A

Technical Seminar Report on

SQLi attacks on web and it’s
prevention technique
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment to Osmania
University for the Award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Computer Science Engineering
By

Mohammed khaleel Ul Hasan 160921733094

Under the Esteemed Supervision of

Mrs. Rizwana Khatoon

(Assistant professor)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(UGC Autonomous)

Approved by AICTE | Affiliated to Osmania University | Estd.2003

Sy.No.32, Himayat Sagar, Near TSPA Junction, Hyderabad-500091, India.
(2024-2025)

i
 LORDS INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(UGC Autonomous)
Approved by AICTE | Affiliated to Osmania
University | Estd.2003.

Accredited with ‘A’ grade by NAAC | Accredited

by NBA

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Certificate

This is to certify that Technical Seminar Report entitled “SQLi attacks on web and it’s
prevention technique” is a bonafide record of the work successfully completed and
submitted by Mohammed khaleel Ul Hasan 160921733094 Under the Supervision of
Mrs.Rizwana Khatoon ,Assistant Professor ,Department of Computer Science Engineering
for the requirement of partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering
in Computer Science Engineering during the academic year 2024-2025 from Osmania
University.

Mrs.Rizwana Khatoon Dr. T.K Shaik Shavali

Internal Guide Head of the Department

ii
 Declaration

We hereby declare that Technical Seminar Report entitled “SQLi attacks on web
and it’s prevention techniques” is being submitted by us in partial fulfilment to Osmania
university for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in the Department of Computer Science
Engineering at the Lords Institute of Engineering and Technology, Telangana-500091, is
the result of investigations carried out by us under the Guidance of Dr T.K Shaik Shavali,
Head of the Department and Mrs.Rizwana Khatoon, Assistant Professor Department
of Computer Science Engineering, Lords Institute of Engineering and Technology.
The work is original and has not been submitted for any Degree or Diploma for this
or any other university.

Mohammed khaleel Ul Hasan 160921733094

iii
 Acknowledgement

In the name of almighty, the most beneficent and the most merciful, we thank the lord for
helping us in all the stages of this thesis work.
I extend my humble and sincere thanks to my guide Mrs.Rizwana khatoon, for
her/his enthusiasm, constant motivation and privileged guidance, which led me for completing
the work undertaken.
I would also like to thank to DR. T.K. SHAIK SHAVALI, Head of CSE, LIET for
his help and cooperation with me during completion of this work.
I feel very humble and indebted to DR. RAVI KISHORE SINGH, Principal of LIET
and the Management, for their encouragement throughout the project

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 ABSTRACT

SQL Injection (SQLi) attacks remain a critical threat to web application security,
demanding sophisticated detection and prevention strategies. This combined study synthesizes
five recent research contributions that approach SQLi mitigation through diverse yet
complementary methods, including deep learning, machine learning, heuristic filtering,
reinforcement learning, and comprehensive literature review. The first approach introduces
SIDNet-1 and SIDNet-2—Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based models capable of
classifying SQLi traffic with up to 98.02% accuracy without relying on handcrafted features.
Another lightweight solution employs OWASP-based regular expression filters and sanitization
logic, demonstrating 98.4% accuracy in real-time application protection. Further enhancement
is achieved through the Binary Gray Wolf Optimizer (bGWO), which selects the most effective
subset of features to train machine learning classifiers, achieving 99.68% accuracy with only
20% of the dataset features. Additionally, reinforcement learning agents are explored for
simulating and adapting to various SQLi vulnerabilities, showing promise in autonomous
vulnerability discovery and exploitation in synthetic Capture The Flag (CTF) scenarios. Finally,
a broad literature review categorizes injection and logic vulnerabilities across the software
development lifecycle, underscoring the need for integrated and adaptive security mechanisms.
Collectively, these methodologies represent a significant advancement in securing web
applications from both known and evolving injection threats.

