent Supreme Court decision that makes correctional the Internet via tiny, weakly protected computer chips.
officers more susceptible to civil rights violation law-
suits for excessive use of force against inmates.
• A new section entitled “What Works in Reentry”
Special Features
describes strategies developed by corrections officials Supplementing the main text of Criminal Justice in Action,
to help ex-convicts succeed following release from The Core, Ninth Edition, are more than one hundred eye-
prison, including reentry courts and various laws catching, instructive, and penetrating special features.
designed to aid offenders in the difficult task of finding These features, described below with examples, have been
post-incarceration employment. designed to enhance the student’s understanding of a par-
ticular criminal justice issue.

Part 5: Special Issues Careers in CJ: As stated before, many students reading
Chapter 13 examines the juvenile justice system, giving this book are planning a career in criminal justice. We have
students a comprehensive description of the path taken provided them with an insight into some of these careers
by delinquents from first contact with police to trial and by offering first-person accounts of what it is like to work

Preface xvii

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
as a criminal justice professional. Each Career in CJ feature sometimes perplexing examples of foreign criminal justice
also includes a Social Media Career Tip to help students practices in order to give students a better understanding of
succeed in today’s competitive labor market for criminal our domestic ways.
justice professionals.
• “The Great Firewall of China” (Chapter 14), an updated
• In Chapter 13, Carl McCullough, a former professional feature, describes China’s efforts to limit and control the
football player, provides an inside look at his duties as a use of the Internet through criminal laws to an extent
resident youth worker at a juvenile detention center in that is unimaginable to most Americans.
Hennepin County, Minnesota.
CJ Controversy: Each one of these features introduces
Mastering Concepts: Some criminal justice topics students to a controversial topic related to the text of the
require additional explanation before they become crystal chapter in which it appears. Following a short introduction,
clear in the minds of students. This feature helps students students are provided with arguments “for” and “against”
to master many of the essential concepts in the textbook. a particular aspect of the topic, to give them a better idea
of the basis for the controversy. Then, they are asked to
• In Chapter 6, this feature helps students understand
research the topic online and write a short essay outlining
the legal differences between a police stop and a police
their own opinions on the relevant controversy. Not only do
arrest.
these features highlight an interesting aspect of the crimi-
Discretion in Action: This feature puts students in nal justice system, but they also help students improve their
the position of a criminal justice actor in a hypothetical case research, writing, and critical thinking skills.
or situation that is based on a real-life event. The facts of • In Chapter 3’s new ffeature,
eature, “Hate Crime Laws,” students
the case or situation are presented with alternative possible are asked to decide whether society benefits from laws
outcomes, and the student is asked to take the part of the that punish those who commit crimes motivated by bias
criminal justice professional or lay participant and make a more harshly than if no bias were present.
decision. Students can then consult Appendix B at the end
of the text to learn what actually happened in the offered Landmark Cases: Rulings by the United States
scenario. Supreme Court have shaped every area of the criminal
justice system. In this feature, students learn about and
• “The ‘Sexting’ Scandal” (Chapter 1), a new feature,
feature,
analyze the most influential of these cases.
requires students to play the role of a prosecutor who
must decide whether to expend scarce resources by • In Chapter 12 “Brown v. Plata” (2011), the Supreme
charging a large group of high school students with Court ordered California corrections officials to reduce
crimes related to child pornography for sharing inap- the state’s prison population after deciding that over-
propriate images of themselves with each other online. crowding was denying inmates satisfactory levels of
health care.
CJ & Technology: Advances in technology are con-
stantly transforming the face of criminal justice. In these Myth vs Reality: Nothing endures like a good myth.
features, which appear in nearly every chapter, students In this feature, we try to dispel some of the more enduring
learn of one such emergent technology and are asked to myths in the criminal justice system while at the same time
critically evaluate its effects. asking students to think critically about their consequences.

• This new ffeature

eature in Chapter 3 describes how American • “Are Too Many Criminals Found Not Guilty by Reason of
criminal law is responding to the challenges posed by Insanity?” (Chapter 3) dispels the notion that criminal
the increased civilian use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, justice is “soft” because it lets scores of “crazy” defen-
or drones. dants go free due to insanity.

