Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia - 1st Edition

Visit the link below to download the full version of this book:

https://medipdf.com/product/oxford-textbook-of-anaesthesia-1st-edition/

Click Download Now

iii

VOLUME 1

Oxford Textbook of

Anaesthesia
Edited by
Jonathan G. Hardman
Professor and Head, Anaesthetics & Critical Care, School of Medicine,
University of Nottingham
Consultant Anaesthetist, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

Philip M. Hopkins
Professor of Anaesthesia, University of Leeds
Honorary Consultant Anaesthetist, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust,
St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK

Michel M. R. F. Struys
Professor and Chair, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen,
University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Professor in Anaesthesia, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium

1
iv

1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Oxford University Press 2017
© Oxford University Press 2017, except Chapter 78 Military Anaesthesia where ‘Mechanisms of wounding’
authored by Emrys Kirkman, Sarah Watts, and Karen Smyth: © Crown copyright (2015), Dstl/MOD.
This material is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence except where otherwise
stated. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/
version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or
email: [email protected]
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition Published in 2017
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016952559
Set ISBN 978–0–19–964204–5
Volume 1 978–0–19–870847–6
Volume 2 978–0–19–870848–3
Only available as part of a set
Printed in Great Britain by
Bell & Bain Ltd., Glasgow
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the
drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check
the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-​to-​date
published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers
and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and
the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the
text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where
otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-​pregnant
adult who is not breast-​feeding
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
v

To my Mother, who inspired my work but will never read it; to my Father, who made all
my achievements possible; and to my loving wife and three daughters, who mean the
world to me.
J.H.
To Carmel, for ignoring what I said when I completed my last book and for being my rock.
P.H.
To Dominique, Olivier, Mathieu, Thibault, and Louis for their never-​ending support.
M.S.
vi
vi

Foreword

While one could be forgiven for thinking that the era of a sin- and their implications for anaesthesia. This volume concludes with
gle, comprehensive anaesthetic textbook has been superseded by two excellent and relevant chapters on post-surgical analgesia and
the need for a series of individual specialist texts, this is certainly acute pain management.
not the case for the vast majority of anaesthetists, who tend to be The second volume centres on clinical practice, beginning with up
generalists with a special interest. During training, anaesthetists to date anaesthetic techniques and including two additional chap-
are exposed to all the major surgical subspecialties, together with ters on conscious sedation and blood conservation and transfusion.
intensive care medicine and pain management, but also need to Regional anaesthesia of the upper and lower limbs, extensively illus-
acquire skill and versatility to treat patients in a variety of non- trated by the use of ultrasound images is followed by chapters on
theatre environments. On the one hand, these two volumes are a the conduct of anaesthesia for each surgical specialty. These are a
comprehensive ‘bible’ of all that the anaesthetic trainee needs to key part of any comprehensive textbook written either for those in
know to pass their general and specialist anaesthetic examinations training, or for the general anaesthetist confronted with occasional
and complete their higher training. On the other, they provide a problems outside a specialist unit and needing to have an up to date
single reference for everything that one is likely to encounter as a understanding of current practice. The chapter on cardiac anaesthe-
specialist, who, in all but the most specialist hospitals, will normally sia is an excellent example of such a sub-speciality overview, after
provide anaesthesia for a variety of surgical specialities, together which one would need to resort to specialist textbooks. The same is
perhaps with one or two special interests. The real issue for the gen- true of neuroanaesthesia, neuroradiology and intensive care.
eral clinical anaesthetist is their acute, on-call commitment, when By contrast, there is a comprehensive section on paediatric
they may be asked to work outside their normal comfort zone, par- anaesthesia, which gives excellent guidance to the occasional pae-
ticularly in the non-teaching hospital environment. Having access diatric anaesthetist as well as the trainee and certainly cautions that
to a comprehensive and up-to-date text book is a vital reference children are certainly not just small adults! The chapter on ethics,
point, which many will find invaluable during their clinical prac- consent, and safeguarding in paediatric anaesthesia is particularly
tice. This book is therefore something which, having been one’s opportune. Chapters on pre-hospital care and military anaesthe-
bedrock during training, will provide an invaluable reference point sia also significantly enhance the breadth and depth of the whole
in one’s subsequent clinical practice. book. Again by contrast, the final section on critical care is simply
Written by clinicians for clinicians, arranged in two volumes along limited to four important areas for the general anaesthetist, thus
familiar lines, and with contributions from eminent anaesthesiolo- avoiding trying to recreate a comprehensive textbook on intensive
gists from around the world, this Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia care medicine within a general text.
sets out both the evidence base and current practice in anaesthesia In this new and innovative Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia, the
from first principles. It not only covers those areas that tradition- authors, under the close direction of the three editors, have pro-
ally are part of a basic science and clinically orientated textbook duced an outstanding text, relevant to both trainees and established
of this nature, but also includes a number of new and innovative clinicians alike. The extensive use of illustrations, photographs and
areas which are increasingly important and yet, apart from reading diagrams makes the text easy to read and dividing it up into small
individual journal articles, are not available in a collated form for relevant sections, allows the reader to rapidly access the necessary
the clinician to read and understand. information. Written by experts in their individual fields and yet
Volume one focuses on applied basic science in anaesthesia with an acute awareness of their readers’ needs, I am sure that this
together with evidence-based medicine and the practice and man- textbook will become one of the key anaesthetic texts in the United
agement of anaesthesia, the latter comprising a collection of chap- Kingdom, in Europe and further afield.
ters of major relevance to modern anaesthetic practice. Each chapter
is well set out using colour to highlight text alongside excellent dia- Sir Peter Simpson
grams, illustrations and photographs. The chapter on central nerv- MD FRCA FRCP FRCS (Hon) FCARCSI (Hon)
ous system physiology in anaesthetic practice is an example of up Past President, Royal College of Anaesthetists
to date knowledge on theories of consciousness, sleep and memory Past President, European Society of Anaesthesiology
vi
ix