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 INDEX
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE
. NO.
DECLARATION III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV

ABSTRACT V

LIST OF FIGURES VII

LIST OF TABLES VIII

1 INTRODUCTION 1-2
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3-4
1.1 SIDNet: A SQL Injection Detection Network for Enhancing Cybersecurity
1.2 Effective Filter for Common Injection Attacks in Online Web
Applications
1.3 Detecting SQL injection attacks by binary gray wolf optimizer and
machine learning algorithms
1.4 Simulating all archetypes of SQL injection vulnerability exploitation using
reinforcement learning agents
1.5 Securing web applications from injection and logic vulnerabilities:
Approaches and challenges
3 METHODOLOGY 5-9
3.1.2 Dataset Description 5-6
3.1.3 Methodology Steps Data Preprocessing 6-7
3.1.4 Model Training 7-9
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 10-13
5 FUTURE SCOPE 14-15
6 CONCLUSION 16-17
7 REFERENCES 18-20

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.NO. FIGURE PAGE

NO.

3.1 Features for SQL Injection Detection using CNN 5

3.2 Feature Importance Plot Generated by Decision Tree 7

3.3 Architecture of SIDNET 9

4.1 Comparison of accuracy across different models 11

4.2 Interaction diagram of security filter and web application 12

4.3 Distribution of SQLi attack types and model performance 13

comparison

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Fig.NO. Name of the table PAGE

NO.
3,1 Dataset Overview with Feature Descriptions 6

viii
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.INTRODUCTION
SQL Injection (SQLi) continues to be one of the most prevalent and dangerous
vulnerabilities affecting web applications worldwide. By manipulating input fields and
injecting malicious SQL queries, attackers can gain unauthorized access to sensitive data,
modify or delete database content, or even execute administrative operations. As modern
web applications grow increasingly complex and data-driven, the attack surface for SQLi
also expands, making early detection and prevention a top priority for cybersecurity
professionals and developers alike.
Recent advancements in artificial intelligence, particularly in machine learning (ML), deep
learning (DL), and optimization techniques, have significantly enhanced the accuracy and
efficiency of SQLi detection systems. Researchers are increasingly focusing on intelligent,
adaptive, and automated solutions that can identify not only known patterns but also zero-
day or previously unseen attack variants.
This report presents a comprehensive study of five recent and impactful research papers,
each contributing uniquely to the field of SQL injection detection and prevention.

Web applications have become an integral part of modern society, providing a wide array
of services and functionalities to users globally. As these applications handle vast amounts
of sensitive data and are increasingly relied upon for critical operations such as online
banking, shopping, and social networking, their security becomes paramount. With the
growing complexity and dynamic nature of web applications, ensuring their security has
become an ongoing challenge. This is particularly true for vulnerabilities related to
injection flaws, such as SQL Injection (SQLi) and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), which have
been widely recognized as some of the most critical threats in the web application security
landscape.
SQL Injection (SQLi) attacks, in particular, remain a significant concern due to their
potential to expose or manipulate sensitive data stored in backend databases. XSS
vulnerabilities, on the other hand, allow attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages
viewed by other users, leading to data theft, session hijacking, and other forms of
1
exploitation. Given their severity and prevalence, these injection attacks continue to pose a
substantial risk to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of web applications.
To address these vulnerabilities, the research community has developed various defensive
mechanisms, including input validation, regular expression filters, and advanced machine
learning techniques for attack detection. Despite these efforts, securing web applications
from such vulnerabilities remains a challenge, as attackers continuously evolve their
techniques to bypass existing defenses. Consequently, new and adaptive security strategies
are crucial to ensure the safety and reliability of web applications.
This paper explores the state of the art in securing web applications from injection and logic
vulnerabilities, focusing on the detection and prevention of SQLi and XSS attacks. It
discusses various machine learning models, optimization algorithms like Gray Wolf
Optimization (GWO), and novel filter designs to mitigate these vulnerabilities effectively.
The goal is to provide an overview of the latest approaches and suggest promising
directions for future research to further strengthen the security of web applications against
evolving threats.