Comparative Criminal Justice: The world offers

a dizzying array of different criminal customs and codes, Extensive Study Aids
many of which are in stark contrast to those accepted Criminal Justice in Action, The Core, Ninth Edition, includes
in the United States. This feature provides dramatic and a number of pedagogical devices designed to complete the

xviii Preface

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
student’s active learning experience. These devices include revision of Criminal Justice in Action, The Core. We believe
the following: that the Ninth Edition is even more responsive to the needs
of today’s criminal justice instructors and students alike
• Concise chapter outlines appear at the beginning of
because we have taken into account the constructive com-
each chapter. The outlines give students an idea of what
ments and criticisms of our reviewers and the helpful sug-
to expect in the pages ahead, as well as a quick source
gestions of our survey respondents.
of review when needed.
• Dozens of key terms and a running glossary focus We continue to appreciate the extensive research efforts of
students’ attention on major concepts and help them Shawn G. Miller and the additional legal assistance of Wil-
master the vocabulary of criminal justice. The chosen liam Eric Hollowell. Product Manager Carolyn Henderson-
terms are boldfaced in the text, allowing students to Meier supplied crucial guidance to the project through her
notice their importance without breaking the flow suggestions and recommendations. At the production end,
of reading. On the same page that a key term is high- we once again feel fortunate to have enjoyed the services of
lighted, a margin note provides a succinct definition of our content project manager, Ann Borman, who oversaw
the term. For further reference, a glossary at the end of virtually all aspects of this book. Additionally, we wish to
the text provides a full list of all the key terms and their thank the designers of this new edition, tani hasegawa (inte-
definitions. rior) and Irene Morris (cover), who have created what we
• Each chapter has at least four figures, which include believe to be the most dazzling and student-friendly design
graphs, charts, and other forms of colorful art that of any text in the field. We are also thankful for the services
reinforce a point made in the text. This edition includes of all those at Lachina who worked on the Ninth Edition,
eleven new figures. particularly Dane Torbeck. The eagle eyes of Sue Bradley
and Beverly Peavler, who shared the duties of copyediting
• Hundreds of photographs add to the overall readabil-
and proofreading, were invaluable.
ity and design of the text. Each photo has a caption,
A special word of thanks must also go to those respon-
and most of these captions include a critical-thinking
sible for creating the MindTap that accompanies Criminal
question dealing with the topic at hand. This edition
Justice in Action, The Core, including content developer
includes nearly one hundred new photos.
Jessica Alderman. We are also grateful to Jessica for ensur-
• At the end of each chapter, students will find five Ques- ing the timely publication of supplements, along with con-
tions for Critical Analysis. These questions will help
tent development services manager Joshua Taylor. A final
the student assess his or her understanding of the just-
thanks to all of the great people in marketing who helped
completed chapter, as well as develop critical-thinking
to get the word out about the book, including marketing
skills.
manager Mark Linton, who has been tireless in his attention
to this project.
Acknowledgments Any criminal justice text has to be considered a work
Throughout the creation of the nine editions of this text, in progress. We know that there are improvements that we
we have been aided by hundreds of experts in various can make. Therefore, write us with any suggestions that you
criminal justice fields and by professors throughout the may have.
country, as well as by numerous students who have used L. K. G.
the text. We sincerely thank all who participated on the R. L. M.

Preface xix

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Dedication

This book is dedicated to my good friend and colleague,

Lawrence Walsh, of the Lexington, Kentucky Police
Department. When I was a rookie, he taught me about
policing. When I became a researcher, he taught me about
the practical applications of knowledge. He is truly an
inspiring professional in our field.
L.K.G.

For Lorraine,
Your positive outlook about life keeps you on top.
Stay there.
R.L.M.

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 1
Criminal
Justice Today

Chapter Outline Corresponding Learning Objectives

What Is Crime? 1 Describe the two most common models of how

society determines which acts are criminal.

The Purpose of 2 Explain two main purposes of the criminal justice

the Criminal system.
Justice System

The Structure 3 Outline the three levels of law enforcement.

of the Criminal
Justice System 4 List the essential elements of the corrections system.

Discretion 5 Explain the difference between the formal and

and Ethics informal criminal justice processes.

6 Define ethics, and describe the role that it plays in

discretionary decision making.

Criminal 7 Contrast the crime control and due process models.

Justice Today
8 List the major issues in criminal justice today.
Times/Redux Pictures

To target your study and review, look for these numbered Learning
Objective icons throughout the chapter.
The New York Times
SAM HODGSON/The

