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Complete Notes on Digital Logic

The document provides comprehensive notes on Digital Logic, covering key topics such as number systems, logic gates, TTL circuits, Boolean algebra, ALUs, flip-flops, registers, and memory types. It explains the principles of combinational and sequential logic circuits, along with practical examples and diagrams for better understanding. Overall, it serves as a foundational resource for understanding digital systems and their operations.

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5 views

Complete Notes on Digital Logic

The document provides comprehensive notes on Digital Logic, covering key topics such as number systems, logic gates, TTL circuits, Boolean algebra, ALUs, flip-flops, registers, and memory types. It explains the principles of combinational and sequential logic circuits, along with practical examples and diagrams for better understanding. Overall, it serves as a foundational resource for understanding digital systems and their operations.

Uploaded by

gundemedasaiprakash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complete Notes on Digital Logic

Digital Logic is the foundation of modern computing and electronics, dealing with binary numbers (0s and 1s)
and logical operations. Below is a detailed set of notes covering all the key topics in Digital Logic.

1. Number Systems and Codes


Number Systems are used to represent data in computers. The most commonly used number systems are:
Key Number Systems:
1. Binary (Base-2): Uses two symbols: 0 and 1. It is the fundamental number system in digital electronics.
o Example: 1011₂ = 1×2³ + 0×2² + 1×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11₁₀
2. Decimal (Base-10): The standard number system used by humans, with digits 0 through 9.
o Example: 135₁₀ = 1×10² + 3×10¹ + 5×10⁰ = 100 + 30 + 5 = 135
3. Hexadecimal (Base-16): Uses digits 0-9 and letters A-F to represent values 0-15.
o Example: 3F₁₆ = 3×16¹ + 15×16⁰ = 48 + 15 = 63₁₀
4. Octal (Base-8): Uses digits 0-7.
o Example: 15₈ = 1×8¹ + 5×8⁰ = 8 + 5 = 13₁₀
Conversion Between Number Systems:
• Binary to Decimal: Add up powers of 2 for each bit set to 1.
• Decimal to Binary: Divide the decimal number by 2 and record the remainders.
Codes:
• Gray Code: A binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit.
• BCD (Binary Coded Decimal): A form of representing decimal numbers in binary.
• ASCII Code: A character encoding standard for representing text.

2. Logic Gates
Logic gates are electronic circuits that perform logical operations on one or more inputs to produce an output.
Basic Gates:
Gate Symbol Truth Table
AND A ⋅ B A
0
0
1
1
OR A + B A
0
0
1
1
NOT ¬A A
0
Gate Symbol Truth Table
1
Other Gates:
• NAND: The complement of AND.
• NOR: The complement of OR.
• XOR (Exclusive OR): Output is 1 when inputs are different.
• XNOR (Exclusive NOR): Output is 1 when inputs are the same.

3. TTL Circuits (Transistor-Transistor Logic)


TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) is a logic family used for building digital circuits. It uses bipolar junction
transistors (BJTs) in its circuits for performing logic operations.
Characteristics:
• Fast switching speed.
• Higher power consumption compared to CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) circuits.
• Commonly used in integrated circuits (ICs) like gates and flip-flops.

4. Boolean Algebra and Karnaugh Maps


Boolean Algebra:
Boolean algebra is used to simplify logic expressions and is fundamental in designing and optimizing digital
circuits. The primary operations are:
• AND (×): Multiplication.
• OR (+): Addition.
• NOT (¬): Negation.
Laws of Boolean Algebra:
1. Identity Law: A + 0 = A, A × 1 = A
2. Null Law: A + 1 = 1, A × 0 = 0
3. Idempotent Law: A + A = A, A × A = A
4. Complement Law: A + ¬A = 1, A × ¬A = 0
Karnaugh Map (K-map):
A K-map is a graphical method for simplifying Boolean expressions. It helps to visualize the simplification
process for two-variable, three-variable, and higher Boolean functions.
Example: For a two-variable Boolean function, a 2x2 K-map is used:
A\B01
0 01
1 10
• Groups of adjacent cells can be combined to form simpler expressions.

5. Arithmetic Logic Units (ALU)


An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logical operations.
Operations of ALU:
• Arithmetic Operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
• Logical Operations: AND, OR, XOR, NOT.
• Shift Operations: Logical shifts (left/right), arithmetic shifts.
ALU Design:
ALUs are typically designed using combinations of adders, subtraction circuits, and multiplexers.

6. Flip-Flops
A flip-flop is a basic digital memory circuit that can store one bit of data. Flip-flops are used in registers and
counters.
Types of Flip-Flops:
• SR Flip-Flop (Set-Reset): Has two inputs (S and R). It stores a bit of data until set or reset.
• D Flip-Flop (Data): Stores the value of the input data (D) on the clock pulse.
• JK Flip-Flop: A more versatile flip-flop that can be used for a variety of applications, like toggling.
• T Flip-Flop: A single-bit toggle flip-flop. It changes state on every clock pulse when the input T is high.
Flip-Flop Truth Table (SR Flip-Flop):
S R Q (Next)
0 0 Q (Previous)
010
101
1 1 Invalid

7. Registers and Counters


• Register: A group of flip-flops used to store multi-bit data. Registers are used in CPUs for temporary
storage.
• Counter: A type of sequential circuit that counts in a binary sequence. Counters are used in timing and
clock applications.
o Up-counter: Increments with each clock pulse.
o Down-counter: Decrements with each clock pulse.
o Up/Down counter: Can count in both directions.

8. Memories
Digital memory is used to store data in digital circuits. The main types of memory are:
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent storage, data cannot be modified easily.
• RAM (Random-Access Memory): Volatile memory, data is lost when the power is turned off.
• Flash Memory: Non-volatile memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.

9. Combinational and Sequential Logic Circuits


Combinational Logic Circuits:
These circuits have outputs that depend only on the current inputs. They don't have memory, and the output
is computed directly from the input.
Examples:
• Adders (Full Adder, Half Adder)
• Multiplexers
• Decoders
Sequential Logic Circuits:
These circuits have outputs that depend on both the current inputs and previous states (they have memory).
They are used for tasks that require memory, like storage, sequencing, and counting.
Examples:
• Flip-flops
• Counters
• Registers

Diagrams and Truth Tables for Common Circuits


Half Adder:
A B Sum Carry
000 0
011 0
101 0
110 1
Full Adder:
A B Cin Sum Cout
000 0 0
010 1 0
100 1 0
110 0 1
001 1 0
011 0 1
101 0 1
111 1 1

These notes cover the fundamental aspects of digital logic, providing the necessary theoretical background
and practical examples to understand how digital systems work. Feel free to refer to the truth tables and
diagrams for better clarity on how logic circuits and devices function.

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