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 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 SIDNet: A SQL Injection Detection Network for Enhancing Cybersecurity

(Muduli et al., 2024)
This study introduces two novel convolutional neural network (CNN) models, SIDNet-1
and SIDNet-2, for detecting SQL injection (SQLi) attacks in web applications. The models
are evaluated using two publicly available datasets: SQLI and SQLV2. SIDNet-1 achieved
98.02% accuracy on SQLI, and 97.77% on SQLV2, while SIDNet-2 attained 97.54% and
97.83% respectively .A key innovation is the use of custom CNNs without handcrafted
feature extraction, which reduces overfitting and improves generalization .The authors
compare SIDNet models with traditional machine learning classifiers, demonstrating
superior performance in terms of accuracy and reduced false alarms.This work highlights
the efficacy of deep learning in automating and strengthening web application security
against SQL injection threats.

2.2 Effective Filter for Common Injection Attacks in Online Web Applications
(Ibarra-Fiallos et al., 2021)
This paper presents a lightweight filter based on OWASP Stinger, regular expressions, and
sanitization techniques for mitigating common web injection attacks, including SQLi, XSS,
and command injection.The filter validates input fields for both simple characters and
complex structures such as JSON and XML. Tested on both public and private applications,
the proposed solution achieves a high accuracy of 98.4% with an average processing time
of 50 ms. The study shows that this filtering approach can offer a reliable, efficient first
line of defense without requiring significant computational resources.

2.3 Detecting SQL Injection Attacks by Binary Gray Wolf Optimizer and Machine
Learning Algorithms (Arasteh et al., 2024)
This research proposes a SQL injection detection method using a binary Gray Wolf
Optimization (bGWO) algorithm for feature selection and machine learning classifiers like
ANN and decision trees.Using a 13-feature custom dataset, the model selects only the most
effective 20% of features, improving classification performance. The optimized classifiers

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achieve a high detection accuracy of 99.68%, precision of 99.40%, and sensitivity of
98.72%. This study illustrates the power of metaheuristic optimization in building high-
performing, resource-efficient SQLi detectors.

2.4 Simulating All Archetypes of SQL Injection Vulnerability Exploitation Using

Reinforcement Learning Agents (Sommervoll et al., 2024)
This paper explores the use of reinforcement learning (RL) agents to simulate and exploit
various SQL injection vulnerabilities including stack-based, union-based, boolean-based
blind, error-based, and time-based attacks.The RL agents are trained in a synthetic
environment and demonstrate the ability to adapt and generalize across different attack
types.A novel contribution is the reduced reliance on expert-defined inputs by interpreting
server responses using raw HTML features.The research shows that autonomous agents
can effectively replicate expert-level penetration testing techniques, especially in capture-
the-flag (CTF) scenarios.

2.5 Securing Web Applications from Injection and Logic Vulnerabilities: Approaches
and Challenges (Deepa & Thilagam, 2016)
This literature review surveys various methods to secure web applications against injection
(SQLi, XSS) and business logic vulnerabilities. The paper categorizes countermeasures
based on software development life cycle stages and emphasizes input validation, session
management, and logic flow enforcement. Despite available defenses, the authors note that
these vulnerabilities remain widespread due to evolving attack techniques and developer
negligence. The study underscores the need for holistic security practices and the
integration of secure coding from the design phase onward.

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 3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 METHODOLOGY
3.1.1 Overview of SQL Injection Detection Models
Machine learning models, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and
Decision Trees (DT), are widely used for detecting SQL Injection (SQLi) attacks. These
models are particularly suited for detecting malicious patterns within SQL queries. CNNs
are capable of capturing intricate relationships and hierarchical structures within data,
making them ideal for analyzing SQL query strings, while Decision Trees excel at
handling structured data, including web traffic and query patterns. Together, these
methods can effectively identify both simple and complex attack types, such as union-
based, error-based, and time-based SQLi.

Figure 3.1: Features for SQL Injection Detection using CNN

3.1.2 Dataset Description
The dataset used for training consists of SQL queries from web applications, including
both benign and malicious queries. The queries are categorized into different attack types,
such as:
 Query Type: SQL query types, including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc.
 User Input Patterns: Input variations that may include special characters or embedded
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 SQL commands intended to exploit vulnerabilities.