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
"The palace is in sight," Hanlon's voice was low but penetrant, after
a time. "I'm looking for an open window or door."
The other men watched with amazement and intense curiosity as
the young man lay there on the bed, his eyes closed and his face
drawn with concentration, as they could see in the dim light of the
shaded lamp Hooper had risen and lighted. Both of the other S S
men knew much of what Hanlon could thus do, yet watching him do
it was a new experience to both, and one that filled them with
deepest wonder and a sort of awe.
The silence, even though of only two or three minutes duration,
seemed like hours to the waiting watchers, then a jubilant "Ah!" let
them know Hanlon had succeeded in the first part of his quest. "Got
in through an open window in an upper story ... heck, the door's
shut."
Another pause, and then the voice continued, "Here's another. Hah,
this one opens into a hallway. Now, which way is Amir's suite?"
They waited with impatience while they knew the bird Hanlon was
controlling was seeking the proper portion of the interior of that
great building. It seemed long and long before the soft voice spoke
again.
"He must have gone to bed—the door is shut. I'll have to get outside
and try again, but now that I know where it is I'll see if I can get
directly into his room."
Hooper whispered in a tone he thought only Newton could hear. "By
the shade of Snyder, but this is spooky. If I didn't know he could
really do it, I'd swear it was impossible."
But only a portion of Hanlon's mind was in that distant avian brain.
The rest was here in his own body, and heard the comment.
"Yeh," he drawled, "I know it's weird, and even I'm not used to
thinking about it yet. Never thought how it would affect others. You
don't need to whisper, though. The two parts of my mind are
separate and distinct, so that I know what is going on in both ... ah,
one of the windows in the bedroom is opened, but only a crack.
Maybe I can squeeze ... did it, but I lost a few feathers. But I'm
inside now. Let's see. There's a molding quite high up on the wall.
It's wide enough so I can roost on that, sideways. Now we'll just
have to wait and watch."
"Is Amir all right?" his father asked anxiously.
Hanlon grinned. "The way he's snoring he must be."
But the question reminded Hanlon that the Ruler had been
wounded. He made the bird fly down to the bed, and through its
eyes saw only a small bandage on one of Amir's arms—luckily for
him the Ruler slept with his arms outside the covers. "Must be he
got only a slight burn, after all," he said.
"Is there anyone close to his room—or can't you tell?" the admiral
asked after a few moments of silence.
"I'll see if I can find out." Hanlon sent his mind questing out from
the bird, and soon reported, "There're two men in an adjoining room
... they're guards ... from what I can read of their minds they're not
thinking any seditious or murderous thoughts. Just playing a game
of some sort while keeping on watch."
"Better keep checking them from time to time, though, hadn't you?"
Hooper asked.
"Yeh, it'd be a good idea."
The other men were tired and not well, and despite their efforts to
keep awake, dropped off to sleep. Surprisingly, even Hanlon's body
and the main portion of his mind also lapsed into the
unconsciousness of sleep. But the part in the bird kept awake—and
so did the tiny thread of consciousness that connected it with
Hanlon.
Some time later, about midnight, Hanlon, through the bird, heard a
stirring sound in the anteroom, and investigated. The guard was
being changed, and these two newcomers, he found from their
minds, were tools of Irad.
Along that thread of thought sped the warning, and Hanlon's body
and the balance of his mind came fully awake. He lay there for some
time, studying the situation, but nothing seemed to be happening.
He was almost back to sleep again—his body, that is—when the bird
heard a fumbling at the door of Amir's room, although the sound
was softly muted as though the one out there was using the utmost
stealth in hopes of not being discovered. Hanlon's mind quickly
investigated, and found only one mind there. Evidently the guards
had left, for this was a new personality.
Hanlon reached out a hand and shook his father into wakefulness.
"Someone's outside, trying to get Amir's door unlocked, or opened,"
he reported.
Newton called Hooper, who sat up, rubbing sleep from his eyes while
the admiral explained in swift words.
"The door's locked from the inside, and the key is still in the lock,"
Hanlon told them. "I made the bird fly down and look ... whoever is
at it must be using something like pliers to try to turn the key."
Admiral Newton jumped out of bed, lit the lamp, and commanded
Hooper, "Get up and dress. We'll have to rush out there." He turned
to Hanlon. "Can you come with us, and still keep en rapport with
your bird?"
"Sure," Hanlon was already throwing off the covers, and getting up.
"The fellow, whoever he is, although I would imagine it might be
Irad, is having trouble with the key, but he'll probably make it sooner
or later."
"D'you suppose we can get out there in time?" Hooper asked.
"We'll certainly try," the admiral grunted, leaning down to fasten his
shoes.
"Can you wake the Ruler?" he asked anxiously, a few moments later.
"He might have a better chance, if awake."
"Sure," Hanlon said, and a moment later, "the bird flew down and
brushed its wingtips across his face. He's awake now ... he's sitting
up ... lighting the lamp ... I sent the bird close to him then over to
the door ... he's watching it ... now he sees the key turning ... he's