Preface

The Oxford Textbook series represents the pre-​eminent authority that other techniques may be equally valid in the hands of an anaes-
on medical practice worldwide. In creating this, the first edition thetist with the relevant experience and expertise.
of the Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia, a unique opportunity was Today’s anaesthetists need to access trustworthy up-​to-​date
presented: to craft a major scholarly work detailing the evidence information while on the move. In response to this, the Oxford
base and current practice in anaesthesia from the ground up. Not Textbook of Anaesthesia will publish both in print and online on
being shackled to previous contents lists or existing editors, we have Oxford Medicine Online where it can be accessed via smartphones
designed this textbook from the many years of learning and the and other devices. The online version will be updated annually
ongoing scientific endeavour that underpin our specialty. While we to reflect major changes in clinical practice. The print edition of
are each experienced researchers, authors, and book and journal the Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia comes with a year’s access to
editors, foremost we are practising anaesthetists who are passionate the online version. By activating your unique access code, you
about providing the very best clinical care to our patients: we hope can print, save, cite, email, and share content; download high-​
that this is reflected in this book. resolution figures as Microsoft PowerPoint slides; and save often-​
This two-​volume, comprehensive work has been written by lead- used chapters, or searches, all on a mobile-​optimized platform. By
ing experts as the definitive resource for anaesthetists. It covers all closely linking the printed book to the online edition and by pursu-
aspects of anaesthesia, including those aspects of intensive care and ing this integration between major textbook and portable device,
pain medicine that are core knowledge for the general anaesthetist. we hope to re-​invigorate the usability and popularity of the ‘tome of
While it focuses on the clinical aspects of anaesthesia, it also covers anaesthesia’, rendering it indispensable to anaesthetists of all grades
the underpinning sciences, the understanding of which is required and subspecialty interest.
for a logical, effective, and evidence-​based approach to practice. We see this book as being essential for all anaesthetists who
In aspiring to match the quality of other titles in the Oxford require a comprehensive text covering all aspects of anaesthesia.
Textbook series, our chapter authors have been invited as repre- With its focus on UK, European, and Commonwealth practice, it
senting the very pinnacle of practice, learning, and prestige in brings a fresh insight and coverage of our specialty. We very much
their discipline. Contributors have been drawn from across the hope that you find the Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia brings ben-
globe, although we have concentrated our invitations in the United efit to your working lives and to the treatment your patients receive.
Kingdom, Europe, and Commonwealth countries in order to main- Producing this edition has been a mammoth task, coordinating
tain a necessary degree of standardization of the context of practice the efforts of over 160 authors from all corners of the world. We
and consistency of content. The contributing authors are all experts thank all those who have contributed to this project.
in the relevant field, either through appropriate research, extensive
clinical experience in the specialist area, other demonstrable rel- January 2017 J. G. Hardman
evant scholarly activity, or a combination of these. However, where P. M. Hopkins
they present their own preferred approach to clinical management M. M. R. F. Struys
of a specific condition or surgical procedure it must be recognized
x
xi