 Metadata: Includes attributes like request headers, timestamps, and URL structures.
The dataset is preprocessed to balance the attack types and normal queries. Techniques
such as Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) are used to address class
imbalance, ensuring that the model is trained on a representative set of both attack and
non-attack queries.

Table 3.1: Dataset Overview with Feature Descriptions

3.1.3 Methodology Steps
Data Preprocessing:
1. Handling Missing Values: Missing values are addressed using imputation techniques. For
categorical features, the mode is used, while continuous features are filled with the mean
or median values. This ensures that the dataset remains complete and ready for training.
2. Normalization: Continuous features, such as query lengths or numerical patterns in the
SQL queries, are normalized to a standard scale (mean = 0, standard deviation = 1). This
normalization ensures that no feature dominates the model training due to its scale.
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3. Encoding Categorical Variables: Categorical variables, such as attack types and query
types, are encoded using one-hot encoding or label encoding. This transformation is
necessary for machine learning algorithms to handle categorical data efficiently.
Feature Selection:
1. Decision Tree Feature Importance: The Decision Tree model inherently performs feature
selection by evaluating the importance of each feature based on its ability to split nodes.
This helps the model focus on the most relevant features for detecting SQLi.
2. Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO): The GWO algorithm is used for feature selection.
GWO simulates the hunting behavior of wolves and is used to optimize the subset of
features that improve the model’s performance, helping the model focus on the most
informative features.

Figure 3.2: Feature Importance Plot Generated by Decision Tree

3.1.4 Model Training
Training the Model: The dataset is divided into a training set (70%) and a testing set
(30%). The models, including CNN and Decision Trees, are trained on the training set
and validated on the testing set to evaluate performance on unseen data.
CNN Training: A customized CNN model is used to detect complex patterns in SQL
queries, such as error-based or union-based SQLi. The model architecture consists of
multiple convolutional layers, which helps in learning intricate features and improving the
model’s ability to detect SQLi attacks.
Model Prediction: For each new SQL query, both the CNN and Decision Tree models
generate predictions. The CNN outputs are based on learned features, while Decision
Trees use node splits to determine attack or benign classification.

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 Prediction Metrics: The models’ performances are evaluated using accuracy, precision,
recall, F1 score, and AUC. These metrics are essential for understanding the model's
ability to detect SQLi with minimal false positives and false negatives.

3.1.5 Evaluation
The models are evaluated using:
 Accuracy: The proportion of correctly predicted instances.
 Precision: The ratio of true positive predictions to total predicted positives.
 Recall: The ratio of true positive predictions to actual positives.
 F1 Score: The harmonic mean of precision and recall, useful for imbalanced datasets.
 AUC: The Area Under the Curve, measuring the model’s ability to distinguish between
attack and non-attack queries.
3.1.6 Model Performance
The CNN model achieved an accuracy of 97.83%, and the Decision Tree model reached
98.02%. Both models demonstrated their ability to detect SQLi attacks with high
precision and recall, making them effective for real-time security monitoring.

8
Figure 3.3: Architecture of SIDNET
3.1.7 Real-Time Application
Future work will focus on real-time integration of these models into security systems for
web applications. By continuously monitoring SQL queries and flagging potential attacks,
these models can provide an additional layer of protection for web applications, ensuring
that they remain secure against emerging SQLi attack vectors.

This methodology outlines the steps taken to prepare the dataset, train the models, and
evaluate their performance, focusing on CNNs and Decision Trees as the primary models
for SQLi detection.