jumped out of bed ... running to another door leading out of the
room."
The three finished dressing, and now ran from the room and down
the stairs. Outside the admiral commanded "Follow me," and ran
toward the back of the house. They saw the dim outlines of a shed,
and a high-powered, family-sized touring tricycle. They piled into the
seats even as the admiral was getting it started.
Swiftly he backed the car out and into the street, and then took off
with a full-throated roar from the powerful, souped-up engine.
"Special job the Corps' experts fixed up for me," he explained as the
others gasped at the unexpected speed.
Hanlon, through the bird's eyes, was still watching that distant effort
to unlock the door, and relaying to the others from time to time what
he was seeing.
"Ah, it's unlocked ... it's opening ... but the Ruler is in the other
room and has locked that door."
"The old boy's not so dumb," Hooper applauded.
"I'll say he isn't," Hanlon agreed joyfully. "He's plugging the
keyhole."
He was silent a moment, then exclaimed, "The intruder's Irad, just
as I thought it might be ... he's surprised the Ruler isn't in bed
asleep ... he's gone over to try the other door ... he's found it's
locked and the keyhole plugged ... he seems to have lost his head—
he's pounding on that door, and yelling."
He half-straightened, then slumped down into his seat, and his face
strained with concentration. Hooper, in the back seat, leaned forward
and started to speak, but Newton restrained him. "Let him alone,
Curt—he must be working on something difficult."
Hanlon was beating at the barriers in Adwal Irad's mind, trying to
get in, even though he knew he had never been able to do so
before. But it was all he could think of to do at the moment, and he
had to do something. Besides, it was plain to him now that the man
was completely insane—the way Irad was acting and the things he
was saying and thinking showed it so clearly. So Hanlon had
withdrawn entirely from the bird's mind, and was now working on
Irad's with all his power.
The Second-In-Line had drawn his flamegun and was firing at the
door, trying to burn out the lock or through the door panels.
Hanlon was almost in a frenzy of desperation. They had to stop this
madman someway. He knew his father was pushing his car at its
unexpected top speed, and that they would be there in a matter of
minutes. But he was afraid that even those minutes might be too
late. He did not see how they could possibly get there in time. For
the door was beginning to burn from the fierce heat of the flamer.
Hanlon still beat at that barrier in Irad's mind. He seemed to sense
somehow that it was weakening, was ... was disintegrating ... was
changing horribly under the influence of hatred and the madness the
man seemed to feel.
All this time the admiral had been trying to coax even more speed
out of his souped-up tricycle, and now in the swiftly-nearing distance
they could see the few lights that denoted the residence. Soon they
were close enough to see that the gates were closed.
"Those gates strong ones?" Newton asked without turning his head.
"No, mostly ornamental."
"Hang on, then, we're going through. Curt, grab the kid."
Hooper leaned forward, took hold of Hanlon's shoulders with his
strong hands, and braced himself against the back of the front seat
in which the younger man was sitting.
A couple of guards had run up to the gate at sight and sound of that
speeding machine. But they ducked hastily back as they saw it was
neither going to stop nor swerve.
There was a rocking jolt, a crash, and the car was past the crumpled
gates, careening wildly. The admiral fought the wheel with all his
strength. By the time they came close to the steps leading up to the
main entrance, he had it under control.
There was a screech of brakes that brought several attendants on
the run through the door. The trike slid to a halt, and two of the
three men in it jumped out and dashed up the stairs.
"The Ruler's being attacked," the admiral cried imperiously. "One of
you show us his rooms."
A servant, half-dazed by sight of those strangers in their peculiar
uniforms, and subconsciously controlled by the command in
Newton's voice, obeyed.
They raced across the entrance foyer to the great stairs that led to
the upper story. Other servants were coming into the hallway,
sleepily rubbing their eyes, and most of them only partially dressed.
Their wondering eyes followed the racing men in a stupefied way,
but none tried to stop the intruders.
"Down here," the servant dashed into a side hallway, and the two
secret servicemen pounded after him.
They turned another corner, and the servant slid to a stop. Two
guards were standing there, flamers in their hands, menacing a
small group of servants.
Newton took it all in with a single glance. From what Hanlon had
said he knew the men were Irad's. "Burn those guards!" he snapped
the command at Hooper, and the latter's blaster spoke twice—fierce
blasts of death that made the flashes of the flameguns seem like
candle-flames. The two guards died instantly.
Newton and the servant were already dashing into Amir's bedroom.
Meanwhile, back in the machine where he had stayed, Hanlon was
still working on Irad's mind. Now he thought he perceived a minute
opening toward one edge of that decomposing barrier. He attacked it
with all his mental strength, and it began to crumble a bit faster.
Further and further Hanlon dug away at that tottering mentality until
there was an orifice completely through the shield. Instantly he
pushed his mind through ... down and down, in and into the deeper
parts of Irad's thoughts and memories.