Acknowledgements

From conception to completion this book has taken more than grateful to them all. We particularly want to thank Tony Wilkes,
six years. The scale of the project and the current pressures on Neil Morton, Peter Mahoney, and Neil Soni for providing addi-
clinicians and academics have meant that we have been entirely tional assistance as co-editors of specialist sections. We would also
dependent on the goodwill, patience, and dedication of our col- like to thank all at Oxford University Press who have made this
leagues who have authored the chapters—​we are extremely book possible.
xi
xi

Brief contents

Abbreviations xix VOLUME 2

Part editors xxiii
PART 7
Contributors xxv
Procedures, techniques, and
therapies 809
VOLUME 1
PART 8
PART 1 Regional anaesthesia 871
Applied physiology in anaesthesia 1
PART 9
PART 2 The conduct of anaesthesia
Applied pharmacology in by surgical specialty 937
anaesthesia 189
PART 10
PART 3 Paediatric anaesthesia 1189
Physics, equipment, measurement,
and hazards 387 PART 11
The conduct of anaesthesia outside
PART 4 the operating theatre 1305
Mathematics, statistics, and
evidence-based medicine 463 PART 12
Anaesthesia and concurrent
PART 5 disease 1353
The practice of anaesthesia 527
PART 13
PART 6 Critical care and the anaesthetist 1509
Management of anaesthesia 655
vxi
xv

Contents

Abbreviations xix 9 Pain physiology in anaesthetic practice 135

Lesley A. Colvin and Marie T. Fallon
Part editors xxiii
10 Immune system physiology in
Contributors xxv
anaesthetic practice 153
Helen F. Galley and Heather M. Wilson
VOLUME 1 11 The physiology of blood in
anaesthetic practice 165
PART 1
Hanane El Kenz and Philippe Van der Linden
Applied physiology in anaesthesia
Jonathan G. Hardman PART 2
1 Cardiac and vascular physiology Applied pharmacology in anaesthesia
in anaesthetic practice 3 Michel M. R. F. Struys
Kulraj S. Sidhu, Mfonobong Essiet,
and Maxime Cannesson 12 Drug distribution and elimination
in anaesthetic practice 191
2 Respiratory physiology in
Eveline L. A. van Dorp, Douglas Eleveld,
anaesthetic practice 21 Erik Olofsen, and Jaap Vuyk
Andrew B. Lumb and Natalie Drury
13 Mechanisms and determinants of
3 Fluid and electrolyte physiology anaesthetic drug action 203
in anaesthetic practice 49
David G. Lambert
Robert G. Hahn
14 Inhaled anaesthetics 211
4 Gastrointestinal physiology in
Jan F. A. Hendrickx, André van Zundert,
anaesthetic practice 59 and Andre De Wolf
Joanna K. Gordon and Mark C. Bellamy
15 Intravenous anaesthetics 241
5 Kidney and acid–​base physiology
Anthony Absalom and John Sear
in anaesthetic practice 67
Kwok M. Ho 16 Neuromuscular blockade and reversal 275
Jennifer M. Hunter and Thomas Fuchs-​Buder
6 Central nervous system physiology
in anaesthetic practice 81 17 Local anaesthetic agents 295
Ram Adapa and Anthony Absalom Malachy O. Columb
7 Neuromuscular physiology in 18 Analgesics in anaesthetic practice 307
anaesthetic practice 105 John Williams and Francis Bonnet
Philip M. Hopkins
19 Cardiovascular drugs in anaesthetic
8 Neuroendocrine physiology in practice 325
anaesthetic practice 123 Lothar A. Schwarte, Stephan A. Loer, J. K. Götz Wietasch,
Grainne Nicholson and George M. Hall and Thomas W. L. Scheeren