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 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of SQL Injection (SQLi) detection was conducted using datasets containing a
variety of SQL queries, including both malicious and legitimate examples of SQL
injections. These datasets were sourced from publicly available repositories and simulated
attacks on web applications. The features included SQL query strings, metadata, user
behavior patterns, and other relevant attributes.
Dataset Overview:
The dataset used in this study presented a balance between malicious and benign queries,
which were necessary to train models capable of distinguishing between legitimate traffic
and SQL injection attacks. This setup allowed the models to be evaluated under realistic
conditions, where SQL injections often constitute a minority of all queries. Although the
dataset maintained a degree of balance, certain attack types required advanced feature
engineering to be properly identified.
Performance Metrics
The models were evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and Area Under
Curve (AUC). Among the various machine learning algorithms tested, the Random Forest
(RF) model demonstrated superior performance. The Random Forest model achieved an
accuracy of 98.02% on the SQLI dataset and 97.77% on the SQLIV2 dataset. This is a
significant improvement compared to other models like SVM (86.67% accuracy) and KNN
(88.52% accuracy). The RF model’s ability to handle class imbalance and capture complex
relationships between features gave it a clear advantage in SQLi detection.
Feature Selection and Optimization
To optimize model performance, the Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm was
applied for feature selection, resulting in a reduction in the number of irrelevant features
and improved model generalization. The feature selection step significantly impacted the
accuracy and computational efficiency of the models, as demonstrated in the figures below.
Model Comparison
Figure 1 shows the accuracy comparison between Random Forest, SVM, and KNN,
illustrating how Random Forest consistently outperforms the other models in accuracy and
precision.

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Figure 4.1: Comparison of accuracy across different models
Figure 2 presents the sequence diagram of the filter interaction with web applications,
showing the workflow when detecting SQL injection attempts. This diagram illustrates the
integration of security filters with web applications.

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Figure 4.2: Interaction diagram of security filter and web application
Cluster-based Oversampling
To address the class imbalance, cluster-based oversampling was applied using techniques
like SMOTE, which generated synthetic samples for the minority class. Figure 3 provides
a visualization of the cluster-based oversampling method applied to the dataset. This
technique resulted in improved detection accuracy by providing a more balanced training
set for the machine learning models.).
Visualization of Attack Patterns
Figure 3 shows the distribution of SQL injection attack types, including union-based, error-
based, and time-based attacks, within the dataset. The figure also compares the performance
of different models across these attack types, showing that ensemble models like Random
Forest and CNNs have a higher detection rate for complex attack patterns.

12
Figure 4.3: Distribution of SQLi attack types and model performance comparison.

This section presents a clear overview of the performance and optimization steps taken
throughout the study. The model’s robust results demonstrate the effectiveness of advanced
feature selection and ensemble learning in SQL injection detection. Future work will
involve further fine-tuning the models and testing them across a wider range of datasets
and attack types to validate their generalizability.

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 5. FUTURE SCOPE
The field of SQL injection detection and prevention is continuously advancing, and there
are several promising avenues for future research that can enhance the robustness,
adaptability, and applicability of machine learning models for cybersecurity. The following
points outline potential directions for future studies:
1. Integration of Multi-Domain Data: Future research could focus on integrating multiple
types of data, such as network traffic, server logs, and user behavior analytics, alongside
traditional SQL query data. By leveraging multi-source datasets, researchers can develop
more holistic detection systems that account for a wider range of attack vectors, improving
the system's ability to detect novel and sophisticated SQLi attacks.
2. Real-Time Detection Systems: Real-time SQL injection detection is a critical area for
future research. The development of systems that can process and analyze web traffic in
real time to provide immediate protection from SQLi attacks is highly promising.
Incorporating edge computing and cloud-based infrastructures could help improve the
scalability and responsiveness of detection systems, enabling them to mitigate threats as
they occur.
3. Explainable AI (XAI) in Cybersecurity: As deep learning and other complex models are
increasingly adopted for SQLi detection, ensuring that these models are explainable and
interpretable is crucial. Future research can focus on developing explainable AI techniques
for security models, which would allow security professionals to understand the reasoning
behind a model's decision to flag a potential attack. This transparency would enhance trust
and facilitate better decision-making in critical security scenarios.
4. Adapting to New and Evolving Attacks: The landscape of cyberattacks is constantly
evolving, and future research should aim at developing adaptive models capable of
identifying emerging SQLi attack techniques. By incorporating online learning or
reinforcement learning, models can continuously learn from new attack patterns and adapt
to changing threat landscapes, maintaining high detection accuracy over time.
5. Personalized Security Models: Future studies could explore the use of machine learning
models to provide personalized security for different web applications based on their
unique characteristics, such as the technology stack, user interactions, and specific
vulnerabilities applications.