And his body stiffened suddenly at what he found.
Newton and the servant pushed on ahead into the bedroom, just in
time to see the man, Irad, sink to the floor, writhing in apparent
pain.
But even so there was still enough control in the maddened
conspirator so that he swung his flamegun and sent a streak of fire
flashing toward the intruders.
The servant, not expecting such a thing, and slow of reflexes,
caught most of the blast, and died almost instantly. Newton, trained
to quick action and always expecting the unexpected, ducked down
and away. Even so, an edge of the flame caught him in the shoulder.
The sudden, intolerable pain threw him off balance, and he sank to
the floor, his uninjured hand grasping the wound, trying to stanch
the flow of blood.
George Hanlon was still in the tricycle, his mind a welter of
conflicting emotions. He must be nuts—such a thing as he had just
discovered was simply not possible.
"But it is," a cold, precise, soundless voice spoke in his mind. "It is
not the mind of this Adwal Irad you are now contacting, but that of
another, who has been controlling this entity for some time now."
"Who ... who are you, then?" Hanlon gasped.
"I am from another, distant section of this galaxy, here on much the
same errand as yourself and your assistants. I am banding together
the various inhabited planets in my sector the same as your
Federation is doing in yours. This planet is about midway between
the two groups. I discovered it some time ago, and after thorough
study of it decided to annex it to my oligarchy. But I have failed, and
you have won."
"You mean you were responsible for all the opposition we've
encountered?" Hanlon asked in surprise.
"That is correct. Working through the mind of this now-dying entity
called Adwal Irad, I caused certain things to be done, including the
increase in what you call crimes, in hopes they would alienate these
people from your Federation's invitation, which was made shortly
before I came here to work. It was my plan to make them join with
me after denying you, and for certain things promised this Irad in
the way of personal power, he more or less agreed—although I had
to force him on several occasions."
"So that's why he changed so," Hanlon now knew the answers to
many puzzles.
"Yes, there was continual conflict in Irad's mind. It was conditioned
to a love and loyalty for his world, and certain ethics of what he
considered the fundamentals of right and wrong, that are totally
unknown to me. In fact, these people are almost non-
understandably different from the races in my oligarchy, but they
have many resources I need. Thus the disturbance between what
this Irad innately felt and what I forced him to do, drove him insane.
Even now his body is dead, and I am keeping his mind alive merely
while I converse with you—a thing I have wished to do for long and
long. I shall leave now, for my project has failed. I congratulate you
on your victory."
There was a moment's hesitation, then the thought came again to
Hanlon. "But there is one thing I would like to know before I go."
There was almost a trace of pleading, of indecision in that hitherto
coldly logical, precise thought—and Hanlon wondered anew what
sort of being this could possibly be with whom he was telepathing.
For he could perceive nothing whatever as to the bodily shape or
size of this enigmatic stranger.
"Why was I unable to make contact with your mind?" the alien
asked, and its thoughts were almost a wail. "I perceive now that you
are very young, very immature and inexperienced. I should have
been able to read you easily. My abilities must be very small indeed,
even though I have always considered myself so competent. Are you
of a different race from those others with whom you worked? I know
you are not a native of this planet, for your mind texture is far
different from theirs, as is your fellows'. Even as yours, in some
ways, differs from theirs."
"I honestly do not know the answer," Hanlon thought frankly. "I am
of the same race as my companions, but I have some slight
additional mental powers not usually found in my people. It may be
I have a natural block or barrier in my mind they do not possess."
"It must be so. I could make no contact with you at all, whereas I
could penetrate and control easily with the others. It is only now,
while we are jointly tenanting this weaker mind, that I can converse
with you through its brain—I still cannot do so directly. It is very
puzzling ..." and Hanlon felt the withdrawal of that mind.
Irad's body, now that the mind which had been keeping it not-dead,
or semi-alive, had slumped to the floor in full death.
 CHAPTER 20
Captain George Hanlon jumped from the big tricycle and ran into the
residence. None of the guards or servants tried to stop him, so
dumb-founded were they by all that had been happening. Knowing
the way from his controlling of the bird that had found Amir's rooms,
Hanlon was soon there. He did not stop to see what was happening
to the others, but ran across the bedroom to that far door, and
rapped on it to attract the attention of the Ruler, hiding behind it.
"Everything is safe now, k'nyer," he called through the badly charred
panels. "The assassin is dead. You can come out now."
"Is this some new trick?" a voice came thinly.
"No, sire, it is no trick, but the truth. You are safe now."
"Who are you?"
"I'm ..." Hanlon started to give his name, then remembered that the
Ruler did not know anything about him. He quickly changed it to,
"I'm Ergo Lona, the groom with whom you talked on the ride the
other morning."
"Lona? Where did you disappear to—and why?" suspiciously.