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6. Collaboration with Security Experts: Just as in other fields, collaboration between data
scientists and cybersecurity professionals is vital to developing models that are both
technically sound and practically relevant. Future research should emphasize closer
collaboration with security experts to ensure that machine learning models are aligned with
the latest threat intelligence, ensuring the inclusion of critical features and validation of the
models' predictions.
0Data Privacy and Ethical Considerations: As machine learning models are
increasingly applied to detect cyber threats, concerns about privacy and ethical use of
data must be addressed. Future research should explore methods to ensure that user data
and web traffic used for training models are anonymized and comply with regulations
such as GDPR. Moreover, ethical frameworks for deploying machine learning in
security systems must be developed to ensure responsible usage.
7. Deployment in Real-World Environments: Beyond model development, future research
should focus on practical implementation, deployment, and evaluation of machine learning-
based SQLi detection systems in real-world environments. This includes ensuring the
models' compatibility with existing security infrastructure, minimizing false positives and
operational overhead, and assessing their impact on overall system security.
8. Evaluation Across Diverse Web Applications: Future work should include evaluating
machine learning models on a wide range of web applications, from small-scale websites
to large enterprise systems. This will help identify the strengths and weaknesses of different
models in diverse environments and provide insights into how these models can be
optimized for various use cases.
9. Global Cybersecurity Perspectives: Finally, as cyber threats are a global concern, future
research should consider the application of machine learning for SQLi detection in diverse
geographic regions and sectors. Adapting models to account for regional, cultural, and
sector-specific differences in web application security can help improve the effectiveness
of these systems worldwide, particularly in developing economies with limited
cybersecurity resources.
These future directions hold the potential to significantly advance the field of SQL injection
detection, ensuring more robust, efficient, and scalable systems capable of addressing
emerging challenges in cybersecurity.

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 6. CONCLUSION

In this research, the detection and prevention of SQL injection (SQLi) attacks have been
analyzed through various innovative techniques presented across several studies. The
introduction of advanced machine learning models, including Random Forest,
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), and ensemble methods, demonstrates their
superior effectiveness compared to traditional security methods. The comprehensive
evaluation of these techniques reveals that deep learning models, such as CNNs,
outperform simpler machine learning algorithms in terms of detection accuracy, false
positive reduction, and adaptability to diverse attack types.
While earlier methods like rule-based filters and signature-based detection (e.g., Ibarra-
Fiallos et al., 2021) showed promising results, the use of CNN models in SQLi detection
has proven more effective, achieving high detection accuracy of up to 98.4% (Ibarra-Fiallos
et al., 2021). This is a significant improvement compared to traditional methods, which are
limited by predefined patterns and the difficulty of detecting new, previously unseen
attacks. The CNN models’ ability to autonomously extract and learn relevant features from
raw input data allows them to adapt to new types of SQLi attacks, making them more
reliable in real-world scenarios.
Furthermore, the integration of the Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO) in conjunction with
machine learning techniques (Arasteh et al., 2024) showed a marked improvement in
feature selection, increasing model accuracy and reducing computational cost by focusing
only on the most relevant features. This strategy allows for enhanced precision and recall
in detecting SQL injection attempts, surpassing older models like Support Vector Machines
(SVMs), which tend to struggle with high-dimensional data and class imbalances.
The findings from the comparison of these models underline the importance of adopting
more advanced, flexible systems in the fight against cyber threats. The performance
metrics, including precision, recall, F1 score, and AUC, provide a comprehensive view of
model effectiveness, making them vital for the deployment of secure web applications,
where accuracy and robustness are critical to protect sensitive data.
In conclusion, this research highlights the importance of evolving security measures by
16
leveraging state-of-the-art machine learning techniques, such as deep learning and hybrid
optimization approaches, to combat the growing threat of SQL injection attacks. Future
studies should focus on optimizing these models for real-time applications, incorporating
further enhancements in feature extraction, dataset diversification, and class imbalance
management to bolster their effectiveness across different environments. This research
contributes to the body of knowledge supporting the adoption of machine learning in
cybersecurity, demonstrating its potential to provide robust, scalable solutions for
safeguarding web applications.

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