"Endar discharged me, but I have been watching over you, just the
same. On my honor, k'nyer, you may believe me."
After some further hesitation there was the sound of the padding
being removed from the keyhole, the insertion and turning of the
key. As the door opened a mere crack, Elus Amir peered cautiously
out. But instead of the clothing of a groom or a countryman, he saw
the brilliant space-blue and silver of an Inter-Stellar Corps uniform.
He started to pull shut the door, but Hanlon had stuck the toe of his
boot in it.
"It's all right, k'nyer. I am Lona, the groom. I am also George
Hanlon, a captain in the Terran Inter-Stellar Corps. We discovered
that another attempt was being made on your life, and were lucky
enough to get here in time to block it."
He took hold of the edge of the door and pulled it open, for the
Ruler was so surprised by this revelation that he made no real effort
to hold it shut. Amir came slowly, surprisedly into the bedroom,
staring keenly at Hanlon.
"You don't look like Lona ... but the voice does seem to be the same.
How does it happen the Federation has men here? Were you spying
on me?"
"Not on you, sire, but on your enemies," Hanlon said earnestly. "Let
me introduce you to Admiral New...."
He had half-turned back as he spoke, and now for the first time saw
his father on the floor, a hand clutching his shoulder, from which a
great stain of blood was drenching the uniform sleeve.
"Ring for your physician," Hanlon turned and commanded the Ruler.
Then, realizing this was no way for him to be addressing a planetary
head, he quickly but entreatingly added, "please, k'nyer."
Elus Amir called in one of the servants clustered outside, and
commanded curtly, "Get the doctor here, immediately." Then he
went over to the two on the floor. "Let me look," he half-pushed
Hanlon aside, and stooped to peer closely at that wounded shoulder.
"Help me get him onto the bed," he said after a quick inspection. "I
don't think any of the bone is gone—it's just a bad flesh burn."
Tenderly the two men raised the admiral, who protested weakly that
he could get up by himself, and lifted him onto the bed. Amir himself
began pulling off the admiral's tunic, while Hanlon helped.
By the time the doctor came running in, and took over the dressing
of the wound, they had the arm and shoulder bared. But the elder
Newton, in spite of his protestations, had fainted from the loss of
blood and shock.
Amir sent the assembled servants away, retaining only his dresser,
who helped him on with his day clothes.
The doctor worked swiftly, as Hanlon watched anxiously, applying
ointments to the burn, and finally bandaging it.
"He's weak from all the blood he lost, and doesn't seem to have
been in too good condition anyway," the doctor said at last. "I hope
the man is strong enough to pull through."
"Then give him some plasma," Hanlon said frantically. "He needs it."
"I don't know what you mean," the doctor was bewildered by the
word, for Hanlon had had to use the Terran word "plasma", not
knowing any translation for it.
"A blood transfusion, then, or at least some glucose."
"I don't know anything about those, either ... say, you're not an
Estrellan, are you?"
"No, we're Terrans. You mean you folks don't know anything about
giving one person's blood to another?"
"Sorry, but I've never heard of such a thing. How is it done?" The
doctor was apparently more interested in this new idea than in the
admiral's desperate condition.
Hanlon felt faint. He staggered away from the bedside without
answering, and went into the anteroom, where Hooper stood talking
to Inver and some other officials, who had heard the commotion and
had come to see what it was all about.
Hooper saw Hanlon's haggard face, and knew something was wrong.
"Were we too late?" he gasped.
"Oh, no, we got Irad and saved Amir, but dad was blasted—shoulder.
The doctor has fixed him up as best he can, but dad's in shock, and
these backward fools never heard of plasma or blood transfusions."
Hooper jumped forward. "I can give a transfusion. What's your dad's
blood type?" he asked as they hurried to the bedside.
"Same as mine," Hanlon was peeling off his coat as he spoke, his
eyes lighting with relief.
Hooper rapped quick questions at the doctor, but the latter shook his
head. More questions, and more negative answers, then Hooper
turned disconsolately to Hanlon. "They don't even have anything I
could use to give a transfusion; no hollow needles; not even
hypodermics."
The doctor pulled on Hooper's arm. "Please, tell me what you mean
by blood transfusions, and plasma. How do you give them? What
for? And what did the other man mean when he said he had the
same blood type as the wounded man?"
Hanlon went to sit beside his father's bedside, and sank into an
apparent mood of despair.
Meanwhile, the Ruler had finished dressing, and with his son, Inver,
went over to listen to what Major Hooper was telling the doctor.
"Will you please tell me what all is going on here?" Amir asked so
plaintively that the S S man had trouble concealing a grin. But
Hooper sobered instantly.
"The Federation's Inter-Stellar Corps, sire," he began his
explanation, "found out about the fact that opposition to your desire
to accept their invitation was becoming stronger—and dangerous to
you and to the peace of your planet. They sent four of us here to
study the situation and to protect you if possible. To do that it was
necessary for us to disguise ourselves as natives of your world, so
we could move about freely and unnoticed. That is why Captain
Hanlon worked it so you would notice him, hire him as a servant of
some sort here, and he would thus be able to watch over you and
conditions in general from close at hand. We had found out that
Adwal Irad was at the head of this opposition and crime wave, and
that his plans included your death."
"But now you're all in uniform—and your disguises removed."
"Yes, k'nyer. We were planning to come as ourselves tomorrow—or
rather, this morning—and seek an audience with you. We knew
about the attempt to assassinate you that was made on your daily
ride, and so were watching you more carefully than ever. When we
saw Irad trying to get into your room, and his men he had planted in
your guards keeping back the servants who wished to come to your
assistance, we hurried here to help protect you. It was so apparent
Irad was determined to complete the killing he failed at the other
time."
Elus Amir, Ruler of Estrella, took that startling news with barely a
tremor. He motioned them to a seat along the side of the bedroom,
to continue his questioning.
The doctor was dismissed, although it was plain he wanted to stay
and ask this Terran more about those strange and new methods of
treating wounds.
So until dawn the Ruler and his son—now Second-In-Line following
the death of Irad—sat talking to Major Hooper about the Federation
of Planets, and the benefits Estrella would obtain from joining the
other worlds.
"Such things as the advances in medicines in which your doctor is so
interested, are but minor matters among the many we can and
gladly will tell you if you wish," Hooper said.
The Corpsman was able to convince Amir of the falsity of the rumors
and arguments Irad had spread, about how Estrella would lose her
sovereignty if she joined, and that Terra would make slaves of her
people.
"That is such a damnable thing to say, k'nyer," Hooper was almost
angry, but very much in earnest. "You have only to send some
trusted advisors to the various planets of the Federation—we will
gladly furnish them transportation as we did before—and have them
talk to the common people of any or all of our worlds. They will find
that while we of Terra were the ones who developed space travel
and sent people to colonize the first discovered and habitable
planets, that the citizens of each world choose their own form of
government, and that many of them are now even stronger than is
Terra, the mother world. And there are peoples of several worlds
who are natives and not Terrans or their descendants, whom we
have not only not enslaved, but are helping to grow culturally so
they may some day be advanced enough to join us as full-fledged
equal members of the Federation, just as you, with your advanced
civilization, were invited to do."
While all this conversation was going on in low tones across the
room, George Hanlon sat by the side of his father's bed, almost in a
trance, so deep was his concentration.
From what he had learned while breaking past the disintegrating
barriers in Adwal Irad's mind, and from the techniques he had
learned to apply in his previous excursions into other minds, he now
found that, because his father was unconscious rather than merely
asleep, he could, in a way, by-pass those barriers and get down into
the depths of cell and gland in his father's mind and body, even
though he could not fully penetrate the block into the memories, nor
control the elder's actions.
Carefully Hanlon studied those depths, aided also by what he had
learned in his healing of the caval, and from his intensive studies of
human physiology and neurones and allied sciences. Using the
totality of his admittedly meager knowledge, yet guided by things no
human physician had so far learned, he at last began to trace the
pattern of how human cells, tissues and nerves regenerated
themselves, and how new blood leucocytes are made in the glands
of the lymph and the spleen. He was able to trace the connectors
between the minute organisms and the brain that directed their
activities.
Then he set himself to the delicate task of activating those functions
to begin and hasten the healing process.
Hour after hour he sat there, oblivious to all else taking place around
him, his own body lolling almost lifelessly in the big chair while all
his mental powers were engaged in the monumental and hitherto
unheard-of task to which he had set himself.
The other three men concluded their conference at last, and got up,
stretching hugely to pull themselves more awake after their half-
night vigil.
Amir called in his servants, and ordered them to prepare and serve
breakfast here for himself and his guests. Inver ran back to his own
apartment to dress more completely for the day.
Hooper walked over to where Hanlon was sitting. "Asleep?" he half-
whispered, doubtful because of the way the young man's body was
sprawled in the deep chair.
George Hanlon stirred and sat up, flashing a smile. "You didn't need
to whisper, Curt," he said. "I wasn't asleep. Just been helping dad
get well."
The major stared at him in amazement. "What d'you mean?"
"You're half a doctor, Curt. Take a look at dad's wound."
Doubtfully, not fully understanding even yet what his companion
meant, Hooper removed the bandage. He stared unbelievingly at the
wounded shoulder. The deeper portions of that terrible burn were
completely regenerated with healthy tissue. There was no sign of
inflammation, no scarred tissue or fused flesh as usually shows in a
fresh flamegun burn. The upper parts of the injury, too, were
already beginning to heal toward the center.
"Why ... why," he was astounded. "That should've taken weeks. I
never knew a wound to heal that fast."
"I found out how to speed up the cells and things," Hanlon said
simply.
Admiral Newton roused as they talked, perhaps at the touch of
Hooper's gentle hands removing the bandage. Now he opened his
eyes, and after a moment to realize his surroundings and recall the
events of his injuries, smiled at his co-workers.
"Hi, fellows. Everything under control?"
"Yes, sir, all O K," Hooper answered. "I think the Ruler is about ready
to sign up."
"Good. Good work. Say, I feel fine. No pain—yet I seem to have a
memory of being blasted ... of fainting." He frowned, then shrugged.
"Couldn't have been much after all."
"It was very bad, sir," Hooper assured him gravely. "The burn was
almost to the bone in your shoulder, and you lost a lot of blood. But
now the wound is over half-healed."
"Great John. How long was I out?"
"Only a few hours, dad," Hanlon said.
"Oh, you found the kit, then?"
"What kit?"
"There's a complete emergency medi-surgical kit under the seat in
my tricycle."
"Now he tells us," Hooper spread his hands and spoke in mock
despair.
"Probably just as well," Hanlon said. "If we'd known about that I
might never have felt the necessity of discovering how to heal
wounds as I did."
"What're you talking about?" the admiral looked from one to the
other in perplexity.
"The kid's too modest to tell you, sir," Hooper broke in, ignoring
Hanlon's signal to keep quiet. "I don't pretend to know how he did
it, but somehow or other he managed, with his mind, to stimulate
and speed up the healing, so that at the rate it's been going, your
wound should be all well in another twenty-four hours. I'll bandage it
up again, and then, unless you're too weak, you can get up and help
us eat breakfast the Ruler is having sent up for us all."
Young Inver, who had returned to the bedroom, was standing there,
listening to all this. Now his expressive eyes lighted up, and he
touched Hanlon's arm. When the young S S man turned to face him,
Inver breathlessly asked, "Was that the way my caval got well so
fast?"
Hanlon grinned at him. "I knew it was your favorite mount, and I
didn't want to see it destroyed."
He turned quickly back to help his father get up. The admiral found
that, while he was still a little shaky, he could stand up without
dizziness. The Ruler had sent his uniform jacket out to be cleaned
and mended, and this Newton donned. Soon the men were seated
about the table the servants had set up, eating the splendid
breakfast they brought and served.
Meantime, the five talked about the problem that so much interested
them all, and that meant so much to all the peoples of their worlds.
"Our Colonial and Survey Bureaus are constantly seeking throughout
space for other planets having intelligent races, and we feel sure
yours will not be the last we'll find," Admiral Newton told the Ruler
and his son. "It is egotistical and silly to think we Terrans are the
only civilized peoples in the universe."
"Chances are we'll find others who are as far ahead of us in
intelligence, science and technologies as you Estrellans are ahead of
us in ethics," Hanlon added honestly.
Amir and Inver looked up in astonishment at that simple statement.
"You ... you actually mean ... honestly ... that you Terrans do not
believe you are the highest form of life in the universe?" Inver put
their questioning into words.
"Great John, no!" Admiral Newton exploded. "Oh, I suppose," he
added more slowly, "that there are some earth people who may still
feel that way, but the majority of us do not, especially those who
have travelled at all extensively. We used to think that; used to
believe, hundreds of years ago, that we were the only intelligent life
in the cosmos. But we know better now that we're spreading out. I,
personally, have been on at least six planets that contain intelligent
life that did not stem from Terra, although yours is the highest of the
six, and none of the rest are yet at the point where they can be
asked to affiliate with the Federation as equal members. But those
others are being taught and coached as best we can—and as much
as they want to be. In a few more generations they'll probably have
reached the point where they will be ready to be seriously
considered for equality status with us, as far as Federation
membership is concerned."
"Just how do you determine the fitness of a race for membership in
your Federation?" Inver leaned forward, his expressive eyes
questioning. His father started to rebuke him for his forwardness,
but the admiral interrupted.
"No, that's a good question, and we're glad to answer it—just as
we're glad to answer any questions to which we know the answers.
As to this one, we look first for signs of intelligence great enough to
enable the people to govern themselves without continual warfare,"
he said earnestly. "Their knowledge of science and technology is not
so important, we feel, although their ability to learn is. Some races
will probably never have real need for machines of any sort—races
like the plant-men of Algon, where Captain Hanlon was recently
instrumental in freeing them from slavery."
He paused a moment to marshal his thoughts. "Then we look to see
if they are making a conscious effort to advance in education and
learning—no matter along what lines that may be," he continued.
"We study their knowledge of and interest in ethical matters—their
religion, and their belief in the general concept of right and wrong,
of decency and observance of the rights of others. If they have
these things, and have, above all, the desire and determination to
continue their cultural growth, then we consider them worthy of
equal Federation membership."
"And your wonderful people certainly measure up to all of those
concepts," Hanlon added sincerely.
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